Netomocera Bouček, 1954, 1991

Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, 2019, Revision of Netomocera Bouček (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae), excluding the Oriental species, European Journal of Taxonomy 568, pp. 1-87 : 5-12

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2019.568
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scientific name	Netomocera Bouček, 1954
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Treatment

Genus Netomocera Bouček, 1954 View in CoL View at ENA

Netomocera Bouček, 1954: 49–50 View in CoL (type species: Netomocera setifera Bouček, 1954 View in CoL , by original designation and monotypy).

Diagnosis (with respect to other diparine genera)

Both sexes

Petiole transverse to quadrate, never longer than broad ( Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 , 39 View Figs 37–40 , 61 View Figs 59–64 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 103 View Figs 101–106 , 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 165 View Figs 162–166 , 185 View Figs 183–188 ); clypeal margin evenly curved, always without a conspicuous median tooth ( Figs 4 View Figs 1–5 , 15 View Figs 12–16 , 26 View Figs 23–27 , 35 View Figs 32–36 , 44 View Figs 41–45 , 57 View Figs 54–58 , 68 View Figs 65–69 , 79 View Figs 76–80 , 90 View Figs 87–91 , 99 View Figs 96–100 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 134 View Figs 131–135 , 147 View Figs 144–148 , 160 View Figs 157–161 , 170 View Figs 167–171 , 181 View Figs 178–182 ).

Female

Antenna 11173, distinctly clavate, with clava moderate to large, slightly to strongly asymmetric ( Figs 5 View Figs 1–5 , 16 View Figs 12–16 , 27 View Figs 23–27 , 36 View Figs 32–36 , 58 View Figs 54–58 , 69 View Figs 65–69 , 91 View Figs 87–91 , 100 View Figs 96–100 , 111 View Figs 107–111 , 122 View Figs 118–122 , 135 View Figs 131–135 , 148 View Figs 144–148 , 171 View Figs 167–171 , 195 View Figs 191–195 ).

Male

Antenna with flagellum very long and filiform, without long outstanding setae; clava not differentiated ( Figs 11 View Figs 6–11 , 22 View Figs 17–22 , 53 View Figs 52–53 , 64 View Figs 59–64 , 75 View Figs 70–75 , 86 View Figs 81–86 , 106 View Figs 101–106 , 117 View Figs 112–117 , 130 View Figs 129–130 , 143 View Figs 142–143 , 156 View Figs 155–156 , 161 View Figs 157–161 , 177 View Figs 172–177 , 190 View Figs 189–190 , 201 View Figs 196–201 ).

Description

Female (habitus: Figs 1 View Figs 1–5 , 12 View Figs 12–16 , 23 View Figs 23–27 , 32 View Figs 32–36 , 41 View Figs 41–45 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 65 View Figs 65–69 , 76 View Figs 76–80 , 87 View Figs 87–91 , 96 View Figs 96–100 , 107 View Figs 107–111 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 131 View Figs 131–135 , 144 View Figs 144–148 , 167 View Figs 167–171 , 178 View Figs 178–182 , 191 View Figs 191–195 ) COLOUR. Head from yellowish to black, sometimes with weak to strong blue, violet or green metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 13 View Figs 12–16 , 24 View Figs 23–27 , 33 View Figs 32–36 , 42 View Figs 41–45 , 179 View Figs 178–182 ). Mesosoma yellowish to black, rarely with metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 18 View Figs 17–22 , 29 View Figs 28–31 , 38 View Figs 37–40 , 162 View Figs 162–166 ). Metasoma with petiole similar to mesosoma and gaster, yellowish to black but ventrally usually paler (e.g., Figs 23 View Figs 23–27 , 32 View Figs 32–36 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 65 View Figs 65–69 , 76 View Figs 76–80 , 96 View Figs 96–100 , 107 View Figs 107–111 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 178 View Figs 178–182 ). Body setation usually pale except for several large, symmetrically arranged dark brown setae (e.g., Figs 29 View Figs 28–31 , 38 View Figs 37–40 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 124 View Figs 123–128 , 197 View Figs 196–201 ).

BODY LENGTH. 0.90–3.25 mm.

