Anastrepha robusta, Greene, 1934

Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, Zootaxa 2182 (1), pp. 1-91 : 6-9

Key to the species of the robusta group

1. Base of S-band with posterior extension to or almost to wing margin in middle of cell cu 1, sometimes connected to proximal arm of V-band ( Figs. 19 , 33–35, 41 , 43 ) ....................................................................................................... 2

- Base of S-band without posterior extension in middle of cell cu 1 ( Figs. 20–32, 36–40 )............................................ 12

2. Extension of S-band in middle of cell cu 1 connected to proximal arm of V-band along posterior wing margin ( Figs. 41 , 43, 45–46, 50–51, 53 ) ............................................................................................................................................. 3

- Extension of S-band in middle of cell cu 1 not connected to proximal arm of V-band along posterior wing margin ( Figs. 19 , 33–35 , 55, 61–62 ) ......................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Scutum with extensive dark brown markings, including pair of submedial vittae on anterior two-thirds and large Ushaped posterior mark ( Fig. 15 ). Subscutellum and mediotergite dark brown except very narrowly medially. S-band interrupted in base of cell cu 1 ( Figs. 43, 50 ). V-band not connected to S-band anteriorly ........................................... 4

- Scutum without dark brown markings except sometimes on posterior margin ( Fig. 14 ). Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange, or subscutellum at most with dorsolateral brown spot. Basal part of S-band uninterrupted ( Figs. 41 , 45–46, 51, 53 ). V-band connected to S-band in cell r 2+3 ......................................................... 5

4. Oviscape 3.13 mm long, 0.78 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 2.3 mm long; tip 0.33 mm long, 2.06 times as long as wide, with minute serrations ( Fig. 175 ). Peru......................................................................... lambda Hendel

- Oviscape 2.01 mm long, 0.52 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 1.35 mm long; tip 0.15 mm long, 1.2 times as long as wide, with small serrations ( Figs. 156 , 178 ). Guyana.......................................................... nigrivittata , n. sp.

5. Apex of vein M strongly curved, width of cell r 4+5 at apex less than 0.80 its width at dm-cu ( Figs. 41 , 53 ). C-band with well defined, yellow or subhyaline area in cell r 1 posterior to basal third to half of pterostigma, extending width of cell r 1. Oviscape less than 2.5 mm long, less than 0.6 times as long as mesonotum ( Fig. 8 ) ................................... 6

- Apex of vein M slightly curved, width of cell r 4+5 at apex greater than at dm-cu ( Figs. 45–46, 51 ). C-band with at most small yellow or subhyaline area in cell r 1 extending slightly into cell from small posterobasal area in pterostigma, not extending more than midway across r 1. Oviscape more than 3.0 mm long, more than 0.8 times as long as mesonotum ( Fig. 10 ) ........................................................................................................................................ 7

6. Scutellum with setulae on disc usually brown. Aculeus tip at most slightly broader than shaft of aculeus, 0.08–0.10 mm wide, 1.6–1.9 times as long as wide, with small serrations ( Figs. 159 , 179 ). Panamá, Venezuela......................... ............................................................................................................................................................. pittieri Caraballo

- Scutellum with setulae on disc yellow to orange. Aculeus tip distinctly broader than shaft of aculeus, 0.13 mm wide, 1.1 times as long as wide, with large serrations ( Fig. 150 ). Ecuador, Brazil (Amazonas) ...................... isolata , n. sp.

7. Proximal arm of V-band with slender orange area bordering crossvein dm-cu, not extending into cell r 4+5, or entirely brown ( Figs. 45–46 ). C-band in cells r 1 and r 2+3 posterior to pterostigma entirely brown. Aculeus tip strongly constricted, distal oval part demarcated by distinct ridges ( Fig. 154 ). Panamá......................................... nigra , n. sp.

- Proximal arm of V-band with broad medial orange area bordering crossvein dm-cu, extending beyond vein R 4+5 ( Fig. 51 ). C-band in cells r 1 and r 2+3 posterior to pterostigma with orange subapical area. Aculeus tip slightly constricted but without ridges ( Figs. 157–158 ). “Amazon”....................................................................................... partita , n. sp.

