Metaleptobasis turbinata, Ellenrieder, 2013

Ellenrieder, Natalia Von, 2013, <p> <strong> A revision of <em> Metaleptobasis </ em> Calvert (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with seven synonymies and the description of eighteen new species from South America </ strong> </ p>, Zootaxa 3738 (1), pp. 1-155 : 77-80

Metaleptobasis turbinata new species

Figs. 1 ae; 3ae; 4ae; 5ae; 8ae; 9ad; 10ae; 11ae; 12ae; 13m; 14a

Etymology. From Latin turbo (noun), meaning ' that which whirls', referring to its unique genital ligula with coiled flagella.

Types. ( all *) Holotype ♂: PERU, Loreto Dep., Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Reserve , forest swamp (4°24'18''S, 73°14'38''W), 25 ii 2010, TF leg. [ RMNH]; 1 ♀ paratype: same data as holotype [ TF].

Specimens examined. Total: 1 ♂, 1 ♀.

Description of male holotype. Labium, base of mandible, and rear of head ivory; labrum pale brown with black line along latero-basal margins and a medio-basal black spot; eyes brown, in life bright green with orange dorsal spot ( Fig. 13m i ); gena pale yellowish green with a black spot along frons; anteclypeus pale yellowish brown; postclypeus brown with black stripe along anterior margin; antefrons brown; postfrons and epicranium brown with black areas as depicted in Fig. 1 ae i; postocular lobes rounded. Thorax. Color as described for genus, with middorsal dark stripe on pterothorax black with metallic green reflections, wider than inter-laminal sinus, slightly wider than 0.33 of mesanepisterna width, parallel sided, extending along sides of antealar sinus ( Fig. 3 ae i). Pronotum anterior lobe smooth; anterior area of propleuron with a prominent triangular tubercle, opposite ventral margin of anterior lobe of pronotum; anterior and middle lobes of pronotum separated dorso-laterally by a groove; anterior margin of middle lobe of pronotum forming a bilobed crest; pronotum posterior lobe slightly trilobed, with medial lobe smoothly convex, and lateral lobes entire and smoothly convex, almost as long as medial lobe, with lateral corners rounded ( Fig. 4 ae i). Mesanepisternal horns with bases separated, as long as 1.5 times mesostigmal plate width, of medium thickness, compressed antero-posteriorly, directed dorso-laterally, parallel to each other at base and diverging at tip, forming an angle of 30° with dorsum in lateral view ( Fig. 5 ae i). Wings hyaline, veins dark brown; Pt sub-rectangular, with anterior and posterior sides longer than distal side, and membrane dark brown margined by pale brown; 12 pnx in Fw, 11 in Hw. Abdomen. Postmortem background color pale yellow on S1–10, in life pale greenish blue on S1–7, yellow on S8–10; S1 with a dark reddish brown dorsoposterior spot; dorsum of S2 dark reddish-brown, of S3–10 black, with a basal pale incomplete ring at anterior edge on S2–8 interrupted by dorso-longitudinal dark line, and with a small diffuse pale transverse spot near posterior margin on each side on S2–6, on S3–6 dark dorsal color posterior to pale transverse spot darker and extended ventrally along sides of lateral terga; sterna medio-longitudinal carina brown on S3, 7–8; cercus pale brown with apex black; paraproct pale yellow with distal 0.33 pale brown and apex black. Genital lobe short, less than 0.50 of anterior hamule height, smoothly curved; posterior hamule digit-like and small, shortly surpassing ventral margin of genital fossa in lateral view; curvature of basal segment of genital ligula marked by a slight concave depression; genital ligula distal segment sub-rectangular, with ratio maximum width/length of 0.60, with apex bearing a pair of long coiled flagella, lacking an ectal fold ( Fig. 8 ae). Medial portion of S10 postero-dorsal margin ( Figs. 10 ae; 11ae; 12ae) not projected posteriorly, lacking a medial incision, with a dorsal prominence. Cercus sub-cylindrical at base, with distal 0.66 compressed with medial concavity, gradually narrowing distally, about parallel sided in dorsal view ( Fig. 10 ae); tip rounded in dorsal view, ending in a point directed ventrally ( Fig. 11 ae); ratio of cercus length to S10 maximum length in lateral view 1.85; ratio of cercus length to paraproct length in lateral view 1.1; paraproct with base sub-cylindrical, distal 0.66 compressed with an inner concavity, narrowed at distal half ( Fig. 12 ae); tip curved medially at about 90°, bluntly pointed.