HEAD. Clypeal margin slightly to distinctly produced (e.g., Figs 4 View Figs 1–5 , 15 View Figs 12–16 , 35 View Figs 32–36 , 79 View Figs 76–80 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 147 View Figs 144–148 , 170 View Figs 167–171 ) or slightly to distinctly emarginate (e.g., Figs 44 View Figs 41–45 , 90 View Figs 87–91 , 121 View Figs 118–122 , 134 View Figs 131–135 , 194 View Figs 191–195 ), rarely virtually straight (e.g., Fig. 57 View Figs 54–58 ). Clypeal region virtually smooth to coriaceous. Lower face coriaceous to shallowly reticulate, piliferous punctures distinct or not (e.g., Figs 4 View Figs 1–5 , 15 View Figs 12–16 , 26 View Figs 23–27 , 35 View Figs 32–36 , 57 View Figs 54–58 , 68 View Figs 65–69 , 79 View Figs 76–80 , 90 View Figs 87–91 , 99 View Figs 96–100 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 134 View Figs 131–135 , 147 View Figs 144–148 , 160 View Figs 157–161 ). Upper face including vertex reticulate (e.g., Figs 14 View Figs 12–16 , 34 View Figs 32–36 , 56 View Figs 54–58 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 146 View Figs 144–148 , 169 View Figs 167–171 ) or coriaceous (e.g., Figs 67 View Figs 65–69 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ); scrobes deep, reticulate (e.g., Figs 66 View Figs 65–69 , 97 View Figs 96–100 , 108 View Figs 107–111 , 179 View Figs 178–182 ) or smooth ( Figs 77 View Figs 76–80 , 168 View Figs 167–171 ); parascrobal region with elongated (e.g., Fig. 108 View Figs 107–111 ) or isodiametric cells (e.g., Fig. 33 View Figs 32–36 ). Occiput virtually smooth or coriaceous-alutaceous; margin blunt (e.g., Figs 25 View Figs 23–27 , 89 View Figs 87–91 , 120 View Figs 118–122 , 133 View Figs 131–135 , 159 View Figs 157–161 , 180 View Figs 178–182 , 193 View Figs 191–195 ) or sharply defined (e.g., Figs 14 View Figs 12–16 , 34 View Figs 32–36 , 43 View Figs 41–45 , 56 View Figs 54–58 , 67 View Figs 65–69 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ). Toruli with lower margins usually slightly to distinctly below lower margins of eyes (e.g., Figs 2 View Figs 1–5 , 24 View Figs 23–27 , 33 View Figs 32–36 , 66 View Figs 65–69 , 77 View Figs 76–80 , 88 View Figs 87–91 , 179 View Figs 178–182 ), rarely above (e.g., Fig. 13 View Figs 12–16 ); face protruding (e.g., Figs 1 View Figs 1–5 , 12 View Figs 12–16 , 167 View Figs 167–171 ) or not (e.g., Figs 32 View Figs 32–36 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 144 View Figs 144–148 ) at toruli level. Funicle moderately (e.g., Figs 27 View Figs 23–27 , 91 View Figs 87–91 , 122 View Figs 118–122 , 171 View Figs 167–171 , 182 View Figs 178–182 ) to strongly widening (e.g., Figs 5 View Figs 1–5 , 16 View Figs 12–16 , 36 View Figs 32–36 , 80 View Figs 76–80 , 100 View Figs 96–100 , 148 View Figs 144–148 ) towards clava; clava more or less asymmetric. Upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae (e.g., Figs 67 View Figs 65–69 , 133 View Figs 131–135 ): one between each posterior ocellus and corresponding eye, closer to eye; two between posterior ocelli, closer to the latter than to each other; one posterior to each eye; one behind each posterior ocellus. In a few species, one or two additional pairs of setae present next to inner margins of eyes, hence the total number of head setae is 10–12 (e.g., Figs 25 View Figs 23–27 , 89 View Figs 87–91 , 120 View Figs 118–122 ).

MESOSOMA. Moderately (e.g., Figs 29 View Figs 28–31 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 137 View Figs 136–141 ) to densely setose (e.g., Fig. 71 View Figs 70–75 ) dorsally. Pronotal collar usually distinctly narrower than mesoscutum (e.g., Figs 18 View Figs 17–22 , 60 View Figs 59–64 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 113 View Figs 112–117 ), rarely almost as wide as mesoscutum (e.g., Figs 82 View Figs 81–86 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ), with 6–10 large setae arranged in one row (e.g., Figs 93 View Figs 92–95 , 137 View Figs 136–141 , 173 View Figs 172–177 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ). Mesoscutum and axillae with shallow (e.g., Figs 47 View Figs 46–51 , 82 View Figs 81–86 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 137 View Figs 136–141 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ) to deep (e.g., Figs 7 View Figs 6–11 , 18 View Figs 17–22 , 60 View Figs 59–64 ) reticulation. Mesoscutum with one central pair of large setae on median lobe and each lateral lobe with one large seta above fore wing articulation (e.g., Figs 124 View Figs 123–128 , 137 View Figs 136–141 , 150 View Figs 149–154 , 173 View Figs 172–177 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ). Scutellar disc with similar sculpture as mesoscutum; frenal line absent, but frenal area usually defined by at least slightly different sculpture, either less strong or longitudinally striate-reticulate (e.g., Figs 19 View Figs 17–22 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 114 View Figs 112–117 ). Scutellum with two pairs of large setae, one anteriorly, the other on the virtual frenal line, the latter setae more widely apart than the anterior setae (e.g., Figs 29 View Figs 28–31 , 150 View Figs 149–154 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ). Mesepisternum usually densely reticulate. Mesepimeron usually mainly smooth; mesepimeral sulcus ( Fig. 17 View Figs 17–22 ) almost absent (e.g., Figs 92 View Figs 92–95 , 112 View Figs 112–117 , 123 View Figs 123–128 , 136 View Figs 136–141 , 183 View Figs 183–188 ) to very distinct (e.g., Figs 6 View Figs 6–11 , 17 View Figs 17–22 , 46 View Figs 46–51 , 59 View Figs 59–64 ). Metanotum with lateral panels and dorsellum mainly smooth except for a few fine costulae (e.g., Figs 19 View Figs 17–22 , 30 View Figs 28–31 , 39 View Figs 37–40 , 48 View Figs 46–51 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 94 View Figs 92–95 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 185 View Figs 183–188 ), rarely with more complex sculpture ( Fig. 165 View Figs 162–166 ). Propodeum mainly smooth, with intricate pattern of carinae, interspaces smooth to slightly wrinkled (e.g., Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 , 30 View Figs 28–31 , 39 View Figs 37–40 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 94 View Figs 92–95 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 185 View Figs 183–188 ). Brachypterous (e.g., Figs 65 View Figs 65–69 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 131 View Figs 131–135 , 167 View Figs 167–171 , 187 View Figs 183–188 ), submacropterous (e.g., Fig. 178 View Figs 178–182 ) or macropterous (e.g., Figs 1 View Figs 1–5 , 12 View Figs 12–16 , 32 View Figs 32–36 , 41 View Figs 41–45 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 96 View Figs 96–100 ). Macropterous and submacropterous forms with fore wing usually uniformly and densely setose except for small, elongate bare region similar to linea calva some distance beyond parastigma and basal half of marginal vein (e.g., Figs 9 View Figs 6–11 , 20 View Figs 17–22 , 62 View Figs 59–64 , 104 View Figs 101–106 , 186 View Figs 183–188 ); occasionally fore wing extensively bare basally ( Fig. 141 View Figs 136–141 , 199 View Figs 196–201 ) or with bare region larger ( Fig. 31 View Figs 28–31 ); submarginal, marginal and postmarginal veins with several large setae; several long, thin admarginal setae on ventral side of wing close to marginal vein, but hard to see because of dense setation on dorsal side of wing (e.g., Fig. 84 View Figs 81–86 ). Brachypterous form with fore and hind wings represented by stumps; fore wing with rounded or truncate apex well surpassing posterior margin of propodeum, usually with complete submarginal, reduced marginal and very short postmarginal and stigmal veins, and submarginal, marginal and postmarginal veins with several large setae (e.g., Figs 73 View Figs 70–75 , 126 View Figs 123–128 , 139 View Figs 136–141 , 154 View Figs 149–154 , 175 View Figs 172–177 , 188 View Figs 183–188 ); setation similar to that of macropterous form.