8. S-band with large orange medial area bordering r-m and extending into cell dm ( Figs. 33–35 ). C-band with lobelike orange or subhyaline area extending from cell c into cell r 1 posterior to basal third to half of pterostigma. Apex of vein M strongly curved, width of cell r 4+5 at apex less than 0.80 its width at dm-cu. Scutum with posterior brown band (if present) not broader medially than laterally, at most just reaching acrostichal seta and not extending to intraalar seta ( Fig. 14 ). Frons without brown markings except ocellar tubercle.................................................................. 9

- S-band entirely brown bordering r-m and in cell dm ( Figs. 19 , 55, 61–62 ). C-band without orange or subhyaline area in cell r 1 posterior to base of pterostigma. Apex of vein M slightly curved, width of cell r 4+5 at apex greater than at dm-cu. Scutum with posterior brown band broadest medially, including acrostichal seta and often extending to intraalar seta ( Figs. 11, 13 , 17 ). Frons often with posterior U-shaped brown mark........................................................... 10

9. Oviscape 2.49 mm long, 0.59 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 1.76 mm long; tip ( Fig. 147 ) triangular, but its base not wider than shaft of aculeus, only slightly longer than wide (ratio 1.14), apical 0.85 serrate. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará) ..................................................................................................................... fenestrata Lutz & Lima

- Oviscape 1.65–1.80 mm long, 0.37–0.42 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 0.84–0.92 mm long, tip ( Figs. 148 , 172 ) sagittate, its base distinctly wider than shaft of aculeus, more than 1.4 times as long as wide and serrate on at least apical 0.9. Costa Rica, Panamá................................................................................................. fenestrella , n. sp.

10. Cells br and dm without hyaline areas proximal to crossvein r-m ( Fig. 19 ). Hyaline area in cell r 4+5 between S-band and proximal arm of V-band as broad as basal dark area of cell (measured along vein M). Scutal brown posterior band not extended to intra-alar seta, intra-alar seta within sublateral white vitta. Oviscape 2.55 mm long, 0.94 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 2.24 mm long; tip 0.26 mm long, apical 0.44 serrate ( Fig. 144 ). Brazil (Amazonas). ......................................................................................................................................................... amazonensis , n. sp.

- Cell br with at least small hyaline area ( Figs. 55, 61–62 ). Cell dm with hyaline area proximal to crossvein r-m except often in male of A. speciosa . Hyaline area in cell r 4+5 between S-band and proximal arm of V-band at least 1.5 times as broad as basal dark area of cell (measured along vein M). Scutal brown posterior band (when present) with lateral extension that includes intra-alar seta ( Figs. 11, 13 , 17 ). Other characters variable .................................................. 11

11. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 with apex aligned with or slightly distal to crossvein r-m ( Fig. 55 ). Male with basal hyaline spot in cell dm extending to vein Cu 1. Oviscape 2.00– 2.17 mm long, 0.65–0.68 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 1.71–1.72 mm long, tip with apical 0.69–0.75 serrate ( Fig. 161 ). Brazil (Roraima), Venezuela.................................................................................................................................................................. rafaeli , n. sp.

- Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 with apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m ( Figs. 61–62 ). Male with basal hyaline spot in cell dm absent or extending less than half distance to vein Cu 1 ( Fig. 61 ). Oviscape 3.62–4.65 mm long, 1.23–1.38 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 3.40–4.60 mm long, tip with apical 0.35–0.37 serrate ( Figs. 163 , 188 ). Panamá.................................................................................................................................. speciosa Stone

12. Apex of vein M strongly curved, width of cell r 4+5 at apex less than 0.95 times its width at dm-cu, often reaching apex of S-band ( Figs. 18 , 36–40 , 42, 47–49 , 54, 56–57, 59–60 ). Oviscape entirely orange, less than 3 mm long and less than 0.75 times mesonotum length, except in A. amaryllis (3.43 mm long) ( Figs. 5, 6, 9 , 12 ). Eversible membrane with dorsobasal denticles similarly sclerotized, relatively short and stout except 1–2 apical elongate rows ( Figs. 73–75, 77 , 82–83, 87–88 , 91, 93 , 102–103 ) ..................................................................................................... 13

