Scathophaga, MEIGEN, 1803

Ozerov, A. L. & Krivosheina, M. G., 2021, A review of the genus Scathophaga Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Scathophagidae) of Russia, Russian Entomological Journal 30 (2), pp. 201-246 : 241-244

KEY TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS SCATHOPHAGA MEIGEN

1. Wing well-developed, long and slender (e.g., Figs 1–3 , 8, 9 ) .................................................................................. 2

— Wing strongly reduced ( Fig. 7 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 21, 64–66. .............. ........................................................... S. exalata Ozerov

2. Anepimeron covered with several hairs ........................ 3

— Anepimeron bare ......................................................... 15

3. Arista pubescent or plumose, the longest hairs approximately equal or more than 1/2 width of postpedicel (e.g., Fig. 4 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 38, 115–117 ......... S. stercoraria (Linnaeus)

— Arista bare or nearly bare (e.g., Figs 1 , 3 ), longest hairs not exceeding greatest diameter of arista .................... 4

4. Palpus black completely or in apical half ...................... 5

— Palpus yellow completely, if palpus dark brown or with black apex, than body and legs covered with dense and crinkly hairs ( S. dasythrix ) .......................................... 6

5. Tibiae black. Palpus black completely. Fronto-orbital plate besides orbital and frontal setae additionally with numerous setulae along margin of eye ( Fig. 5 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 33, 100–102, 135 .............. S. nigripalpis (Becker)

— Tibiae yellow. Palpus often yellow in basal half. Fronto-orbital plate with orbital and frontal setae only, without additional setulae (e.g., Fig. 4 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 31, 94–96, 134 ..................................................... S. mollis (Becker)

6. Crossveins r-m and dm-cu strongly darkened (e.g., Fig. 9 ) ...................................................................................... 7

— Crossvein dm-cu, usually also crossvein r-m not darkened (e.g., Fig. 8 ) ....................................................... 8

7. Postcranium black, densely greenish-grey dusted, but medi- an occipital sclerite usually with blackish reflection. Gena black in posterior half. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 41, 124–126 ....................... .................................................... S. varipes (Holmgren)

— Postcranium densely greyish dusted, without blackish reflection below ocellar triangle. Gena yellow. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 35, 106–108 ............................... S. obscurinervis (Becker)

8. Scutum with hair-like acrostichals, not differentiated from the other hairs on scutum and not forming rows ........ 9

— Scutum with setulose or well-developed acrostichals, which form two good visiable rows .......................... 10

9. Scutum with intra-alar setae absent. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 34, 103– 105, 136 .......................................... S. obscura (Fallén)

— Scutum with intra-alar setae present. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 40, 121– 123, 137 ................................... S. tinctinervis (Becker)

10. Tibiae black or dark brown ....................................... 11

— Tibiae at least of hind legs yellow .............................. 13

11. Scutellum with 3–4 pairs of strong setae. Body and legs covered with dense and crinkly hairs. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 19, 58–60 ..... ..................................................... S. dasythrix (Becker)

— Scutellum with 2 pairs of strong setae. Body and legs covered with short or moderately long, as a rule straight hairs ............................................................................ 12

12. Male tergites 6–8 and epandrium covered with black setae ( Fig.139 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 27, 82–84 ............ S. karelica Ozerov

— Male tergites 6–8 and epandrium without such setae ( Fig.138 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 29, 88–90 .................... S. litorea (Fallén)

13. Male hind tibia with 3–4 pairs of setae. Female: distance beteween rows of dorsocentral and acrostichal setae approximately equal to the distance between rows of acrostical setae .................................................................... 14

— Male hind tibia often without setae, or with 1–2 pairs of setae hidden among dense hairs. Female: rows of acrostichals closer to each other than to rows of dorsocental setae. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 16, 49–51............................ S. calida (Haliday)

14. Femora of all legs black. Frontal vitta often blackish in upper part. Scapus and pedicel black. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 29, 88–90 ..... .............................................................. S. litorea Fallén

— Femora of all legs often mostly yellow. Frontal vitta yellow completely. Scapus and pedicel as a rule yellowish. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 26, 79–81 ........................ S. intermedia (Walker)

15. Arista pubescent or plumose, the longest hairs approximately equal to 1/2–3/4 width of postpedicel (e.g., Fig. 4 ) ................................................................................ 16

— Arista bare or nearly bare (e.g., Fig. 1 , 3 ), longest hairs not exceeding greatest diameter of arista .................. 22