METASOMA. Petiole either barely visible, transverse and smooth except for a few superficial longitudinal striae (e.g., Figs 39 View Figs 37–40 , 61 View Figs 59–64 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 103 View Figs 101–106 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 185 View Figs 183–188 , 198 View Figs 196–201 ) or quadrate, with a few conspicuous longitudinal carinae (e.g., Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 ). Gaster (e.g., Figs 1 View Figs 1–5 , 23 View Figs 23–27 , 32 View Figs 32–36 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 65 View Figs 65–69 , 76 View Figs 76–80 , 87 View Figs 87–91 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 144 View Figs 144–148 , 178 View Figs 178–182 , 191 View Figs 191–195 ) usually short-ovate to long-acuminate, with gt1 the longest and with hind margin produced or emarginate; gt2–6 short, more or less retracted; syntergum acutely pointed. Ovipositor sheaths slightly to distinctly protruding beyond apex of gaster. Cercal setae long, may surpass the apex of gaster.

Male (habitus: Figs 10 View Figs 6–11 , 21 View Figs 17–22 , 52 View Figs 52–53 , 63 View Figs 59–64 , 74 View Figs 70–75 , 85 View Figs 81–86 , 105 View Figs 101–106 , 116 View Figs 112–117 , 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 , 155 View Figs 155–156 , 157 View Figs 157–161 , 176 View Figs 172–177 , 189 View Figs 189–190 , 200 View Figs 196–201 )

Differs from female mainly as follows. Body length: in average smaller than for female (0.75–2.50 mm). Always macropterous (e.g., Figs 21 View Figs 17–22 , 52 View Figs 52–53 , 74 View Figs 70–75 , 85 View Figs 81–86 , 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 , 157 View Figs 157–161 , 189 View Figs 189–190 ). Eyes smaller, hence malar space greater (e.g., Fig. 158 View Figs 157–161 ). Toruli with lower margins usually above lower margins of eyes, rarely at same level (e.g., Fig. 158 View Figs 157–161 ). Flagellum very long, without differentiated clava, funicular segments subequal in length to fu1, except fu10, which is longest (e.g., Figs 11 View Figs 6–11 , 22 View Figs 17–22 , 53 View Figs 52–53 , 64 View Figs 59–64 , 75 View Figs 70–75 , 86 View Figs 81–86 , 106 View Figs 101–106 , 117 View Figs 112–117 , 130 View Figs 129–130 , 143 View Figs 142–143 , 156 View Figs 155–156 , 177 View Figs 172–177 , 190 View Figs 189–190 , 201 View Figs 196–201 ). Basal funicular segments sometimes slightly wider than apical segments (e.g., Figs 75 View Figs 70–75 , 143 View Figs 142–143 , 177 View Figs 172–177 , 190 View Figs 189–190 ). Gaster (especially when collapsed) shorter than mesosoma, in air-dried specimens usually with only gt1 visible (e.g., Figs 10 View Figs 6–11 , 52 View Figs 52–53 , 74 View Figs 70–75 ).

Distribution

Cosmopolitan.

Hosts

Unknown.

Remarks

Desjardins (2007) provided the latest revision of Diparinae , including a key to world genera. Females of Netomocera are prone to be confused mostly with females of Lelaps Walker, 1843 , but differ from those mainly in the shape of the clypeal margin, without any teeth (with a small median tooth in Lelaps ), and in the clavate antennae, with the clava being at least slightly asymmetric (e.g., Figs 16 View Figs 12–16 , 45 View Figs 41–45 , 58 View Figs 54–58 , 135 View Figs 131–135 , 148 View Figs 144–148 ) due to the presence of a microsetation area (antennae filiform in Lelaps , clava symmetric, without a conspicuous microsetation area). They are also somewhat similar to females of Chimaerolelaps Desjardins, 2007 , but those have a long petiole (at least twice as long as broad) and three pairs of large scutellar setae, while in Netomocera the petiole is at most quadrate (e.g., Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 ) and the scutellum has only two pairs of large setae (e.g., Figs 29 View Figs 28–31 , 150 View Figs 149–154 , 184 View Figs 183–188 ).