Dimensions. Hw 20.2; abdomen 33.2; total length 39.7.

Female paratype (collected with the type). Head. As in holotype ( Fig. 1 ae ii; 13m ii).— Thorax. As in holotype but lateral lobes of posterior lobe of pronotum slightly longer than medial lobe ( Fig. 4 ae ii); mesanepisternal horns narrowing to tip, directed dorso-laterally at an angle of 40° with dorsum in lateral view ( Fig. 5 ae ii); Pt pale brown margined with pale yellow; 12 (right) and 13 (left) pnx in Fw, 12 (right) and 11 (left) in Hw.— Abdomen. Color pattern as in holotype but medio-longitudinal carina brown on sterna S2–8; posterior margin of S8 sternum smooth, lacking any denticles, spines, or processes ( Fig. 9 ad); external valve of ovipositor and stylus dark reddish brown; ovipositor surpassing slightly level of tip of cercus; cercus dark reddish brown, epiproct and paraproct brown.

Dimensions. Hw 20.6; abdomen 32.2; total length 38.7.

Diagnosis. Metaleptobasis turbinata shares antero-dorsal margin of middle lobe of pronotum forming a distinct crest (cr.) only with M. foreli and M. quadricornis . It differs from both of them, and from all other species in the genus, by the crest being bilobate ( Figs. 4 ae; 5ae; vs. entire, Figs. 4h ; 5h, y ) and by its distal segment of genital ligula bearing a pair of long coiled latero-apical flagella ( Fig. 8 ae; vs. lacking flagella, Figs. 8a – ad).

The only known female differs from male in shape of pronotum posterior lobe and shape and orientation of mesanepisternal horns.

Habitat. Forest swamps.

Distribution. Loreto Dep. in N Peru ( Fig. 14a).

Phylogenetic analysis

Characters. The phylogenetic analysis was based on the 33 characters listed below (23 binary, 10 multistate). The plesiomorphic state (0) is given for each character (based on results of the analysis) followed by the apomorphic states (1, 2, 3); consistency index followed by retention index for each character are indicated in square brackets. Illustrations of characters states of outgroop taxa can be found in Garrison et al. (2010).

1 Labium medio-distal cleft: (0) shallower than 0.50 of labium length; (1) as deep as 0.50 or more of labium length [1, 1].

2 Black on dorsum of head: (0) extensive, covering about 0.50 to most of dorsum ( Figs. 1c, e, g–l, r, t–w, y , ab– ac, ae); (1) covering entire dorsum; (2) limited to isolated spots and stripes covering less than 0.50 of dorsum ( Figs. 1a–b, d, f, m–q, s, x, z –aa, ad) [0.4, 0.83].

3 Frons: (0) rounded; (1) angulate [0.5, 0.0].

4 Latero-ventral margin of anterior lobe of pronotum on each side: (0) not projected ventro-posteriorly ( Figs. 5a, c–w, y –ae); (1) projected ventro-posteriorly (l-v.p., Figs. 2a iv; 5b, x) [1, 1].

5 Anterior portion of propleuron on each side with a rounded or plate-like tubercle: (0) absent ( Figs. 5a, c, f–g, m, o–q, s–t, w , aa, ac–ad); (1) low (t., Figs. 5e, i, n, u, z ); (2) prominent (t., Figs. 2a iv; 5b, d, h, j–l, r, v, x–y, ab, ae) [0.33, 0.73].

