Orchestina Simon, 1882

Izquierdo, Matías Andrés & Ramírez, Martín J., 2017, Taxonomic Revision Of The Jumping Goblin Spiders Of The Genus Orchestina Simon, 1882, In The Americas (Araneae: Oonopidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (410), pp. 1-1 : 1-

Orchestina Simon, 1882

Orchestina Simon, 1882: 237 (type species by original designation Schoenobates pavesii Simon, 1873 ).

Ferchestina Saaristo and Marusik, 2004: 52 (type species by original designation Ferchestina storozhenkoi Saaristo and Marusik, 2004 ). First synonymized by Platnick et al., 2012a: 37.

NOTE: The genus was redescribed by Henrard and Jocqué (2012) based on of Afrotropical species. Here we provide only differences from that description.

MALE: CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace variable in shape, pale orange, smooth or with netshaped pattern. Clypeus margin unmodified, sloping forward, straight, or sloping backward. Posterior eye row recurved from above, slightly recurved from front (procurved in O. kamehameha ). Pars cephalica slightly elevated in lateral view, anteriorly narrowed to between 0.5 and 0.75× its maximum width. Setae needlelike, scattered but absent on the lateral region of carapace, dark. Sternum microsculpture “fingerprint” (scanned in males of O. cachai , O. ecuatoriensis , O. pachamama, O. pandeazucar , and O. waorani and in females of O. crisitinae, O. luispi , and OMI022), covering the entire surface, anterior margin unmodified, in some species with less sclerotized areas on anterior lateral margins (figs. 34B, 210C) and dark marks below labium (figs. 78B, 89D), posterior margin extending posteriorly beyond anterior edges of coxae IV as single extension, setae sparse, needlelike, slightly dense in laterals and slightly longer than the rest, dark, originating from surface. Chelicerae straight; in general slender, short (figs. 30C, 32C, 35C), without teeth on either promargin or retromargin but sometimes with strong conical projections, fangs rarely with modifications; setae dark, needlelike, promargin and retromargin with one long plumose seta each, inner margin unmodified. Labium variable in shape, generally square, with six or more setae on anterior margin, with unmodified setae (except in the introduced O. dentifera ), same as sternum in sclerotization, not fused to sternum (except in O. pan ). Endites with or without modifications, same as sternum in sclerotization, generally with serrula. ABDO- MEN: Ovoid, yellow to pale orange, coloration pattern variable. Book lung covers large; posterior spiracles not connected by groove. Pedicel tube medium, with fringe of needlelike setae. Colulus present, small, with two setae (figs. 116E, 206F). Spinnerets six (scanned in O. erwini , O. cristinae , O. cachai , O. luispi, OMI 020, OMI038), with fringe of long, needlelike setae; basal segment of ALS divided by membranous area, ALS with one MAP (major ampullate gland) and two to four piriform gland (Pi) spigots, PMS with one or two spigots probably of aciniform glands, PLS with two or three aciniform gland spigots.

LEGS: In general pale orange, without modifications (except in O. moaba and O. quasimodo ), rarely with spines; two tarsal claws with variable number of teeth. GENITALIA: Palp with both m29 and m30 muscles. In general, all segments pale orange. Patella attaching to tibia basally in general, exceptionally subbasally. Tibia similarly enlarged in all species. Bulb typically ovoid. Sperm duct highly sclerotized in its entire course, with gland duct openings, highly spiraled or with only one or few loops; embolus highly variable, solitary or flanked by one or more apophyses, short or long.

FEMALE: CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace ovoid in dorsal view. Clypeus curved downward in front view, sloping forward in lateral view. Chelicerae, fang tips, endites unmodified. ABDO- MEN: Epigastric region weakly sclerotized, not surrounding pedicel. GENITALIA: Epigastric region with or without external pockets or ridges, internal genitalia with or without internal pockets, anterior receptaculum highly sclerotized, variable in shape, simple or with projections, in general without glands or with only few ducts, lumen with different levels of development, anterior apodemes with different lengths, sometimes inconspicuous. Posterior receptaculum either present or absent, posterior apodeme in general plate shaped (South American species) or divided in two plates (some United States species). Some species exhibit sclerotized areas extended to sides (figs. 60J, 147B, D). Muscle M2 always present.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS. Worldwide. The genus is more frequent in canopy, but many species has been collected in a wide variety of ambients and microhabitats, such as small shrubs on the Pacific coast of Chile (figs 177A–C, 178B), nests of birds, and suspended litter (dead leaves, small fragments of branches, bark, etc., that are captured by branch forks in the lowest strata of forests). While many species seem to be restricted to small areas, other species are widely distributed or have even colonized other regions of the world, some of them seemingly transported by human activities.

NATURAL HISTORY: The general biology of the genus is virtually unknown and details of its diet and behavior are fragmentary.