Males of Netomocera can be confused especially with males of Dipara Walker, 1833 and Lelaps . They differ from males of both these genera in having a much shorter petiole (at most quadrate as opposed to more than twice as long as broad) and funicular segments with shorter setae (funicular segments with whorls of long setae in the mentioned genera); additionally, males of Netomocera differ from those of Lelaps in having the clypeal margin emarginate or evenly produced, without a median tooth.

Key to world species of Netomocera , excluding the Oriental species

Note

Females of N. rufa are unknown; males of many species are unknown.

1. Female: antenna short-clavate, clava more or less asymmetric, with large microsetation area (e.g., Figs 16 View Figs 12–16 , 45 View Figs 41–45 , 58 View Figs 54–58 , 135 View Figs 131–135 , 148 View Figs 144–148 ); brachypterous (e.g., Figs 65 View Figs 65–69 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 131 View Figs 131–135 , 167 View Figs 167–171 , 187 View Figs 183–188 ) or macropterous (e.g., Figs 1 View Figs 1–5 , 12 View Figs 12–16 , 32 View Figs 32–36 , 41 View Figs 41–45 , 54 View Figs 54–58 , 96 View Figs 96–100 ) .................................................................................................................. 2

– Male: antenna very long, filiform (e.g., Figs 11 View Figs 6–11 , 53 View Figs 52–53 , 86 View Figs 81–86 , 106 View Figs 101–106 , 143 View Figs 142–143 , 177 View Figs 172–177 , 201 View Figs 196–201 ); macropterous (e.g., Figs 21 View Figs 17–22 , 52 View Figs 52–53 , 74 View Figs 70–75 , 85 View Figs 81–86 , 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 , 157 View Figs 157–161 , 189 View Figs 189–190 ) .......................................................................................... 18

2. Visible part of petiole very short, distinctly transverse, with more or less obliterate sculpture (e.g., Figs 39 View Figs 37–40 , 61 View Figs 59–64 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 103 View Figs 101–106 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 185 View Figs 183–188 , 198 View Figs 196–201 ); propodeum (e.g., Figs 30 View Figs 28–31 , 39 View Figs 37–40 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 94 View Figs 92–95 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 ) usually without a well-defined V-shaped area basally (except N. setifera View in CoL , Fig. 185 View Figs 183–188 ); mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous (e.g., Figs 46 View Figs 46–51 , 59 View Figs 59–64 ) or not (e.g., Figs 92 View Figs 92–95 , 112 View Figs 112–117 , 123 View Figs 123–128 , 136 View Figs 136–141 , 183 View Figs 183–188 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution].................. 3

– Visible part of petiole longer, usually quadrate, with a few conspicuous longitudinal carinae ( Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 ); propodeum ( Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 ) always with a well-defined V-shaped area basally; mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous ( Figs 6 View Figs 6–11 , 17 View Figs 17–22 ); macropterous [Afrotropical]................................................................... 17

3. Head yellowish ( Figs 24 View Figs 23–27 , 88 View Figs 87–91 , 118 View Figs 118–122 , 132 View Figs 131–135 , 192 View Figs 191–195 ); clypeal margin shallowly to conspicuously emarginate ( Figs 26 View Figs 23–27 , 90 View Figs 87–91 , 121 View Figs 118–122 , 134 View Figs 131–135 , 194 View Figs 191–195 ); occiput margin blunt ( Figs 25 View Figs 23–27 , 120 View Figs 118–122 , 133 View Figs 131–135 , 193 View Figs 191–195 ) or rarely abrupt ( Fig. 89 View Figs 87–91 ), but never sharply margined; mesepimeral sulcus inconspicuous, although some transverse costulae usually present ( Figs 92 View Figs 92–95 , 123 View Figs 123–128 , 136 View Figs 136–141 , 196 View Figs 196–201 ); usually macropterous, rarely brachypterous; fore wing always with at least some brownish spots ( Figs 31 View Figs 28–31 , 95 View Figs 92–95 , 126, 128 View Figs 123–128 , 139, 141 View Figs 136–141 , 199 View Figs 196–201 ); upper face and vertex usually with ten large setae ( Figs 25 View Figs 23–27 , 89 View Figs 87–91 , 120 View Figs 118–122 , 193 View Figs 191–195 ), rarely with eight setae ( Fig. 133 View Figs 131–135 ) [New World] ................................................................................................................................................ 4

– Head brown to black (e.g., Figs 33 View Figs 32–36 , 55 View Figs 54–58 , 66 View Figs 65–69 , 77 View Figs 76–80 , 108 View Figs 107–111 , 168 View Figs 167–171 ), sometimes with blue-violet, green or bronze metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 42, 43 View Figs 41–45 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 179, 180 View Figs 178–182 ); clypeal margin usually slightly produced or straight (e.g., Figs 33 View Figs 32–36 , 57 View Figs 54–58 , 68 View Figs 65–69 , 79 View Figs 76–80 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 147 View Figs 144–148 , 170 View Figs 167–171 ), but rarely shallowly emarginate ( Figs 44 View Figs 41–45 , 99 View Figs 96–100 ); occiput margin rarely blunt ( Fig. 180 View Figs 178–182 ), usually sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 View Figs 32–36 , 43 View Figs 41–45 , 67 View Figs 65–69 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ); mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous (e.g., Figs 46 View Figs 46–51 , 59 View Figs 59–64 , 101 View Figs 101–106 , 172 View Figs 172–177 ) or not (e.g., Fig. 183 View Figs 183–188 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous; fore wing hyaline or subhyaline (e.g., Figs 51 View Figs 46–51 , 104 View Figs 101–106 , 152 View Figs 149–154 ), or with brownish spots (e.g., Figs 49 View Figs 46–51 , 186 View Figs 183–188 ); upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae (e.g., Figs 56 View Figs 54–58 , 67 View Figs 65–69 ), rarely with 12 setae ( Fig. 169 View Figs 167–171 ) [various biogeographic distribution]........................... 8

4. Macropterous, fore wing mainly brownish, except for one bare region, swollen and shining violetblue when examined under some angles of light and with four hyaline areas covered with white setae ( Fig. 31 View Figs 28–31 ): one apically in basal cell, a U-shaped region behind bare region and two subapical spots; flagellum with basal half yellow, the rest brownish ( Fig. 27 View Figs 23–27 ); propodeum with median area almost without carinae ( Fig. 30 View Figs 28–31 ) [Neotropical]............................................................. N. amethysta sp. nov.