16. Postpedicel black. Legs black ................................... 17

— Postpedicel yellow, if darkened, then legs partly or completely yellow ............................................................. 18

17. Frontal vitta black. Scutum with well-developed acrostichals, which form two clearly visible rows. Postpedicel slightly longer than pedicel. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 18, 55–57 ................ ..................................................... S. crinita (Coquillett)

— Frontal vitta reddish. Scutum with hair-like acrostichals, not differentiated from the other hairs on scutum and not forming rows. Postpedicel twice as long as pedicel. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 17, 52–54 .................................. S. cordylurina (Holmgren)

18. Hind femur with 0–2 preapical anterodorsal setae in male and with a row of anterodorsal setae in female. Female abdominal tergite 7 shiny, different from dusted tergites 5 and 6 ........................................................... 19

— Hind femur with a row of anterodorsal setae in both sexes. Female abdominal tergite 7 dusted as well as tergites 5 and 6 ........................................................... 21

19. Katepisternum posteriorly besides yellow hairs and setulae, as a rule also with several black setulae ............. 20

— Katepisternum posteriorly with yellow hairs and setulae, but as a rule without black setulae. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 37, 112–114 ........ ......................................................... S. spurca (Meigen)

20. Crossveins r-m and dm-cu strongly darkened ( Fig. 9 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 23, 70–72................................. S. incola (Becker)

— Crossvein dm-cu, usually also crossvein r-m not darkened (e.g., Fig. 8 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 39, 118–120 ............................... .................................................... S. taeniopa (Rondani)

21. Katepisternum posteriorly besides yellow hairs and setulae, as a rule also with several black setulae. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 30, 91– 93 .................................................. S. lutaria (Fabricius)

— Katepisternum posteriorly with yellow hairs and setulae, but as a rule without black setulae. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 25, 76–78............ .................................................... S. inquinata (Meigen)

22. Mid and hind femora yellow completely. As a rule crossvein dm-cu, usually also crossvein r-m darkened (e.g., Fig. 9 ) ................................................................ 23

— Mid and hind femora black at middle or completely. Crossveins r-m and dm-cu not darkened (e.g., Fig. 8 ) ........ 27

23. Postpedicel yellow, sometimes partly darkened ( Fig. 3 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 22, 67–69 ..................................... S. furcata (Say)

— Postpedicel black ........................................................ 24

24. Coxae of fore legs black, if yellow than postcranium black completely ( S. apicalis (Curtis)) ..................... 25

— Coxae of fore legs yellow ........................................... 26

25. Hind tibia with 2–3 posterodorsal setae, which are as strong as anterodorsal ones ( Fig. 140 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 14, 43–45..... ......................................................... S. apicalis (Curtis)

— Hind tibia without posterodorsal setae (males), or with posterodorsal setae which are noticeably thinner than the anterodosal setae and almost indistinguishable from the hairs (females) ( Fig. 141 ). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 32, 97–99 ................ ............................................. S. multisetosa (Holmgren)

26. Postcranium black in upper quarter or third and yellow in lower part (look at the side). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 42, 127–129 ............ ......................................................... S. yakutica Ozerov

— Postcranium black in upper half and yellow in lower half (look at the side). Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs 36, 109–111 ...................................... ............................................. S. pictipennis (Oldenberg)

27. Cercal plate longer than surstyli (e.g., Figs 62, 63, 74, 75) .............................................................................. 28

— Cercal plate equal to surstyli (e.g., Figs 47, 48, 86, 87) ... ..................................................................................... 29

28. Scutum with slender posterior postsutural intra-alar seta or without it. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 24, 73–75, 132 ........................ ............................ S. incompleta Ozerov et Krivosheina

— Scutum with two strong postsutural intra-alar setae. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 20, 61–63, 131 ................... S. decipiens (Haliday)

29. Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 28, 85–87, 133 ......................................... ................................................. S. lapponica (Ringdahl)

— Male sternites 4 and 5, cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs 15, 46–48, 130 ............................................... .............................. S. buryatica Ozerov et Krivosheina

Acknowledgements. We are very grateful to Dr. Olga Ovchinnikova and Mrs. Galina Suleymanova for the help during our work in ZISP with the material of Scathophaga . We are grateful to Dmitry I. Gavryushin (Moscow) for the use of images of living Scathophaga furcata , S. obscura and S. stercoraria ( Figs 1–3 ). We are very grateful to Mr. Simon Hinkley (Melbourne Museum [formerly: National Museum of Victoria], Melbourne, Australia) for the photo of type of Scathophaga apicalis .

