Synergus

Schwéger, Szabina, Melika, George, Tang, Chang-Ti, Bihari, Péter, Bozsó, Miklós, Stone, Graham N., Nicholls, James A. & Pénzes, Zsolt, 2015, New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Synergus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, Zootaxa 3999 (4), pp. 451-497 : 458-459

Key to the Eastern Palaearctic Synergus species

1 Radial cell of fore wing closed ( Fig. 14 ).................................................................... 3

- Radial cell of fore wing partially or entirely open (Fig. 88)..................................................... 2

2 Radial cell of fore wing entirely open, R1 and Rs do not reach wing margin.............................. S. castaneus

- Radial cell partially open, R1partially running along wing margin........................... S. kawakamii , new species

3 Posterior band of micropunctures on syntergite extending to ventral edge ( Figs 15 , 42, 105–106)..................... 4

- Small posterodorsal patch of micropunctures on syntergite never extending laterally ( Figs 29 , 57 , 73–74 , 121 –122)..... 10

4 Lateral frontal carina indistinct, visible only near torulus; female F1 curved medially and expanded apically; male F1 strongly expanded apically and basally, 3.0 times as long as pedicel......................................... S. deqingensis

- Lateral frontal carina present, distinct ( Figs 1–2 , 16–17 , 91–92 , 107–108 ); female F1 not curved medially and not expanded apically ( Figs 7 , 22 , 97 ); male F1 expanded only apically, if expanded basally than wider apically than basally ( Figs 8 , 23 , 98 ).................................................................................................... 5

5 Syntergite without anterolateral row of setae; female lower face yellow, female F2 slightly incised medially..... S. jezoensis

- Syntergite with anterolateral row of setae, female lower face black, dark brown or reddish brown, female F2 not incised medially ( Figs 7 , 22 , 97 )................................................................................... 6

6 Female F1 3.0–3.3 times as long as pedicel, 1.25 times as long as F2 ( Figs 7 , 35 , 97 ); male F1 expanded only apically, if expanded basally than broader apically than basally ( Figs 8 , 36 , 98 )............................................. 7

- Female F1 about 2.0 times as long as pedicel, subequal with F2; male F1 expanded apically and basally and as broad apically as basally............................................................................................ 9

7 Posterior band of micropunctures on syntergite broad, dorsally extending to 1/3 of its length (Figs 42, 105–106); male F1 expanded only apically ( Figs 36 , 98 )..................................................................... 8

- Posterior band of micropunctures on syntergite narrow, dorsally extending to 1/5–1/7 of its length ( Fig. 15 ); male F1 expanded apically and basally ( Fig. 8 ).............................................................. S. abei , new species

8 Female head quadrangular in frontal view ( Fig. 91 ); frontal carinae uniformly strong, reaching lateral ocellus ( Figs 91–92 ), male F1 strongly expanded apically ( Fig. 98 ).............................................. S. khazani , new species

- Female head rounded in frontal view ( Fig. 30 ); frontal carinae weak, not reaching lateral ocellus ( Figs 30–31 ); male F1 weakly expanded apically ( Fig. 36 )........................................................ S. changtitangi , new species

9 Head ovate in frontal view; lower face with strong median carina raised above striae; pedicel in female longer than broad; median mesoscutal impression short, reaching to mid length of mesoscutum and sometimes abruptly broadened posteriorly; scutelar foveae rugose; female syntergite slightly incised dorsoapically.................................. S. gifuensis

- Head triangular in frontal view; lower face with weak median carina not raised above striae; female pedicel as long as broad; median mesoscutal impression long; scutellar foveae alutaceous; female syntergite strongly incised dorsoapically..................................................................................................... S. japonicus

10 Lower face, frons and genae partially or entirely black or very dark brown ( Figs 16–21 , 58–65 ); mesosoma black or dark brown ( Figs 24–28 , 68–72 )............................................................................. 11

- Lower face, frons and genae partially or entirely light brown to yellowish; mesosoma reddish brown................. 13

11 Head coriaceous, without striae and deep punctures on frons, vertex and interocellar area; mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous, without distinct transverse rugae between notauli........................... S. hakonensis

- Head rugose, with distinct deep punctures on frons, vertex and interocellar area, with striae on frons; mesoscutum coriaceous or rugose, with distinct elevated transverse rugae between notauli.............................................. 12

12 Female and male head in frontal view trapezoid, height of eye 1.8–1.9 times as long as length of malar space ( Figs 58, 62 ); female POL:OOL:LOL=2.1:1:1.2 ( Fig. 59 ); length of lateral ocellus in male nearly equal to POL (fig. 63); female F1 1.3–1.4 times as long as F2 ( Fig. 66 )........................................................... S. ishikarii , new species

- Female and male head in frontal view rounded or ovate, height of eye only 1.45 times as long as length of malar space ( Figs 16, 20 ), female POL:OOL:LOL=2.8:1:1.2 ( Fig. 17 ); length of lateral ocellus in male 0.6 timeslength of POL ( Fig. 21 ); female F1 almost as long as F2 ( Fig. 22 ).................................................... S. belizinellus , new species

