Chrysopa Leach, 1815

Hassan, Muhammad Asghar & Liu, Xingyue, 2022, The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species, Zootaxa 5180 (1), pp. 1-83 : 38

Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815

Diagnosis

Chrysopa can be distinguished from the other Chrysopini genera in Pakistan by their distinctive head and thoracic markings, the shape of ovate im cell in forewing (occasionally absent), the pretarsal claws with or without basal dilation, and the male and female genital characters. The male adults are also distinguished by lack of gonapsis and tignum; pseudopenis hook-like, tapered apically; entoprocessus with dorsal horns; gonarcus arcuated in dorsal view, with a pair of lateral projections and a pair of median subtriangular projection; two pockets of long gonosetae (gst) in lateral margins of gonarcus; dorsal apodeme of ectoprocts curved upward; ventral apodeme of sternite 9 protruding distally; sternite 8 and 9 not fused; distal margin of sternite 9 with gonosetae. The female adults are distinguished by lack of pregenitale, and the presence of subgenitale, which is bilobed distally in ventral view.

Notes

The genus Chrysopa currently includes six species in Pakistan: C. astarte Hölzel , C. cymbele Banks , C. dubitans McLachlan , C. formosa Brauer , C. pallens (Rambur) , and C. sogdianica McLachlan , which are either listed in published catalogues ( Ari et al. 2007; Hassan et al. 2019) or the Lacewing Digital Library (Oswald 2022). In the present study, we re-described three species: C. dubitans , C. formosa , and C. pallens , based on new materials from the northern areas of Pakistan.

Key to Chrysopa species from Pakistan

1 Vertex with two or four dark spots ( Hölzel 1967: figs 25–26); pretarsal claws without basal dilation.................... 2

– Vertex with or without dark spots, sometimes with red markings ( Figs 28E , 33E , 34F ); pretarsal claws with basal dilation.. 3

2 Interantennal spot absent; frons medially with a brownish spot below antennal toruli; vertex with four dark spots; scape anterolaterally with dark stripe ( Hölzel 1967: fig. 25); im cell absent in forewing ( Hölzel 1967: fig. 1).................................................................................................. C. sogdianica McLachlan

– Interantennal spot present; frons with two transverse brownish spots below antennal toruli; vertex with two dark spots; scape wholly yellow, unmarked ( Hölzel 1967: fig. 26); im cell present in forewing.......................... C. astarte Hölzel

3 Vertex with two dark spots or with red markings; dorsal horns of entoprocessus straight ( Figs 29E–F , 31C–D ); gonocristae consisting of small and large teeth.........................................................................4

– Vertex unmarked ( Fig. 36E ); dorsal horns of entoprocessus arcuated ( Figs 37G–H ); gonocristae without small and large teeth.................................................................................... C. pallens (Rambur)

4 Sub costal veinlets pale green in forewing ( Fig. 27A–B ); entoprocessus proximally inverted U-shaped with distinct lateral short horns ( Figs 29E–F ); two pairs of large equal-sized gonocristae (gcr) present ( Fig. 29C )............ C. dubitans McLachlan

– Sub costal veinlets dark brown in forewing ( Figs 30A , 33A ); entoprocessus proximally inverted V-shaped with distinct lateral long-horns, pointed apically ( Figs 31C–D ); two pairs of gonocristae (gcr), one at 1/4 of other ( Fig. 31I ) .. C. formosa Brauer

Figures

FIGURE 27. Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan. A. Male habitus; B. Female habitus. Scale bar: 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 28. Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan. Female. A. Head frontal view; B. Head and pronotum, lateral view; C. Hind pretarsal claws; D. Dorsal habitus; E. Lateral habitus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–B); 5.0 mm (D–E).

FIGURE 29. Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan.A. Male genitalia, lateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Close view of gonocristae in ventral view; D. Pseudopenis and gonosetae, lateral view; E. Gonarcus and entoprocessus, ventral view; F. Same, dorsal view. G. Female genitalia, lateral view; H. Same, ventral view. I. Close view of S8+9 with subgenitale in ventral view; J. Spermatheca, lateral view; K. Same, ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–B, G–H). Abbreviations: cc = callus cerci; da = dorsal arm of apodeme; ent = entoprocessus; gcr = gonocristae; gon = gonarcus; gst = gonosetae; S = sternum; S8+9 = fused eighth and ninth sterna; psp = pseudopenis; sa = submarginal apodeme; sm = spermatheca; sd = spermathecal duct; T = tergum; T9+ect = fused ninth tergum and ectoproct.

FIGURE 30. Chrysopa formosa Brauer. Male. A. Right fore- and hind wing; B. Lateral habitus; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view; E. Hind pretarsal claw. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (A–C), 0.5 mm (D).

FIGURE 31. Chrysopa formosa Brauer.A. Male genitalia, lateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Gonarcus and entoprocessus, ventral view; D. Same, dorsal view; E. Gonarcus, gonosetae, pseudopenis, and entoprocessus, lateral view; F. Pseudopenis and gonosetae, lateral view; G. Hypandrium internum, dorsal view; H. Entoprocessus, lateral view; I. Close view gonocristae in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–B). Abbreviations: cc = callus cerci; da = dorsal arm of apodeme; ent = entoprocessus; gcr = gonocristae; gon = gonarcus; gst = gonosetae; hi = hypandrium internum; S = sternum; S8+9 = fused eighth and ninth sterna; psp = pseudopenis; sa = submarginal apodeme; T = tergum; T9+ect = fused ninth tergum and ectoproct.

FIGURE 33. Chrysopa formosa Brauer. Female. A. Dorsal habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Same, lateral view; D. Hind pretarsal claw; E. Close view of dorsal habitus; F. Same, lateral habitus. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B–C); 2.0 mm (E–F).

FIGURE 34. Chrysopa formosa Brauer. Female.A. Right fore- and hind wing; B. Head, frontal view; C. Same, lateral view; D. Hind pretarsal claw; E. Close view of dorsal habitus; F. Same, lateral habitus; G. Close view of head and pronotum, dorsal view. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B–C, G); 2.0 mm (E–F).

FIGURE 36. Chrysopa pallens (Rambur). Male.A. Head frontal view; B. Same, lateral view; C. Hind pretarsal claw; D. Lateral habitus; E. Dorsal habitus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–B); 2.0 mm (D–E).

FIGURE 37. Chrysopa pallens (Rambur).A. Male genitalia, lateral view; B. Same, dorsal view; C. Close view of gonocristae, lateral view; D. Same, anterolateral view; E. Same, ventral view; F. Gonosetae, pseudopenis, and entoprocessus, lateral view; G. Gonarcus, ventral view; H. Gonarcus, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: cc = callus cerci; da = dorsal arm of apodeme; ent = entoprocessus; gcr = gonocristae; gon = gonarcus; gst = gonosetae; S = sternum; psp = pseudopenis; sa = submarginal apodeme; T = tergum; T9+ect = fused ninth tergum and ectoproct; ti = tignum.