Actinidia faveolata

Martinetto, Edoardo & Macaluso, Loredana, 2018, Quantitative Application Of The Whole-Plant Concept To The Messinian - Piacenzian Flora Of Italy, Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2), pp. 77-100 : 84-90

Actinidia faveolata whole - plant

Actinidia faveolata C. et E.REID (seed)

Text-fig. 4a

WP TAXON 6.5–5.6 Ma 5.4–5.3 Ma 5.3–3.5 Ma 3.5–2.6 Ma Kvaček’s line

TAXA Family WPC pattern Part NUMBER P M P M P M P M of evidence

TOTAL N. OF SITES 5 12 3 2 5 6 4 13

WP001 “ Juglans ” acuminata Incertae sedis x1 3 leaf none

WP002 cf. Ailanthus pythii Incertae sedis x1 3 leaf (iii) WP002? Ailanthus confucii Simaroubaceae x1 2 fruit

WP003 Anthites malvaeformis Incertae sedis x1 2 flower none

WP004 Pungiphyllum cruciatum Incertae sedis x1 x1 3 leaf none

WP005 cf. Sapindus falcifolius Incertae sedis x1 3 leaf none

WP006 Actinidia faveolata Actinidiaceae x2 x6f1 2 seed (iii)

WP007 Saurauia sp. Actinidiaceae x9 x1 2 seed (iii)

WP008 Liquidambar Altingiaceae x5 x7 x3 x6 x4 x4 x1 2+3+4 pollen, leaves, infrutescence

WP008 Liquidambar Altingiaceae x5 x3 x6 x4 pollen (i) (iii) WP008 Liquidambar europaea Altingiaceae x1 x4 infrutescence

WP008 Liquidambar europaea Altingiaceae x7 x1 leaf

WP009 Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae x4 x3 x1 x6 x4 x1 2+4 pollen, seed

WP009 Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae x4 x3 x6 x4 pollen (iii)

WP009 Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae x1 x1 seed

WP010 Pistacia Anacardiaceae x4 x2 x4 x2 4 pollen (iii)

WP011 Rhus Anacardiaceae x3 x2 (cf.) x1 x1 x1 2+4 pollen, doubtful seed

WP011 Rhus Anacardiaceae x3 x2 x1 x1 pollen (iii) WP011 Rhus Anacardiaceae x2 doubtful leaf

WP011 Rhus Anacardiaceae x1 doubtful seed

WP012 Apium prograveolens Apiaceae x1 2 fruit (iii)

WP013 Ilex Aquifoliaceae x3 x2 x2 x6 x2 x4 2+3+4 pollen, leaves, pyrene

WP013 Ilex Aquifoliaceae x3 x2 x2 pollen (iii) WP013 Ilex Aquifoliaceae x2 x1 leaf

WP013 Ilex Aquifoliaceae x6 x3 pyrene

WP014 Ilex geissertii Aquifoliaceae x1 3 leaf (iii)

WP015 Ilex saxonica Aquifoliaceae x4 2 pyrene (iii)

WP016 Ilex thuringiaca Aquifoliaceae x5 2 pyrene (iii)

WP017 Ilex wisaensis vel I. cantalensis Aquifoliaceae x1 2 pyrene (iii)

WP018? Araliaceae Araliaceae x2 x1 x2 x1 pollen (iii) WP018 Hedera sp. Araliaceae x1 x1 3+4? leaf

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fruit + cupule fruit + leaf seed pollen, pollen leaf seed seed

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Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae

costatum polymorpha pseudoprinceps. 1 sp. Cinnamomum Daphnogene Laurophyllum Laurophyllum Laurus abchasica Litsea sonntagii sp Laurophyllum . Ocotea Ocotea Ocotea heerii Sassafras Sassafras cf ludwigii . Sassafras ferretianum Liriodendron Liriodendron Liriodendron procaccinii Liriodendron geminata Magnolia ludwigii continued. ?? 2 Table WP 092 092 WP WP 093 094 WP 095 WP WP 096 096 WP 097 WP 097 WP 097 WP WP 098 098 WP 098 WP WP 099 099 WP WP 099 WP 099 100 WP

M a t e r i a l. The CENOFITA database ( Martinetto and Vassio 2010, Martinetto 2015) contains seed records from 13 Italian localities, spanning from Zanclean to Gelasian; most localities provided only one or a few seeds of A. faveolata ( Text-fig. 4a ), whereas a richer assemblage (104 specimens) was collected from the Fossil Forest of the Stura di Lanzo River ( Martinetto et al. 2007a).

R e m a r k s. The Actinidia faveolata whole - plant is documented only by seeds. Absence of leaf, stem and pollen materials ( Text-fig. 4b–d ) of Actinidia in the fossil record does not permit an independent reconstruction of the ancient seed-producing plant. A hypothetical whole-plant reconstruction can be formulated on the basis of the similarity of the seeds of A. faveolata to those of the modern species A. arguta ( Text-fig. 4e ) and A. kolomikta ( Kirchheimer 1957, Łańcucka-Środoniowa 1966). Therefore, the whole-plant of the European late Cenozoic can be reconstructed thanks to our knowledge of these modern East Asian plants (line of evidence ISA) and their phylogenetic framework ( Chat et al. 2004). Actinidia is a phylogenetically isolated genus, therefore we can reconstruct the habitus of A. faveolata simply by analyzing the habitus of the related living members of this genus. A. arguta and A. kolomikta are regarded as basal species in the phylogenetic tree of Actinidia ( Chat et al. 2004) , and these are woody climbers of medium to large height, with spirally arranged deciduous ovate leaves, bearing clusters of centimetre-sized berries containing numerous seeds ( Text-fig. 4f ). Therefore, also the fossil A. faveolata , with very similar seeds, can be reconstructed as a plant with such features.

Figures

Text-fig. 4. Identity plate of the Actinidia faveolata wholeplant. The seed is the unique available fossil part. a) fossil seed of Actinidia faveolata from the Stura di Lanzo Fossil Forest (Martinetto et al. 2007a), Piacenzian of northern Italy. b) foliage remains lacking. c) remains of woody axes lacking. d) pollen remains lacking. e) modern seed of Actinidia arguta (from Hiroshima Bot. Garden), with a structure closely similar to Actinidia faveolata. f) aspect of a living plant of A. arguta with fruits and leaves, Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague. Scale bar 1 mm.