6 Anterior portion of propleuron on each side with two sub-vertical crests: (0) absent ( Figs. 5a–e, g–o, r–z , ab– ac, ae); (1) present (l.c., Figs. 5f, p–q , aa, ad) [1, 1].

7 Anterior and middle lobes of pronotum dorso-laterally: (0) separated by an evident groove (g., Figs. 5a–o, r–z , ab–ac, ae); (1) almost touching, separated by a narrow fissure (f., Figs. 5q , aa, ad) [0.5, 0.66].

8 Anterior margin of middle lobe of pronotum: (0) smooth ( Figs. 4a–g; i–x; z –ad); (1) forming a crest (c., Figs. 4h, y , ae) [0.5, 0.5].

9 Paired ear-lobe projections on anterior portion of female middle lobe of pronotum: (0) absent ( Figs. 4b–f, h– k, m–q, s, u, x –ab, ad–ae); (1) present, digit like or tongue-shaped, oriented laterally or postero-laterally ( Figs. 4a iii, g, t, v–w, ac), flap like with a dorsal concavity, oriented dorso-ventrally ( Fig. 4l ii), or upright ( Fig. 4r vi–vii) [0.33, 0.71].

10 Posterior margin of female pronotum posterior lobe: (0) entire, bilobed, trilobed, or sinuous ( Figs. 4a–d, f–h, j –ae); (1) with a deep medial u- or v-shaped incision ( Figs. 4 e, i ) [1, 1].

11 Dorsal surface of female lateral portions of posterior lobe of pronotum: (0) smoothly convex or flat ( Figs. 4a– f, h–v , ac, ae); (1) globose (gl., Figs. 4g, w , ac) [1, 1].

12 Male mesanepisternal horns: (0) absent; (1) present, forming an angle of 0°–15° with dorsum in lateral view ( Figs. 5d, p, s, x ); (2) present, forming an angle of 30°–90° with dorsum in lateral view ( Figs. 5a–c, e–o, q–r, t–w, y –ae) [0.4, 0.77].

13 Vein descending from quadrangle forming: (0) a zigzag; (1) an unbroken straight line to wing margin (v.q., Fig. 6a ) [1, 1].

14 Pterothoracic black color: (0) absent or including dark stripes or areas additional to a mid-dorsal stripe; (1) limited to a mid-dorsal stripe ( Figs. 3a–e ) [1, 1].

15 Supplementary tooth of pretarsal claw: (0) well developed; (1) vestigial [1, 1].

16 Male genital lobe (g.l.) height: (0) distinctly shorter than 0.50 of anterior hamule height ( Figs. 8a–f, h–v, x –ab, ad–ae); (1) as high as or higher than 0.50 of anterior hamule height ( Figs. 8g, w , ac) [1, 1].

17 Male posterior hamule (p.h.): (0) digit-like and small, with at most only tip surpassing ventral margin of genital fossa in lateral view ( Figs. 8a–f, h–i, m–q, s, u, x –ab, ad–ae); (1) laminar and large, clearly surpassing ventral margin of genital fossa in lateral view ( Figs. 8g, j–l, r, t, v–w , ac) [1, 1].

18 Deep concave depression (d.d.) at curvature of basal segment of genital ligula: (0) absent ( Figs. 8a–f, h–i, m–q, s, u, x –ab, ad–ae); (1) present ( Figs. 8g, j–l, r, t, v–w , ac) [1, 1].

19 Inner fold of genital ligula: (0) present; (1) absent ( Figs. 8a –ae) [1, 1].

20 Shape of genital ligula distal segment in ventral view: (0) sub-rectangular ( Figs. 8b, d, k–l, n, p–s, x, z –aa, ad– ae); (1) sub-quadrate ( Figs. 8a, c, m, o ); (2) pear-shaped, distinctly widened sub-apically ( Figs. 8e–f, g–j, t–w, y , ab–ac) [0.33, 0.73].