- Apex of vein M slightly curved, cell r 4+5 at apex at least as wide as at dm-cu, well separated from apex of S-band ( Figs. 7 , 20–26 , 44 , 58 ). Oviscape with distal 0.40 or more brown (except in A. binodosa and miza ), more than 4 mm long and longer than mesonotum, except in A. rojasi and miza (2.65–3.44 mm long, 0.73–0.86 times mesonotum length) ( Figs. 1–4 , 7 ). Eversible membrane with numerous long dorsobasal denticles in triangular or crown-shaped pattern (as broad as long) or with gap of weakly sclerotized or membranous denticles proximal to one to several rows of strong, hooklike denticles ( Figs. 64–69 , 85 , 92 , 101 ).................................................................................... 21

13. S-band entirely brown in cell dm ( Fig. 52 ). C-band brown except for costal cells. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 with apex aligned slightly distal to crossvein r-m. V-band with distal arm separated from proximal arm and from S-band. Brazil (Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul)......................................................................................... phaeoptera Lima

- S-band with medial orange area in cell dm ( Figs. 18 , 36–40 , 42, 47–49 , 54, 56–57, 59–60 ). C-band often with large orange area in cells r 1 and r 2+3. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 with apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m. Vband with distal arm usually connected to proximal arm or S-band, except in A. jamaicensis .................................. 14

14. Aculeus in lateral view distinctly dorsally curved ( Figs. 117, 119 , 139, 143 , 165, 173, 181 ).................................... 15

- Aculeus in lateral view straight or ventrally curved ( Figs. 123, 129 , 135 , 152 , 177 )................................................. 18

15. Oviscape 3.43 mm long, 0.71 times mesonotum length. Aculeus 2.59 mm long, tip 0.47 mm long. Ecuador.............. ............................................................................................................................................................ amaryllis Tigrero

- Oviscape less than 3.0 mm long and less than 0.7 times mesonotum length ( Figs. 5, 6 , 12 ). Aculeus less than 2.4 mm long, tip less than 0.40 mm long ................................................................................................................................. 16 16. C-band mostly to entirely brown in cells r 1 and r 2+3 ( Figs. 36–40 ). Aculeus tip evenly tapered to slightly acute apex, lateral margins convex or straight ( Figs. 75 , 149 , 174 ) .............................................................................................. 17

- C-band in cells r 1 and r 2+3 more than half orange ( Figs. 56–57 ). Aculeus tip more tapered subbasally, lateral margins distinctly concave, apex blunt ( Fig. 187 ). México to Panamá.............................................................. robusta Greene

17. Oviscape 0.47 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus tip 0.38 mm long. Subscutellum with dark brown dorsolateral mark. Perú............................................................................................................................................... fuscata , n. sp.

- Oviscape 0.50–0.65 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus tip 0.22–0.28 mm long ( Figs. 149 , 174 ). Subscutellum entirely orange or with brown dorsolateral mark. Panamá, French Guiana, Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Bahia, Espírito Santo) ........................................................................................................................................................ furcata Lima

18. Aculeus tip 0.33–0.39 mm long ( Fig. 180 ). Oviscape 2.45–2.91 mm long, 0.59–0.71 times as long as mesonotum. Perú, Trinidad, Venezuela............................................................................................................ pseudorobusta , n. sp.

- Aculeus tip 0.22–0.28 mm long. Oviscape 1.68–2.42 mm long, 0.40–0.72 times as long as mesonotum (perhaps sometimes slightly longer in A. jamaicensis ) ............................................................................................................. 19

19. Scutum largely nonmicrotrichose, microtrichia present medially between acrostichal lines at and anterior to transverse suture, gradually broadening posteriorly to intra-alar seta and on and lateral to sublateral vitta. Proximal arm of V-band usually constricted or interrupted in cell r 4+5 ( Figs. 47–49 ). USA (Florida), Bahamas.............................................................................................................................................................. nigrifascia Stone

- Scutum entirely microtrichose. Proximal arm of V-band not constricted or interrupted in cell r 4+5 ( Figs. 42 , 59–60 )... ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

20. Base of S-band in cell cu 1 with posterior margin more or less straight, without indentation ( Fig. 42 ); pterostigma distinctly darker than brown portions of S-band and V-band; distal arm of V-band separated from proximal arm. Oviscape 0.72 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 1.92 mm long. Jamaica................................ jamaicensis , n. sp.