– Brachypterous or if macropterous fore wing with different colour pattern, never mainly brownish ( Figs 95 View Figs 92–95 , 128 View Figs 123–128 , 141 View Figs 136–141 , 199 View Figs 196–201 ); flagellum with different colour pattern ( Figs 91 View Figs 87–91 , 122 View Figs 118–122 , 135 View Figs 131–135 , 195 View Figs 191–195 ); propodeum with median area more carinate ( Figs 94 View Figs 92–95 , 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 198 View Figs 196–201 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic] ........................... 5

5. Macropterous, fore wing with intricate brownish pattern of bands and spots covering more than half of wing surface ( Fig. 95 View Figs 92–95 ); propodeum with large smooth areas among carinae ( Fig. 94 View Figs 92–95 ); antenna with funicle brown and clava whitish ( Fig. 91 View Figs 87–91 ) [Neotropical] ................................. N. irregularis sp. nov.

– Brachypterous or if macropterous fore wing with two or three brownish bands or spots separated from each other by large hyaline areas ( Figs 126, 128 View Figs 123–128 , 139, 141 View Figs 136–141 , 199 View Figs 196–201 ); propodeum with smaller smooth areas among carinae ( Figs 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 198 View Figs 196–201 ); antenna with different colour pattern ( Figs 122 View Figs 118–122 , 135 View Figs 131–135 , 195 View Figs 191–195 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic]...................................................................................................... 6

6. Antenna with basal funicular segments and clava pale yellow ( Fig. 195 View Figs 191–195 ); fore wing with three transverse brownish bands, the first apically in basal cell, the second behind parastigma and the third behind stigma ( Fig. 199 View Figs 196–201 ); head with ten large setae on upper face and vertex ( Fig. 193 View Figs 191–195 ); macropterous [Neotropical]........................................................................................................... N. virgata sp. nov.

– Antenna with pale areas of flagellum, if present, much more reduced ( Figs 122 View Figs 118–122 , 135 View Figs 131–135 ); fore wing with two transverse brownish bands, one behind MV basally and the second behind stigma or occasionally with a third spot between the second band and the apical wing margin ( Figs 126, 128 View Figs 123–128 , 139, 141 View Figs 136–141 ); head with eight ( Fig. 133 View Figs 131–135 ) or ten ( Fig. 120 View Figs 118–122 ) large setae on upper face and vertex; brachypterous or macropterous [Nearctic] .................................................................................................................... 7

7. Mesoscutum very shallowly reticulate ( Fig. 137 View Figs 136–141 ); scutellum medially longitudinally striate and laterally reticulate and frenal area striate-reticulate ( Fig. 137 View Figs 136–141 ); propodeum uniformly and densely reticulate except for small triangular area anteriorly; nucha large, with lateral margins parallel ( Fig. 138 View Figs 136–141 ); upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae ( Fig. 133 View Figs 131–135 ); antenna ( Fig. 135 View Figs 131–135 ) strongly clavate, fu7 width 1.7–1.9 × length; clava length 1.6–1.7× width; head width equal to combined length of pedicel and flagellum; mesosoma length 1.7–2.0× height; mesoscutum width 2.5–2.9× length ................................................................................................... N. nearctica Yoshimoto, 1977 View in CoL

– Mesoscutum more strongly reticulate ( Fig. 124 View Figs 123–128 ); scutellum, including frenal area, reticulate ( Fig. 124 View Figs 123–128 ); propodeum with several strong carinae, the interspaces virtually smooth; nucha smaller, with lateral margins converging posteriorly ( Fig. 125 View Figs 123–128 ); upper face and vertex usually with ten large setae ( Fig. 120 View Figs 118–122 ); antenna ( Fig. 122 View Figs 118–122 ) moderately clavate, fu7 width 1.2–1.4 × length; clava length 2.1–2.4 × width; head width slightly less than combined length of pedicel and flagellum; mesosoma length 1.5–1.6 × height; mesoscutum width 2.1–2.5× length........................ N. meridionalis sp. nov.