21 Apex of distal segment of genital ligula in ventral view: (0) transverse or with a shallow concavity ( Figs. 8a–b, d–g, i–r, t –aa, ac–ae); (1) with a deep concavity or cleft, as deep as wide or deeper ( Figs. 8s , ab); (2) convex ( Figs. 8c, h ); (3) pointed [0.43, 0.2].

22 Ectal fold on apex of genital ligula distal segment: (0) absent ( Figs. 8a, i, m–o, q, s, x –ae); (1) narrow ( Figs. 8b, f–g, j–l, p, r, t–w ); (2) wide ( Figs. 8c, h ) [0.4, 0.77].

23 Posterior margin of female S8 sternum: (0) smooth ( Figs. 9a–f, h–i, m–p, r–s, w–z , ab–ac); (1) with 1 to 6 denticles or small spines ( Figs. 9k–l, q ); (2) with a pair of strong spines ( Figs. 9j, u ); (3) with a two ( Figs. 9g, t, v ) or three-pronged curved or arcuate process ( Fig. 9 ab) [1, 1].

24 Medial u-shaped incision or longitudinal slit on female S10 postero-dorsal margin: (0) present; (1) absent [0.5, 0.83].

25 Medial u-shaped incision or longitudinal slit on male S10 postero-dorsal margin: (0) absent ( Figs. 10c, g–h, j– l, r, t, v–w , ab–ac, ae); (1) present ( Figs. 10a–b, d–f, i, m–q, s, u, x –aa, ad) [0.14, 0.66].

26 Postero-medial projection on male S10 postero-dorsal margin: (0) absent ( Figs. 10c, k, s , ae; 11c, k, s, ae); (1) present ( Figs. 10a–b, d–j, l–r, t –ad; 11a–b, d–j, l–r, t–ad) [0.25, 0.73].

27 Sub-apical prominence on male S10 dorsal surface: (0) absent, dorsum flat ( Figs. 12e, h–i, s, y ); (1) present ( Figs. 12a–d, f–g, j–r, t–x, z –ae) [0.2, 0.69].

28 Articulated spur on ventral base of male cercus: (0) absent ( Figs. 11a –ae); (1) present [0.33, 0.5].

29 Male cercus in dorsal view: (0) curved medially ( Figs. 10a–d, f–g, j–o, q–x, z –ae); (1) about straight ( Figs. 10e, h–i, p, y ) [0.25, 0.77].

30 Width of male cercus in dorsal view: (0) uniform ( Figs. 10q, r, t, w, z , ad–ae); (1) narrowing to tip ( Figs. 10a, c– e, h–i, m–p, s, u–v, x–y , aa–ac); (2) widening sub-apically ( Figs. 10b, f–g, j–l ) [0.18, 0.4].

31 Tip of male cercus in dorsal view: (0) pointed ( Figs. 10a–e, g–n, p, r–y , aa–ac); (1) rounded or blunt ( Figs. 10f, o, q, z , ad–ae) [0.166, 0.28].

32 Male paraproct width of distal third in lateral view: (0) narrower than medial third ( Figs. 12a, c, m–n, q–r, z ); (1) about as wide as medial third ( Figs. 12b, h, k–l, o, s, x–y , ab, ae); (2) wider than medial third ( Figs. 12d– g, i–j, p, t–w , aa, ac–ad) [0.2, 0.65].

33 Male paraproct tip: (0) with smooth medial surface and no apical tooth ( Figs. 11 ab, ae); (1) with smooth medial surface and ending on an apical tooth ( Figs. 11a, c, g–h, j–k, m, o, q–w, y , aa, ac–ad); (2) with a ridge (r.) on medial surface ending on an apical tooth (s.t., Figs. 11b, d–f, n, x, z ); (3) with a ridge on medial surface with apical and basal teeth (te., Figs. 11i, l, p ) [0.25, 0.4].