- Base of S-band in cell cu 1 with distinct indentation in posterior margin ( Fig. 59–60 ); pterostigma similar in color to brown portions of S-band and V-band; distal arm of V-band usually connected to proximal arm. Oviscape 0.43–0.53 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 1.33–1.37 mm long. Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro)....................... ............................................................................................................................................................... simulans Zucchi

21. Proximal arm of V-band not exceptionally broad, broadening posteriorly, if brown rest of wing pattern extensively brown, including much of S-band ( Figs. 20–26 , 44 , 58 ). Scutum at most with brown band on posterior margin. Subscutellum, mediotergite and abdomen without dark brown markings.................................................................. 22

- Proximal arm of V-band extremely broad, oval, and dark brown; rest of pattern yellow except distal arm of V-band sometimes medium to dark brown ( Figs. 7 , 27–28 ). Scutum with extensive dark brown markings, including pair of submedial vittae on anterior two-thirds, large oval presutural lateral mark, and large U-shaped posterior mark with extension to intra-alar seta ( Fig. 7 ). Subscutellum and mediotergite extensively dark brown. Abdomen with dark brown bands. México to Venezuela...................................................................................................... cordata Aldrich

22. Wing bands predominantly orange ( Figs. 22–23 , 44 , 58 ). Aculeus tip with small protrusion on lateral margin near base and with subapical ridge also protruding at lateral margin ( Figs. 145 , 153, 162 , 167 ). Proctiger sclerotization separate dorsally.......................................................................................................................................................... 23

- Wing bands with extensive dark brown areas ( Figs. 20–21, 24–26 ), except in A. cryptostrephoides . Aculeus tip without such protrusion or ridge ( Figs. 146 , 166, 168, 171 ). Proctiger sclerotization often connected dorsally ( Fig. 195 ) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 25

23. Cell br with hyaline area small, much shorter than distal colored part of cell ( Fig. 58 ). Thoracic setae dark brown to black. Oviscape 2.90–3.44 mm long, 0.72–0.85 times as long as mesonotum; aculeus 2.65–3.00 mm long. Costa Rica, Panamá.............................................................................................................................................. rojasi , n. sp.

- Cell br with hyaline area large, at least as long as distal colored part of cell ( Fig. 22–23 , 44 ). Thoracic setae orange to red brown .................................................................................................................................................................... 24

24. Oviscape 2.65–2.84 mm long, 0.73–0.75 times as long as mesonotum. Aculeus 2.01–2.17 mm long. Venezuela....... ..................................................................................................................................................................... miza , n. sp.

- Oviscape 4.79–5.70 mm long, 1.09–1.36 times as long as mesonotum ( Fig. 2 ). Aculeus 4.28–5.00 mm long. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará) .................................................................................................................................. binodosa Stone

25. C-band mostly yellow, at most with narrow distal margin in cells r 1 and r 2+3 and pterostigma brown, strongly contrasting with dark brown distal half of wing pattern ( Figs. 20–21 ). Aculeus tip more than 0.12 mm wide, tapered on basal and distal thirds, with middle third parallel-sided ( Figs. 65 , 166 ). Panamá................................. bella , n. sp.

- C-band more extensively brown, at least in pterostigma ( Figs. 24–26, 29–30, 32 ), if predominantly orange, much of distal half of S-band and proximal arm of V-band also orange ( Fig. 31 ). Aculeus tip less than 0.12 mm wide, gradually tapered ( Figs. 146 , 168, 171 ) ...................................................................................................................... 26

26. Scutum entirely microtrichose, without brown band on posterior margin. S-band entirely brown bordering r-m and in cell dm ( Figs. 24–26 ). Basomarginal hyaline mark in cell r 1 with apex proximal to crossvein r-m. Oviscape more than 6 mm long ( Fig. 4 ). Aculeus tip more than 0.50 mm long ( Fig. 168 ). Eversible membrane with 2 irregular distal rows of long hooklike dorsobasal scales separated by membranous gap from short, stout basal denticles ( Figs. 67 , 101 ). Costa Rica to Ecuador and Brazil (Amazonia) .......................................................................... concava Greene