The investigation was fulfilled within the state project of the Institute of the Ecology and Evolution RAS (M.G. Krivosheina) and the State project No 121032300105-0 (A.L. Ozerov).

Figures

Figs 1–2. Males of Scathophaga obscura (Fallén) (1) and Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus) (2). Photographs by D.I. Gavryushin. 2 — after Ozerov & Freidberg, 2011, fig. 24. Рис. 1–2. Самцы Scathophaga obscura (Fallén) (1) и Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus) (2). Фото Д.И. ГаврюШина. 2 — по Ozerov & Freidberg, 2011, fig. 24.

Figs 3–5. Scathophaga furcata (Say) (3), S. taeniopa (Rondani) (4) and S. nigripalpis (Becker) (5): 3 — female adult (Photograph by D.I. Gavryushin); 4, 5 — head. Рис. 3–5. Scathophaga furcata (Say) (3), S. taeniopa (Rondani) (4) and S. nigripalpis (Becker) (5): 1 — самка (Фото Д.И. ГаврюШина); 4, 5 — голова.

Figs 6–9. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (6, 8), S. exalata Ozerov (7) and S. incola (Becker) (9): 6 — anepisternum; 7–9 — wing. Рис. 6–9. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (6, 8), S. exalata Ozerov (7) и S. incola (Becker) (9): 6 — анЭпистерн; 7–9 — крыло.

Figs 52–60. Scathophaga cordylurina (Holmgren) (52–54), S. crinita (Coquillett) (55–57) and S. dasythrix (Becker) (58–60): 52, 55, 58 — male sternite 5; 53, 56, 59 — epandrium, cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view; 54, 57, 60 — same, dorsal view. Рис. 52–60. Scathophaga cordylurina (Holmgren) (52–54), S. crinita (Coquillett) (55–57) и S. dasythrix (Becker) (58–60): 52, 55, 58 — стернит 5 самца; 53, 56, 59 — Эпандрий, церки и сурстили, сбоку; 54, 57, 60 — то же, сверху.

Figs 138–141. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (138), S. karelica Ozerov (139), S. apicalis (Curtis) (140) and S. multisetosa (Holmgren) (141): 138, 139 — end of male abdomen; 140, 141 — hind tibia, dorsal view. 138, 139 — after Ozerov, 2013, figs 11, 12. Рис. 138–141. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (138), S. karelica Ozerov (139), S. apicalis (Curtis) (140) и S. multisetosa (Holmgren) (141): 138, 139 — конец брюШка самца; 140, 141 — голень Задней ноги, сверху. 138, 139 — по Ozerov, 2013, figs 11, 12.

Figs 88–96. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (88–90), S. lutaria (Fabricius) (91–93) and S. mollis (Becker) (94–96): 88, 91, 94 — male sternite 5; 89, 92, 95 — epandrium, cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view; 90, 93, 96 — same, dorsal view. 89, 90 — after Ozerov, 2013, figs 17, 18; 94–96 — after Ozerov, 2010b, figs 27, 28, 30. Рис. 88–96. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (88–90), S. lutaria (Fabricius) (91–93) и S. mollis (Becker) (94–96): 88, 91, 94 — стернит 5 самца; 89, 92, 95 — Эпандрий, церки и сурстили, сбоку; 90, 93, 96 — то же, сверху. 89, 90 — по Ozerov, 2013, figs 17, 18; 94–96 — по Ozerov, 2010b, figs 27, 28, 30.

Figs 130–137. Aedeagus of Scathophaga spp., lateral view: 130 — S. buryatica Ozerov et Krivosheina; 131 — S. decipiens (Haliday); 132 — S. incompleta Ozerov et Krivosheina; 133 — S. lapponica (Ringdahl); 134 — S. mollis (Becker); 135 — S. nigripalpis (Becker); 136 — S. obscura (Fallén); 137 — S. tinctinervis (Becker). 130 — after Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2019, fig. 2; 131, 132 — after Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2020, figs 5, 11. Рис. 130–137. Эдеагус Scathophaga spp., сбоку: 130 — S. buryatica Ozerov et Krivosheina; 131 — S. decipiens (Haliday); 132 — S. incompleta Ozerov et Krivosheina; 133 — S. lapponica (Ringdahl); 134 — S. mollis (Becker); 135 — S. nigripalpis (Becker); 136 — S. obscura (Fallén); 137 — S. tinctinervis (Becker). 130 — по Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2019, fig. 2; 131, 132 — по Ozerov & Krivosheina, 2020, figs 5, 11.