The phylogenetic analysis resulted in four equally parsimonious trees (length = 122, C.I. = 0.37, R.I. = 0.73). Bremer support values are shown on the branches of the consensus tree ( Fig. 15 ). The four trees varied only in the arrangement of species within the outgroup and within one clade of Metaleptobasis . Within the outgroup, the two different arrangements obtained differ in the position of Bromeliagrion ; in one ( Fig. 16 ) it is the sister group of (( Inpabasis ( Teinobasis + Papuagrion )) + ( Aceratobasis + Metaleptobasis )), and in the other one it is the sister group of ( Inpabasis ( Teinobasis + Papuagrion ), as part of the sister clade to ( Aceratobasis + Metaleptobasis ). The different arrangements within Metaleptobasis vary only in the position of M. panguanae , which is placed as sister to ( M. orthogonia ( M. tridentigera ( M. falcifera + M. peltata ))) or as sister to ((( M. gibbosa + M. guillermoi ) M. mauffrayi ) + ( M. orthogonia ( M. tridentigera ( M. falcifera + M. peltata ))). I show the tree with the latter arrangement as the basis for discussion ( Fig. 16 ).

Metaleptobasis was recovered as part of the clade including taxa with an angulate frons and an articulated spur on ventral base of male cercus. Frons could have reverted to round in Bromeliagrion , and articulated spur could have being secondarily lost in Metaleptobasis . Within this clade, Metaleptobasis constitutes the sister group of Aceratobasis ( Fig. 16 ), with which it shares the vein descending from quadrangle forming an unbroken straight line to wing margin (v.q., Fig. 6a ).

The monophyly of Metaleptobasis is supported by two apomorphies: presence of male mesanepisternal horns ( Figs. 4–5 ), and pterothoracic dark color limited to mid-dorsal stripe ( Figs. 3 ; 13 ).

Within the genus, M. bovilla appears as sister to all other species. The similarities between its genital ligula and that of M. foreli —both presenting a convex apex with a wide ectal fold—are thus to be interpreted as homoplasies.

Metaleptobasis spatulata and M. turbinata are placed in turn as sister group of all remaining species ( Fig. 16 ), forming a clade characterized by a prominent triangular plate-like tubercle on propleuron (t., Figs. 4 ab, ae; 5ab, ae) and male paraproct tip with smooth medial surface and no apical tooth ( Figs. 10 ab, ae; 11ab, ae). Both species also share mesanepisternal horns slightly compressed antero-posteriorly ( Figs. 4 ab, ae; 5ab, ae), which was not coded for this analysis. The bilobed crest on anterior margin of middle lobe of pronotum of M. turbinata is thus interpreted as a convergence with the entire crest on anterior margin of middle lobe of pronotum of M. foreli and M. quadricornis .

Metaleptobasis minteri appears as sister to the remainder species, with which it shares the presence of a medial incision on postero-dorsal margin of male S10 ( Fig. 10s ), interpreted as secondarily lost in the clade including M. mauffrayi . Several clades then branch off sequentially ( Figs. 15–16 ).

The first one, including M. amazonica , M. leniloba , and M. inermis , is defined by the squarish distal segment of genital ligula ( Figs. 8a, o, m ).

A clade defined by the presence of two sub-vertical crests on each side on anterior portion of propleuron (l.c., Figs. 5f, p–q , aa, ac) follows, including M. diceras , M. lillianae , M. longicauda , M. silvicola , and M. truncata .

Then M. bicornis , M. brevicauda , M. knopfi , M. prostrata , and M. selysi integrate a clade characterized by male paraproct tip with a sub-apical ridge on medial surface ending on an apical tooth ( Figs. 10b, d, n, x ; 11b, d, n, x ), representing the sister clade to all remainder species, which share head dorsum with extensive black color ( Figs. 1e, g–l, r, t–w, y , ac).

Two clades are defined within this group, one including M. brysonima , M. foreli , M. furcifera , and M. quadricornis , which share absence of a sub-apical prominence on dorsum of male S10 ( Figs. 11e, h–i, y ; 12e, h–i, y ) and male cercus in dorsal view about straight ( Figs. 10e, h–i, y ), and the other one comprising M. paludicola as sister group to M. gabrielae , M. panguanae , M. gibbosa , M. guillermoi , M. mauffrayi , M. tridentigera , M. orthogonia , M. falcifera , and M. peltata .