8. Pronotal collar long, 0.55–0.60× as long as mesoscutum and wide, 0.85–0.95 × as wide as mesoscutum ( Figs 183–184 View Figs 183–188 ); fore wing in macropterous and submacropterous forms with two more or less distinct brownish spots, a large one beneath MV and a smaller one a short distance beyond SV towards apical wing margin ( Fig. 186 View Figs 183–188 ); propodeum basally with densely sculptured triangular area surrounded by shallowly sculptured areas ( Fig. 185 View Figs 183–188 ); occiput margin blunt ( Fig. 180 View Figs 178–182 ) [West Palaearctic] ................................................................................................. N. setifera Bouček, 1954 View in CoL

– Pronotal collar usually less long or wide (e.g., Figs 38 View Figs 37–40 , 47 View Figs 46–51 , 60 View Figs 59–64 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 93 View Figs 92–95 ), but if rarely as long as above then at most 0.8 × as wide as mesoscutum or if as wide as above then at most 0.45 × as long as mesoscutum; fore wing in macropterous form hyaline or subhyaline (e.g., Figs 40 View Figs 37–40 , 62 View Figs 59–64 , 104 View Figs 101–106 , 115 View Figs 112–117 , 152 View Figs 149–154 ), if rarely with brownish pattern, this different from above ( Fig. 49 View Figs 46–51 ); propodeum with uniform, more or less dense sculpture (e.g., Figs 39 View Figs 37–40 , 48 View Figs 46–51 , 61 View Figs 59–64 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 103 View Figs 101–106 , 151 View Figs 149–154 ); occiput margin usually sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 View Figs 32–36 , 43 View Figs 41–45 , 67 View Figs 65–69 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ................................... 9

9. Scrobes deep and smooth ( Figs 77 View Figs 76–80 , 168 View Figs 167–171 ); occiput margin blunt ( Figs 78 View Figs 76–80 , 169 View Figs 167–171 ); fore wing of macropterous form with basal third extensively bare, except for several setae across basal cell ( Fig. 84 View Figs 81–86 ) [Australasian].................................................................................................................... 10

– Scrobes shallower and finely reticulate or reticulate-striate (e.g., Figs 66 View Figs 65–69 , 97 View Figs 96–100 , 145 View Figs 144–148 ); occiput margin sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 View Figs 32–36 , 43 View Figs 41–45 , 67 View Figs 65–69 , 98 View Figs 96–100 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ); fore wing of macropterous form with basal third extensively setose, except for narrow bare region (e.g., Figs 49 View Figs 46–51 , 62 View Figs 59–64 , 104 View Figs 101–106 , 152 View Figs 149–154 ) [various biogeographic distribution].......................................................................................................................................11

10. Head with 12 large setae ( Fig. 169 View Figs 167–171 ); toruli only slightly below lower margins of eyes ( Fig. 168 View Figs 167–171 ); antenna uniformly reddish or yellowish, moderately clavate, with clava slightly asymmetric; fu1 and fu7 moderately transverse ( Fig. 171 View Figs 167–171 ); face with piliferous punctures barely visible; mesoscutum width 2.8–3.1 × length; brachypterous ( Fig. 167 View Figs 167–171 )..................................... N. sedlaceki Bouček, 1988 View in CoL

– Head with eight large setae ( Fig. 78 View Figs 76–80 ); toruli distinctly below lower margins of eyes ( Fig. 77 View Figs 76–80 ); antenna with funicle gradually becoming brown towards clava, more strongly clavate,with clava conspicuously asymmetric; fu1 and fu7 more strongly transverse ( Fig. 80 View Figs 76–80 ); face with piliferous punctures more obvious; mesoscutum width about 2.6 × length; macropterous ( Fig. 76 View Figs 76–80 )............. N. gloriosa sp. nov.

11. Clypeal margin shallowly emarginate ( Fig. 99 View Figs 96–100 ); POL about 4.1 × OOL; MV about 5.3× SV; vertex with slight dark green reflections ( Fig. 98 View Figs 96–100 ); macropterous, fore wing hyaline ( Fig. 104 View Figs 101–106 ) [Neotropical]......................................................................................................... N. masneri sp. nov.

– Clypeal margin usually produced or straight (e.g., Figs 35 View Figs 32–36 , 57 View Figs 54–58 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 147 View Figs 144–148 ) or if slightly emarginate then vertex with violet metallic reflections ( Fig. 43 View Figs 41–45 ); POL usually at most 3.75 × OOL, rarely up to 5.5 ×; MV usually 3.5–5.0× SV, rarely more; macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous, fore wing sometimes with brown spots ( Fig. 49 View Figs 46–51 ) [various biogeographic distribution]......................... 12

12. Mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae densely reticulate, appearing dull under setation ( Fig. 60 View Figs 59–64 ); scutoscutellar sutures superficial, hardly visible ( Fig. 60 View Figs 59–64 ); frenal area not distinct, sculpture not different from that of rest of scutellum ( Fig. 60 View Figs 59–64 ); mesosoma with setation dense and pale brown, not conspicuous ( Fig. 60 View Figs 59–64 ); macropterous [Afrotropical] .......................................... N. desaegeri sp. nov.

– Mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae less densely reticulate, appearing shinier under setation (e.g., Figs 38 View Figs 37–40 , 47 View Figs 46–51 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 150 View Figs 149–154 ); scutoscutellar sutures deeper, more distinct (e.g., Figs 38 View Figs 37–40 , 47 View Figs 46–51 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 150 View Figs 149–154 ); frenal area distinct, sculpture at least slightly different than that of rest of scutellum (e.g., Figs 39 View Figs 37–40 , 48 View Figs 46–51 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 151 View Figs 149–154 ); mesosoma with setation, if dense, whitish and conspicuous ( Fig. 71 View Figs 70–75 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution] ....................................... 13

13. Mesosoma with unusually dense and conspicuous whitish setation dorsally ( Fig. 71 View Figs 70–75 ); eye height 2.25–2.35× malar space; brachypterous, rarely submacropterous [Neotropical]................................ ..................................................................................................................... N. formiciformis sp. nov.