- Scutum nonmicrotrichose except narrowly laterally, often with brown band on posterior margin. S-band with large orange area bordering r-m and extending into cell dm ( Figs. 29–32 ). Oviscape less than 5 mm long (although probably longer in A. cryptostrephoides ). Aculeus tip less than 0.20 mm long ( Fig. 146 , 171 ). Eversible membrane with 3–4 irregular rows of hooklike dorsobasal scales in triangular pattern, without membranous gap ( Fig. 69 )..... 27

27. Basomarginal hyaline mark in cell r 1 not extending into cell r 2+3 and with apex aligned with or distal to crossvein r-m ( Figs. 29–30 ). Surinam, Perú....................................................................................................... cryptostrepha Hendel

- Basomarginal hyaline mark in cell r 1 extending into cell r 2+3 and with apex proximal to crossvein r-m ( Figs. 31–32 ). ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

28. Crossvein r-m at 0.73 distance from crossvein bm-cu to crossvein dm-cu ( Fig. 31 ). Jamaica.............. disticrux , n. sp.

- Crossvein r-m at 0.68 distance from crossvein bm-cu to crossvein dm-cu ( Fig. 32 ). Perú..... cryptostrephoides , n. sp.

Figures

FIGURES 18–29. Wings: 18, A. amaryllis (holotype); 19, A. amazonensis (holotype); 20–21, A. bella (Panamá: Cerrro Jefe, USNMENT00215485; Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00671176); 22–23, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00216097, USNMENT00671150); 24–26, A. concava (male, Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00214860; female, Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00214911; female, Bolivia: Agrigento A, USNMENT00212059); 27–28, A. cordata (holotype; Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00104299); 29, A. cryptostrepha (Surinam: Paramaribo, USNMENT00216571).

FIGURES 30–41. Wings: 30, A. cryptostrepha (Peru: Meshagua, USNMENT00104288); 31, A. cryptostrephoides (holotype); 32, A. disticrux (holotype); 33, A. fenestrata (Brazil: Rio Trombetas, USNMENT00052104); 34–35, A. fenestrella (Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT0052103; Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00671180); 36–39, A. furcata (Brazil: Cruz das Almas, USNMENT00052097; Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00052100; holotype, copied from Lima 1934, estampa LXVIII, fig. 28; female, Brazil: Cachoeira Paciencia, copied from Lima 1937, estampa 3, fig. 4); 40, A. fuscata (holotype); 41, A. isolata (Ecuador: Onkone Gare Camp, USNMENT00054603).

FIGURES 42–53. Wings: 42, A. jamaicensis (holotype); 43, A. lambda (holotype); 44, A. miza (Venezuela: Cuchime, USNMENT00214907); 45–46, A. nigra (Panamá: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00215489; Chayotera, USNMENT00671160); 47–49, A. nigrifascia (USA: Key West, USNMENT00056328; Big Pine Key, USNMENT00216419; USNMENT00216755); 50, A. nigrivittata (holotype); 51, A. partita (holotype); 52, A. phaeoptera (holotype, copied from Lima 1937, estampa 1, fig. 3); 53, A. pittieri (Venezuela: Rancho Grande, USNMENT0052102).

FIGURES 54–62. Wings: 54, A. pseudorobusta (Venezuela: C. Bolívar, USNMENT00216401); 55, A. rafaeli (Brazil: Ilha de Maraca, USNMENT0052106); 56–57, A. robusta (Panamá: Villa Myrtha, USNMENT00671154; Arraijan, USNMENT00052109); 58, A. rojasi (Panamá: Barro Colorado Is., USNMENT00216154); 59–60, A. simulans (Brazil: Tijuca, USNMENT00216398; Peruibe, USNMENT00216170); 61–62, A. speciosa (male, Panamá: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00216166; female, Arraijan, USNMENT00052105).

FIGURES 14–17. Head and thorax, dorsal: 14, A. fenestrella (Costa Rica: Zurquí, USNMENT00048495); 15, A. nigrivittata (holotype); thorax, dorsal: 16, A. pseudorobusta (holotype); thorax, posterodorsal: 17, A. speciosa (Panamá: Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00213669).