This last clade is defined by the presence of a narrow ectal fold (e.f., Figs. g, j–l, r, t–w, ac) on distal segment of genital ligula, which also occurs convergently in M. bicornis , M. diceras , and M. lillianae . The clade excluding M. paludicola has strong support ( Fig. 15 ), and is characterized by the absence of the medial incision on dorsum of male S10 ( Figs. 10g, j–l, r, t, v–w , ac) and by three apomorphies: male posterior hamule laminar and large, clearly surpassing ventral margin of genital fossa in lateral view; presence of a deep concave depression at curvature of basal segment of genital ligula ( Figs. 8g, j–l, r, t, v–w , ac); and posterior margin of female S8 sternum with two strong spines ( Figs. 9j, u ), which in some species are replaced by denticles or small spines ( Figs. 9k–l, r ), or by a two- ( Fig. 9t ) or three-pronged process ( Figs. 9g, v , ab).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Head, dorsal view. (a) i. M. amazonica, male lectotype; (a) ii. M. amazonica, female paralectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, male, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) ii. M. bicornis, male, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) iii. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Commewetane; (c) i. M. bovilla, male, Costa Rica, La Selva; (c) ii. M. bovilla, female, same data; (d) i. M. brevicauda, male holotype; (d) ii. M. brevicauda, female paratype, Peru, Tingo María; (e) i. M. brysonima, male, paratype of M. incisula, Venezuela, Marawaka; (e) ii. M. brysonima, female, paratype of M. incisula, same data; (e) iii. M. brysonima, female, holotype of M. weibezahni; (e) iv. M. brysonima, female, holotype of M. tetragena; (f) i. M. diceras, male lectotype; (f) ii. M. diceras, male, Brazil, Abuna; (f) iii. M. diceras, female paralectotype; (f) iv. M. diceras, female, holotype of M. fernandezi; (f) iv. M. diceras, female, Venezuela, no locality; (f) v. M. diceras, female, Brazil, Abuna; (g) i. M. falcifera, male holotype; (g) ii. M. falcifera, female paratype, Peru, Pakitza; (h) i. M. foreli, male, Colombia, Puerto Berrio; (h) ii. M. foreli, male, paratype of M. westfalli, Panama, No. 5 on Standley, 22 vii 1950, FSCA; (h) iii. M. foreli, female, same data.

FIGURE 2. Head and thorax. (a) i. M. bicornis, female holotype, dorsal view; (a) ii. M. bicornis, male, holotype of M. mauritia, dorsal view; (a) iii. M. bicornis, female holotype, dorsal view; (a) iv. M. bicornis, female holotype, lateral view; (b) i. M. brysonima, male holotype, dorsal view; (b) ii. M. brysonima, male holotype, lateral view. l-v.p.: latero-ventral margin of anterior lobe projected ventro-posteriorly; t.: tubercle.

FIGURE 3. Pterothorax, dorsal view. (a) i. M. amazonica, male lectotype; (a) ii. M. amazonica, female paralectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, male, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) ii. M. bicornis, male, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) iii. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Moengotapoe; (b) iv. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Commewetane; (c) i. M. bovilla, male, Costa Rica, La Selva; (c) ii. M. bovilla, female, same data; (d) i. M. brevicauda, male holotype; (d) ii. M. brevicauda, female paratype, Peru, Tingo María; (e) i. M. brysonima, male, paratype of M. incisula, Venezuela, Marawaka; (e) ii. M. brysonima, female, paratype of M. incisula, same data.

FIGURE 4. Prothorax and anterior portion of pterothorax, dorsal view. (a) i. M. amazonica, male lectotype; (a) ii. M. amazonica, male paralectotype; (a) iii. M. amazonica, female paralectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, male, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) ii. M. bicornis, male, Brazil, Paranapuebas; (b) iii. M. bicornis, male, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) iv. M. bicornis, male, Guyana, Potaro; (b) v. M. bicornis, male, Trinidad, Cumuto; (b) vi. M. bicornis, female holotype. o.c.: oblique crest; cr.: crest; e-l.: ear-lobe; l-v. p.: latero-ventral projection; p.l.: postero-lateral projection; t.: tubercle.