13 Head of female and male in frontal view triangulate, higher than broad; gena narrow, straight and not rounded aside head in frontal view( Figs 134, 137 ).................................................................. S. xialongmeni

- Head of female and males in frontal view always rounded, always broader than high; gena convex, visible behind eye in frontal view ( Figs 43, 47 , 107, 111 , 123, 126 ) ……………………………………………………………………….……………….. 14

14 Head and mesosoma reddish brown ( Figs 123–127 , 130–132 )......................................... S. chinensis

- Head reddish brown, mesosoma black ( Figs 118–120 )....................................................... 15

15 Postgena without setae ( Fig. 45 ); male F1 not expanded apically ( Fig. 51 ); median mesoscutal line strongly impressed only in posterior half, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, never complete ( Fig. 54 ); mesoscutellum about as long as broad ( Fig. 55 )............................................................................ S. formosanus , new species

- Postgena with dense white setae along hypostoma ( Fig. 109, 113 ); male F1 expanded apically ( Fig. 115 ); median mesoscutal line strongly impressed, complete, reaches anterior margin of mesoscutum ( Fig.119 ); mesoscutellum 1.4 times as long as broad ( Fig. 120 )..................................................................... S. symbioticus , new species

Figures

FIGURES 9 – 15. Synergus abei, new species, female: 9, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view, 10, mesosoma, lateral view, 11, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 12, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 13, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 14, fore wing, part, 15, metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 24 – 29. Synergus belizinellus, new species, female: 24, mesosoma, lateral view, 25, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 26, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 27, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 28, fore wing, part, 29, metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 52 – 57. Synergus formosanus, new species, female: 52, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view, 53, mesosoma, lateral view, 54, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 55, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 56, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 57, metasoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 68 – 75. Synergus ishikarii, new species, 68 – 74, female: 68, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view, 69, mesosoma, lateral view, 70, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 71, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 72, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 73, metasoma, lateral view, 74, metasoma, part, lateral view. 75, metasoma, lateral view, male.

FIGURES 117 – 122. Synergus symbioticus, new species, 117 – 120, female: 117, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view, 118, mesosoma, lateral view, 119, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 120, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 121 – 122, metasoma, lateral view: 121, female, 122, male.

FIGURES 1 – 8. Synergus abei, new species: 1 – 4, head, female: 1, frontal view, 2, dorsal view, 3, posterior view. 4, lateral view, 5 – 6, head, male: 5, frontal view, 6, dorsal view. 7 – 8, antenna: 7, female, 8, male.

FIGURES 16 – 23. Synergus belizinellus, new species, 18 – 21, head, female: 16, frontal view, 17, dorsal view, 18, posterior view, 19, lateral view, 20 – 21, head, male: 20, frontal view, 21, dorsal view. 22 – 23, antenna: 22, female, 23, male.

FIGURES 91 – 98. Synergus khazani, new species, 91 – 94, head, female: 91, frontal view, 92, dorsal view, 93, posterior view, 94, lateral view. 95 – 96, head, male: 95, frontal view, 96, dorsal view. 97 – 98, antenna: 97, female, 98, male.

FIGURES 107 – 116. Synergus symbioticus, new species, 107 – 110, head, female: 107, frontal view, 108, dorsal view, 109, posterior view, 110, lateral view. 111 – 113, head, male: 111, frontal view, 112, dorsal view, 113, posterior view. 114 – 115, antenna: 114, female, 115, male. 116, hind tarsal claw.

FIGURES 30 – 36. Synergus changtitangi, new species, 30 – 32, head, female: 30, frontal view, 31, dorsal view, 32, lateral view, 33 – 34, head, male: 33, frontal view, 34, dorsal view. 35 – 36, antenna: 35, female, 36, male.

FIGURES 58 – 67. Synergus ishikarii, new species, 58 – 61, head, female: 58, frontal view, 59, dorsal view, 60, posterior view, 61, lateral view. 62 – 49, head, male: 62, frontal view, 63, dorsal view, 64, posterior view, 65, lateral view. 66 – 67, antenna: 66, female, 67, male.

FIGURES 134 – 140. Synergus xialongmeni, 134 – 136, head, female: 134, frontal view, 135, dorsal view, 136, posterior view. 137 – 138, head, male: 137, frontal view, 138, dorsal view. 139 – 140, antenna: 139, female, 140, male.

FIGURES 43 – 51. Synergus formosanus, new species, 43 – 46, head, female: 43, frontal view, 44, dorsal view, 45, posterior view, 46, lateral view, 47 – 49, head, male: 47, frontal view, 48, dorsal view, 49, posterior view. 50 – 51, antenna: 50, female, 51, male.

FIGURES 123 – 129. Synergus chinensis, 123 – 125, head, female: 123, frontal view, 124, dorsal view, 125, posterior view. 126 – 127, head, male: 126, frontal view, 127, dorsal view. 128 – 129, antenna: 128, female, 129, male.

FIGURES 130 – 133. Synergus chinensis, female: 130, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view, 131, mesosoma, lateral view, 132, mesoscutum and metascutellum, dorsal view, 133, metasoma, part, lateral view.