FIGURES 164–185. Aculeus tips (ventral or lateral): 164–165, A. amaryllis (from Tigrero 1998, figs. 82, 81); 166, A. bella (Panamá: Altos de Pacora); 167, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00216097); 168, A. concava (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00671170); 169–170, A. cordata (Panama: El Cermeño, USNMENT00104297); 171, A. cryptostrepha (Surinam: Paramaribo, USNMENT00216571); 172, A. fenestrella (Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00216308); 173–174, A. furcata (ventrolateral, Brazil: Cachoeira Paciencia, from Lima 1937, fig. 17; Brazil: Muritiba, USNMENT00052098); 175, A. lambda (holotype); 176–177, A. nigrifascia (USA: Torch Key, USNMENT00216376; Big Pine Key, USNMENT00216421); 178, A. nigrivittata (holotype); 179, A. pittieri (Venezuela: Rancho Grande, USNMENT00216181); 180, A. pseudorobusta (Venezuela: C. Bolivar, USNMENT00216401); 181, A. robusta (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00216356); 182–184, A. simulans (holotype, paratype drawings by R.A.Zucchi; Brazil: Tijuca, USNMENT00216398); 185, A. speciosa (from Stone 1942a, fig. 20C); bar = 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 149–163. Aculeus tips (ventral or lateral): 149, A. furcata (Panamá: La Fortuna, USNMENT00216175); 150, A. isolata (Ecuador: Onkone Gare Camp, USNMENT00054600); 151–152, A. jamaicensis (holotype); 153, A. miza (Venezuela: Cuchime, USNMENT00214907); 154, A. nigra (Panamá: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00215490); 155, A. nigrifascia (USA: Florida); 156, A. nigrivittata (holotype); 157–158, A. partita (holotype); 159, A. pittieri (Venezuela); 160, A. pseudorobusta (Venezuela: C. Bolivar, USNMENT00216401); 161, A. rafaeli (Brazil: Ilha de Maraca); 162, A. rojasi (Costa Rica: Hitoy Cerere, INBio0003033725); 163, A. speciosa (Panamá).

FIGURES 5–9. Habitus female, dorsal: 5, A. furcata (Panama); 6, A. fuscata (holotype); 7, A. cordata (Costa Rica: Estación Magsasay, INBioCRI001111264); 8, A. isolata (holotype); 9, A. nigrifascia (USA: Big Pine Key, USNMENT00216755); bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 10–13. Habitus female, dorsal: 10, A. nigra (Panama: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00215492); 11, A. rafaeli (Brazil: Ilha de Maraca); 12, A. robusta (Costa Rica: Est. Maritza, INBio000763683); 13, A. speciosa (Panama: Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00213669); bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 131–148. Aculei (ventral or lateral): 130, A. nigrivittata (holotype); 131, A. partita (holotype); 132–133, A. pittieri (Venezuela: Rancho Grande, USNMENT0052102); 134–136, A. pseudorobusta (holotype; Venezuela: C. Bolivar, USNMENT00216401); 137, A. rafaeli (Brazil: Ilha de Maraca, USNMENT0052106); 138–139, A. robusta (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00216357); 140, A. rojasi (Costa Rica: Hitoy Cerere, INBio0003033725); 141, A. simulans (Brazil: S. José Pinhais, USNMENT00216238); 142, A. speciosa (Panama: El Cermeño, USNMENT00216291). Aculeus tips: 143, A. amaryllis (lateral; image by J.O. Tigrero); 144, A. amazonensis (holotype); 145, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00104291); 146, A. cryptostrepha (Surinam: Paramaribo, USNMENT00216571); 147, A. fenestrata (Brazil: Rio Trombetas, USNMENT00052104); 148, A. fenestrella (Panamá).

FIGURES 186–191. Aculeus tips (scanning electron micrographs): 186, A. nigrifascia (USA: No Name Key, USNMENT00216382); 187, A. robusta (Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00216350); 188–189, A. speciosa (tip and detail, (Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00052105). Eggs: 190, A. pittieri (Venezuela: Rancho Grande); 191, A. speciosa (Panamá).