FIGURE 5. Prothorax and anterior portion of pterothorax, lateral view. (a) i. M. amazonica, male lectotype; (a) ii. M. amazonica, female paralectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, male, Trinidad, Cumuto; (b) ii. M. bicornis, male, Guyana, Potaro; (b) iii. M. bicornis, male, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) iv. M. bicornis, male, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) v. M. bicornis, male, Brazil, Paraupebas; (b) vi. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Langamankondre; (b) vii. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) viii. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Gansee; (b) ix. M. bicornis, female, Surinam, Commetewane; (b) x. M. bicornis, female, French Guiana, N of Cayenne. c.: c-shaped crest; e-l.: ear-lobe; l-v.p.: latero-ventral margin projection; p.l.: postero-lateral projection; t.: tubercle.

FIGURE 6. Wings. (a) i. M. diceras, male lectotype; (a) ii. Metaleptobasis diceras, detail male Fw Pt, paratype M. manicaria, Trinidad, Cumuto; (a) iii. Metaleptobasis diceras, detail male Hw Pt, same specimen; (b) i. M. longicauda, detail male Fw Pt, holotype; (b) ii. M. longicauda, detail male Hw Pt, holotype; (b) iii. M. longicauda, detail female Fw Pt, paratype; (b) iv. M. longicauda, detail female Hw Pt, paratype; (c) i. M. truncata, detail male Fw Pt, holotype; (b) ii. M. truncata, detail male Hw Pt, holotype. v.q.: vein descending from quadrangle.

FIGURE 8. Genital ligula, lateral view (above) and ventral view (below). (a) M. amazonica, lectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) ii. M. bicornis, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (c) i. M. bovilla, Costa Rica, La Selva; (c) ii. M. bovilla, same data; (d) M. brevicauda, holotype; (e) i. M. brysonima, paratype of M. incisula, Venezuela, Marawaka; (e) ii. M. brysonima, Peru, Tambopata; (e) iii. M. brysonima, Brazil, Abuna; (f) i. M. diceras, lectotype; (f) ii. M. diceras, Brazil, Abuna; (f) iii. M. diceras, Peru, Manu. e.f.: ectal fold; pr.: prominent protuberance; s.d.: slight depression; t.: terminal fold.

FIGURE 9. Female S8–10, lateral view unless indicated otherwise. (a) M. amazonica, paralectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, Surinam, Commetewane; (b) ii. M. bicornis, Brazil, Belem; (c) M. bovilla, Costa Rica, Puerto Viejo; (d) M. brevicauda, paratype, Peru, Tingo María; (e) i. M. brysonima, paratype of M. incisula, Venezuela, Marawaka; (e) ii. M. brysonima, holotype of M. weibezahni; (e) iii. M. brysonima, holotype of M. tetragena; (f) i. M. diceras, paralectotype; (f) ii. M. diceras, Brazil, Abuna; (f) iii. M. diceras, Guyana, Kamana; (f) iv. M. diceras, Venezuela; (f) v. M. diceras, Trinidad, N of Sangre Grande; (g) i. M. falcifera, paratype, Peru, Explorer’s Inn, ventral view on right.

FIGURE 10. Male S10, dorsal view. (a) M. amazonica, lectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, Brazil, Paraupebas; (b) ii. M. bicornis, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) iii. M. bicornis, Guyana, Kumu River; (b) iv. M. bicornis, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) v. M. bicornis, Trinidad, E of Valencia; (c) M. bovilla, Costa Rica, La Selva; (d) i. M. brevicauda, holotype; (e) M. brysonima, Venezuela, Río Baria; (f) i. M. diceras, Brazil, Paraupebas; (f) ii. M. diceras, Brazil, Abuna; (f) iii. M. diceras, Peru, Pakitza; (f) iv. M. diceras, Peru, Pakitza; (f) v. M. diceras, Trinidad, Cumuto, paratype of M. manicaria; (f) vi. M. diceras, Trinidad, Cumuto, paratype of M. manicaria; (g) M. falcifera, holotype; (h) i. M. foreli, Colombia, Fundación; (h) ii. M. foreli, paratype M. westfalli, Panama, Barro Colorado # 54; (i) i. M. furcifera, holotype; (i) ii. M. furcifera, paratype, Peru, Río Seco. b.t.: bicuspidate tooth; r.: ridge.