– Mesosoma with less dense and less conspicuous setation dorsally ( Figs 38 View Figs 37–40 , 47 View Figs 46–51 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 150 View Figs 149–154 ); eye height usually 2.5–2.8 × malar space, rarely 2.3–2.4×; macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution]................................................................................................ 14

14. Head with strong blue-violet reflections ( Figs 42–43 View Figs 41–45 ); clypeal margin very shallowly emarginate, almost straight ( Fig. 44 View Figs 41–45 ); macropterous, fore wing usually with two brownish regions ( Figs 49–50 View Figs 46–51 ), sometimes hyaline ( Fig. 51 View Figs 46–51 ) [Australasian]................................................. N. cyanocephala sp. nov.

– Head brown or black, without metallic reflections ( Figs 34 View Figs 32–36 , 109 View Figs 107–111 , 146 View Figs 144–148 ); clypeal margin at least slightly produced ( Figs 35 View Figs 32–36 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 147 View Figs 144–148 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous, fore wing always hyaline ( Figs 40 View Figs 37–40 , 115 View Figs 112–117 , 152 View Figs 149–154 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ................................................... 15

15. Antenna moderately clavate, fu7 width about 1.3× length ( Fig. 111 View Figs 107–111 ); head and mesosoma black ( Figs 108 View Figs 107–111 , 113 View Figs 112–117 ); fu7 and clava dark, contrasting with rest of funicle ( Fig. 111 View Figs 107–111 ); macropterous [Neotropical]........................................................................................................... N. merida sp. nov.

– Antenna more strongly clavate, fu7 width 1.70–1.85 × length ( Figs 36 View Figs 32–36 , 148 View Figs 144–148 ); at least mesosoma lighter ( Figs 38 View Figs 37–40 , 150 View Figs 149–154 ); flagellum yellowish to brown, clava occasionally darkening towards apex ( Figs 36 View Figs 32–36 , 148 View Figs 144–148 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution] ...... 16

16. POL about 5.5× OOL; clypeus wider than high ( Fig. 35 View Figs 32–36 ); head and mesosoma brown ( Figs 33 View Figs 32–36 , 38 View Figs 37–40 ); flagellum pale yellow, clava darkening towards apex ( Fig. 36 View Figs 32–36 ); macropterous [Australasian].................................................................................................... N. celebensis sp. nov.

– POL 3.3–3.5 × OOL; clypeus about as wide as high ( Fig. 147 View Figs 144–148 ); head black, mesosoma reddish-brown ( Figs 145 View Figs 144–148 , 150 View Figs 149–154 ); flagellum brown, gradually becoming darker towards clava ( Fig. 148 View Figs 144–148 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [East Palaearctic, Oriental]..... N. ramakrishnai Sureshan, 1910

17. Toruli with lower margins above lower eye margins ( Fig. 13 View Figs 12–16 ); scape 0.7–0.8 × as long as eye height; eye more elongate, height 1.60–1.75× length; occiput margin sharp ( Fig. 14 View Figs 12–16 ) ............................................................................................... N. alboscapus Hedqvist, 1971 View in CoL

– Toruli with lower margins from slightly below to about the same level as lower eye margins ( Fig. 2 View Figs 1–5 ); scape from very slightly shorter to as long as eye height; eye less elongate, height 1.35–1.50 × length; occiput margin blunt ( Fig. 3 View Figs 1–5 )....................................................... N. africana Hedqvist, 1971 View in CoL

18. Visible part of petiole short-transverse and smooth or almost smooth, with at most some superficial longitudinal striae (cf. Figs 39 View Figs 37–40 , 61 View Figs 59–64 , 72 View Figs 70–75 , 83 View Figs 81–86 , 103 View Figs 101–106 , 114 View Figs 112–117 , 125 View Figs 123–128 , 138 View Figs 136–141 , 151 View Figs 149–154 , 185 View Figs 183–188 , 198 View Figs 196–201 ) or if rarely quadrate then without distinct longitudinal rugae ( Fig. 165 View Figs 162–166 ) [various biogeographic distribution] .............. 19

– Visible part of petiole longer, usually quadrate and with more or less regular and strong longitudinal carinae (cf. Figs 8 View Figs 6–11 , 19 View Figs 17–22 ) [Afrotropical].............................................................................................. 31

19. Clypeal margin slightly to conspicuously emarginate (cf. Figs 99 View Figs 96–100 , 121 View Figs 118–122 , 134 View Figs 131–135 , 194 View Figs 191–195 ) [New World] .. 20

– Clypeal margin virtually straight or slightly to conspicuously produced ( Fig. 160 View Figs 157–161 ; cf. Figs 57 View Figs 54–58 , 68 View Figs 65–69 , 79 View Figs 76–80 , 110 View Figs 107–111 , 147 View Figs 144–148 , 170 View Figs 167–171 , 181 View Figs 178–182 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ............................................................... 23

20. Fore wing without brownish spots (cf. Fig. 104 View Figs 101–106 ); body colour mainly dark brown ( Fig. 105 View Figs 101–106 ) [Neotropical]......................................................................................................... N. masneri sp. nov.

– Fore wing with at least one brownish spot behind basal end of MV, usually with two or three ( Figs 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 , 200 View Figs 196–201 ; cf. Figs 128 View Figs 123–128 , 141 View Figs 136–141 , 199 View Figs 196–201 ); body colour usually lighter, mainly yellowish to brownish ( Figs 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 , 200 View Figs 196–201 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic]................................................................... 21

21. Basal cell densely setose apically (cf. Fig. 199 View Figs 196–201 ); head usually yellowish ( Fig. 200 View Figs 196–201 ); funicle with fu1 and fu10 (occasionally also fu9) usually at least slightly lighter than intermediate funiculars ( Fig. 201 View Figs 196–201 ) [Neotropical].......................................................................................... N. virgata sp. nov.