FIGURES 73–81. Eversible membranes: 73–74, A. furcata (Brazil: Manaus, USNMENT00216209; Panamá: La Fortuna, USNMENT00216175); 75, A. fuscata (holotype); 76, A. isolata (Ecuador: Onkone Gare Camp, USNMENT00054600); 77, A. jamaicensis (holotype); 78, A. lambda (holotype); 79, A. miza (Venezuela: Cuchime, USNMENT00214907); 80–81, A. nigra (Panamá: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00215490, USNMENT00215491).

FIGURES 82–90. Eversible membranes: 82–83, A. nigrifascia (USA: Big Pine Key, USNMENT00216472; Key West, USNMENT00216381); 84, A. nigrivittata (holotype); 85, A. partita (holotype); 86, A. pittieri (Venezuela: Rancho Grande, USNMENT0052102); 87–88, A. pseudorobusta (holotype; Venezuela: C. Bolívar, USNMENT00216401); 89–90, A. rafaeli (Brazil: Ilha de Maraca, USNMENT0052106).

FIGURES 91–96. Eversible membranes: 91, A. robusta (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00216357); 92, A. rojasi (Costa Rica: Hitoy Cerere, INBio0003033725); 93, A. simulans (Brazil: S. José Pinhais, USNMENT00216238); 94–96, A. speciosa (Panama: Arraijan, USNMENT00216303; Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00213669; Altos de Pacora).

FIGURES 101–107. Eversible membranes: 101, A. concava (Ecuador: Rio Palenque, USNMENT00671171); 102, A. robusta (Panamá); 103, A. simulans (Brazil: Tijuca, USNMENT00216398). Spermathecae: 104, A. fenestrella (Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00216308); 105, A. robusta (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00216356); 106, A. rojasi (Panamá: Barro Colorado Is., USNMENT00216155); 107 A. speciosa (Panamá: Balboa, USNMENT00216302); bar = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 1–4. Habitus female, dorsal: 1, A. bella (composite Panama: Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00215485 & holotype); 2, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarém, USNMENT00671150); 3, A. disticrux (holotype); 4, A. concava (composite); bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 63–72. Eversible membranes: 63, A. amazonensis (holotype); 64–65, A. bella (Panamá: Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT 00671175; Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00216156); 66, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00216097); 67, A. concava (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00104251); 68, A. cordata (Panamá: El Cermeño, USNMENT00104297); 69, A. cryptostrepha (Surinam: Paramaribo, USNMENT00216571); 70, A. disticrux (holotype); 71, A. fenestrata (Brazil: Rio Trombetas, USNMENT00052104); 72, A. fenestrella (Costa Rica: La Selva, USNMENT00104276).

FIGURES 108–130. Aculei (ventral or lateral): 108, A. amazonensis (holotype); 109, A. bella (Panamá: Migdalia Fuentes, USNMENT00671175); 110, A. binodosa (Brazil: Santarem, USNMENT00216097); 111, A. cordata (Guatemala: Poptún, USNMENT00050350); 112, A. cryptostrepha (Surinam: Paramaribo, USNMENT00216571); 113, A. disticrux (holotype); 114, A. fenestrata (Brazil: Rio Trombetas, USNMENT00052104); 115, A. fenestrella (Costa Rica: La Selva, USNMENT00104276); 116–117, A. furcata (Brazil: Manaus, USNMENT00216209); 118–119, A. fuscata (holotype); 120–121, A. isolata (Ecuador: Onkone Gare Camp, USNMENT00054600); 122–123, A. jamaicensis (holotype); 124, A. lambda (holotype); 125, A. miza (Venezuela: Cuchime, USNMENT00214907); 126–127, A. nigra (Panamá: Altos de Pacora, USNMENT00215490); 128–129, A. nigrifascia (Key Largo, USNMENT00216379).

FIGURES 192–198. Male terminalia (epandria and surstyli): 192–193, A. concava (lateral and posterior, Panamá: Arraijan); 194–196, A. cryptostrephoides (glans, epandrium and surstyli, holotype); 197, A. fenestrata (ventrolateral, holotype, copied from Lima 1934, fig. 24); 198, A. fenestrella (lateral, Panamá: Arraijan, USNMENT00052103).