FIGURE 11. Male S10, medio-dorsal view. (a) M. amazonica, lectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) ii. M. bicornis, Guyana, Potaro; (b) iii. M. bicornis, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (b) iv. M. bicornis, Trinidad, E of Valencia; (c) M. bovilla, Costa Rica, La Selva; (d) M. brevicauda, holotype; (e) i. M. brysonima, Venezuela, Río Baria; (e) ii. M. brysonima, Peru, Tambopata; (e) iii. M. brysonima, Brazil, Abuna; (f) i. M. diceras, Brazil, Abuna; (f) ii. M. diceras, Trinidad, Cumuto, paratype of M. manicaria; (f) iii. M. diceras, Trinidad, E of Valencia; (g) M. falcifera, holotype; (h) M. foreli, Colombia, Fundación; (i) i. M. furcifera, paratype, Peru, Río Seco; (i) ii. M. furcifera, paratype, Peru, Río Seco; (j) M. gabrielae, holotype; (k) M. gibbosa, Ecuador, Copales; (l) M. guillermoi, holotype. b.t.: bicuspidate tooth; p-m.p.: postero-medial projection; pr.: prominence; r.: ridge; s.t.: single tooth; te.: teeth.

FIGURE 12. Male S10, lateral view. (a) M. amazonica, lectotype; (b) i. M. bicornis, Surinam, Kabalebo; (b) ii. M. bicornis, French Guiana, N of Cayenne; (c) M. bovilla, Costa Rica, La Selva; (d) M. brevicauda, holotype; (e) i M. brysonima, paratype of M. incisula, Venezuela, Marawaka; (e) ii M. brysonima, Venezuela, Río Baria; (f) i. M. diceras, Brazil, Paraupebas; (f) ii. M. diceras, Brazil, Abuna; (f) iii. M. diceras, Peru, Pakitza; (f) iv. M. diceras, Trinidad, Cumuto, paratype of M. manicaria; (g) M. falcifera, holotype; (h) i. M. foreli, Colombia, Fundación; (h) ii. M. foreli, paratype M. westfalli, Panama, Barro Colorado # 54; (i) i. M. furcifera, holotype; (i) ii. M. furcifera, paratype, Peru, Río Seco; (j) M. gabrielae, holotype; (k) M. gibbosa, paratype [FSCA], Ecuador, Copales; (l) M. guillermoi, holotype. sw.: swelling.

FIGURE 13. Adults of Metaleptobasis. (a) i. M. brysonima, male, Peru, Madre de Dios, Main Trail, Explorer's Inn, 12 vii 2002, by DRP; (a) ii. M. brysonima, female, same data but, 23 vii 2002, by N. Smith; (a) iii. M. brysonima, male, same data but, 30 vii 2002, by DRP; (b) M. diceras, female, Peru, Madre de Dios, Main Trail, Explorer's Inn, 21 vii 2002, by DRP; (c) M. falcifera, male, Peru, Madre de Dios, Katicocha Trail, Explorer's Inn, 9 vii 2002, by DRP. ♀ ♂

FIGURE 15. Strict consensus tree of four equally parsimonious trees found in the phylogenetic analysis. Bremer support values are above the branches in bold.

FIGURE 16. One of four equally parsimonious trees. Character state changes are indicated by black bars. Uniquely derived synapomorphies are indicated in bold with an asterisk. Tree length 122; C.I. 0.37; R.I. 0.73