– Basal cell mainly bare apically (cf. Figs 128 View Figs 123–128 , 141 View Figs 136–141 ), with at most some scattered setae ( Fig. 142 View Figs 142–143 ); head usually brownish ( Figs 129 View Figs 129–130 , 142 View Figs 142–143 ); funicle of uniform colour or sometimes fu1 lighter ( Figs 130 View Figs 129–130 , 143 View Figs 142–143 [Nearctic]...................................................................................................................................................22

22. MV 4.0–4.2 × SV; fu1 length 1.3–1.5× width; scutellum with at least a small shiny area with superficial sculpture in posterior third to half, usually including central part of frenal area, the latter at least laterally striate in large specimens (cf. Fig. 137 View Figs 136–141 ) .................... N. nearctica Yoshimoto, 1977 View in CoL

– MV 5.0–5.5× SV; fu1 length 1.7–2.5 × width; scutellum uniformly reticulate, cells isodiametric to slightly elongated (cf. Fig. 124 View Figs 123–128 )..................................................................... N. meridionalis sp. nov.

23. Pronotal collar long, 0.55–0.80× as long as mesoscutum and wide, 0.80–0.95 × as wide as mesoscutum ( Figs 162, 164 View Figs 162–166 , 189 View Figs 189–190 ; cf. Fig. 184 View Figs 183–188 ) ............................................................................... 24

– Pronotal collar either shorter or/and narrower (cf. Figs 47 View Figs 46–51 , 60 View Figs 59–64 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 82 View Figs 81–86 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 150 View Figs 149–154 , 173 View Figs 172–177 ) .................. 25

24. Head and mesosoma black, without metallic reflections ( Fig. 189 View Figs 189–190 ) or head distinctly greenish and mesosoma brownish, the latter without metallic reflections; MV 3.0–3.2 × SV [West Palaearctic] .................................................................................................. N. setifera Bouček, 1954 View in CoL

– Head orange and mesosoma dark brown, without metallic reflections ( Figs 157, 158 View Figs 157–161 ) or both orange with distinct greenish metallic reflections dorsally ( Figs 159 View Figs 157–161 , 162 View Figs 162–166 ); MV 2.7–2.9 × SV [Afrotropical] .................................................................................................. N. rufa Hedqvist, 1971 View in CoL

25. Mesosoma dorsally with dense reticulation, alveolae deep (cf. Fig. 60 View Figs 59–64 ); mesepimeral sulcus well impressed (cf. Fig. 59 View Figs 59–64 ) [Afrotropical]................................................................. N. desaegeri sp. nov.

– Mesosoma dorsally with less dense reticulation, alveolae shallower (cf. Figs 47 View Figs 46–51 , 71 View Figs 70–75 , 82 View Figs 81–86 , 113 View Figs 112–117 , 150 View Figs 149–154 , 173 View Figs 172–177 ); mesepimeral sulcus sometimes shallow (cf. Figs 112 View Figs 112–117 , 149 View Figs 149–154 ) [various biogeographic distribution]..... 26

26. Scrobes deep and smooth (cf. Figs 77 View Figs 76–80 , 168 View Figs 167–171 ); occiput margin blunt (cf. Figs 78 View Figs 76–80 , 169 View Figs 167–171 ) [Australasian] .................................................................................................................................. 27

– Scrobes shallower and reticulate (cf. Figs 66 View Figs 65–69 , 108 View Figs 107–111 , 145 View Figs 144–148 ); occiput margin sharply defined (cf. Figs 43 View Figs 41–45 , 67 View Figs 65–69 , 109 View Figs 107–111 , 146 View Figs 144–148 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ......................................................................... 28

27. Funicular segments thick and short, fu1 wider than pedicel, length 1.6–2.0× width ( Fig. 177 View Figs 172–177 ); body length 0.8–1.2 mm .................................................................................... N. sedlaceki Bouček, 1988 View in CoL

– Funicular segments slender and longer, fu1 not wider than pedicel, length 2.0–2.1 × width ( Fig. 86 View Figs 81–86 ); body length 1.2–1.5 mm ....................................................................................... N. gloriosa sp. nov.

28. Mesosoma usually at least partially reddish ( Fig. 155 View Figs 155–156 ); head without violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 146 View Figs 144–148 ) [Oriental, East Palaearctic] ............................................. N. ramakrishnai Sureshan, 2010

- Mesosoma uniformly dark brown to black ( Figs 52 View Figs 52–53 , 74 View Figs 70–75 , 116 View Figs 112–117 ); head sometimes with violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 43 View Figs 41–45 ) [Australasian or Neotropical] ...................................................................... 29

29. Head with more or less conspicuous violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 43 View Figs 41–45 ) [Australasian]............................................................................................... N. cyanocephala sp. nov.

– Head without any violet reflections on vertex (cf. Figs 67 View Figs 65–69 , 109 View Figs 107–111 ) [Neotropical].............................. 30

30. Fu1 length 2.4–2.6 × width; length of pedicel plus flagellum 2.40–2.75 × head width; MV 3.2–4.1 × SV ........................................................................................................................... N. merida sp. nov.

– Fu1 length 1.9–2.2× width; length of pedicel plus flagellum 2.8–3.0 × head width; MV about 4.5× SV ................................................................................................................ N. formiciformis sp. nov.

31. Toruli with lower margins distinctly above lower margins of eyes..... N. alboscapus Hedqvist, 1971 View in CoL

– Toruli with lower margins at about same level as lower margins of eyes .......................................... ................................................................................................................. N. africana Hedqvist, 1971 View in CoL

Descriptive taxonomy