Sphaeropthalma imperialis
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.172963 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6252841 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88785-FFD4-4210-A568-CFC897CF6274 |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Sphaeropthalma imperialis |
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Sphaeropthalma imperialis speciesgroup
Diagnosis
Males have the head rounded to quadrate posteriorly ( Figs. 1, 2 View FIGURES 1 – 7. 1 ). The mandibles are broadly dilated and vertical throughout with the dorsal carina sharp and complete to the dorsal (third) mandibular tooth ( Figs. 5–7 View FIGURES 1 – 7. 1 ). The mandible also has only a slight angulation on the ventral margin ( Figs. 5–7 View FIGURES 1 – 7. 1 ). The clypeus varies from slightly to deeply depressed forming a basin with the closed mandibles. The mesosternum, coxae and trochanters are unarmed. The marginal cell is acuminate to almost truncate distally. Notauli are complete and deep. Parapsidal furrows are present on posterior portion of mesonotal disk. The sternal felt line is either entirely absent or present as small but distinct tuft. Genitalia are distinct for the speciesgroup, having a long cylindrical cuspidis bearing simple setae ( Figs. 8–19 View FIGURES 8 – 19 ). Females have the head round and not as wide as the mesosoma. The eyes are round and the antennal scrobes are carinate dorsally. The mesosoma varies from slightly longer than wide to distinctly wider than long. The first metasomal segment is distinctly petiolate with the second segment. The pygidium is defined laterally by carinae and is colliculate to distinctly granulate in sculpture ( Fig. 23 View FIGURES 20 – 25 ). The females also bear plumose and brachyplumose setae.
Remarks
Study of Schuster’s S. imperialis speciesgroup revealed that the marginal cell of S. imperialis and S. imperialiformis are similar to that of the S. edwardsii speciesgroup sensu Schuster and are never as short, or shorter, than the stigma as stated by Schuster (1958). Furthermore, after surveying all of the characters used by Schuster to separate the males of the S. edwardsii speciesgroup from those of the S. imperialis speciesgroup, these two speciesgroups differ only by presence or absence of a sternal felt line. This level of variation in the development of the sternal felt line occurs in other Sphaeropthalma speciesgroups and in the small genus Dilophotopsis Schuster. Study of the genitalia, which was not considered by Schuster, has revealed that they are quite similar in morphology as well, but differ from other Sphaeropthalma speciesgroups. As such, these four species are deemed closely related and the S. imperialis speciesgroup is redefined to contain S. edwardsii , S. imperialis , S. marpesia , and S. megagnathos .
Mandibular morphology of the males of the S. imperialis speciesgroup is quite similar to that of the S. pensylvanica speciesgroup. These two Sphaeropthalma speciesgroups also share integumental melanization, or at least integumental coloration darker than the normal “nocturnal” brown seen in the remainder of the Nearctic Sphaeropthalma species. Be aware that the integumental coloration of S. megagnathos does, however, tend toward the standard light brown coloration normal for other Sphaeropthalma species. The genitalia, especially the shape and vestiture of the cuspidis and the shape of the parameres, differ greatly between these two Sphaeropthalma speciesgroups (see Pitts 2005). Other Sphaeropthalma species in Central and South America, which are mostly undescribed, and S. unicolor (Cresson) found in the Western USA can also have brown to black integumental coloration, but these species have a different mandibular morphology with the apex oblique rather than vertical and greatly differing genitalic morphology.
The mandibular morphology of the males of the S. imperialis speciesgroup also is similar to that of the Odontophotopsis venusta and, to a lesser extent, the O. conifera , O. parva and O. tapajos speciesgroups. These groups, however, can be easily separated from the S. imperialis speciesgroup due to genericlevel characters alone.
The females of this speciesgroup are defined by the small ventral angulation located basally on the mandible, the distinctly petiolate metasomal segment 1, the granulate pygidium, which is defined laterally by carinae, and presence of plumose setae especially on the fringes of the metasomal tergites. These females are morphologically similar to Dilophotopsis concolor crassa (Viereck) (being described elsewhere), Dilophotopsis stenognatha Schuster (see Mickel 1963), and S. orestes (Fox) (see Mickel 1938), especially the sculpturing of the pygidium. The ventral mandibular tooth is much smaller for the females of the S. imperialis group, however. These females differ from those of Stethophotopsis Pitts, the Sphaeropthalma uro speciesgroup, and S. jacala Schuster by laterally defined pygidium (see Pitts & McHugh, 1999; Pitts & Manley, 2002; Pitts et al. 2004; Pitts & Parker, 2005). Manley and Pitts (2002) present other characters useful for diagnosing the females of Dilophotopsis , Sphaeropthalma and Stethophotopsis.
Distribution
Found throughout the western USA and northern Mexico.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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