Scathophaga Meigen, 1803

Ozerov, A. L. & Krivosheina, M. G., 2021, A review of the genus Scathophaga Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Scathophagidae) of Russia, Russian Entomological Journal 30 (2), pp. 201-246 : 203-205

Scathophaga Meigen, 1803

Scathophaga Meigen, 1803: 277 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Musca merdaria Fabricius, 1794 , by monotypy [= Musca stercoraria ( Linnaeus, 1758) ].

Scopeuma Meigen, 1800: 36 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Musca merdaria Fabricius, 1794 , by designation of Coquillett, 1901) [= Musca stercoraria Linnaeus ]. Surpressed by I.C.Z.N., 1963, Opinion 678.

Pyropa Illiger, 1807: 475 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Musca stercoraria Linnaeus , by designation of Vockeroth, 1965.

Amina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 629 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Amina parisiensis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 , by monotypy.

Scatina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 629 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Scatina claripennis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 , by monotypy.

Conisternum Strobl, 1894: 79 . Gender: neuter. Type-species: Cordylura obscura Fallén, 1819 , by monotypy.

Coniosternum Becker, 1894: 176 . Gender: neuter. Type-species: Cordylura obscura Fallén, 1819 , by original designation.

Scatophagella Szilády, 1926: 596 . Gender: feminine. Type-species: Scatophagella pubescens Szilády, 1926 , by original designation; doubtful species.

Koniosternum , error for Coniosternum Becker [ Becker, 1894: 85].

Scatophaga : unjustified emend.

Adult Scathophaga can be distinguished from the other genera of Scathophagidae by the following combination of characters: 1) anepisternum covered with hairs completely or almost completely, with hairs posterior to anterior spiracle ( Fig. 6 ), 2) postmetacoxal bridge absent, 3) katepisternum with one long seta in posterodorsal corner.

Scathophaga species are slender, small to mediumsized flies (about 4.2–10.0 mm long) ( Figs 1–3 ).

Head subspherical; eyes moderately large, dichoptic in both sexes ( Figs 1–5 ). Frontal vitta and fronto-orbital plate distinct. 3–5 orbitals, 2–7 frontals, 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical, 1 postocellar (divergent) setae, and 1–3 pairs of strong vibrissae and 3–5 pairs of subvibrissae present. Postcranium greyish dusted, usually covered with black setae and setulae in upper third or half, and with pale hairs in lower part. Postpedicel with roundish apical angle, approximately twice as long as wide. Antenna with arista bare to plumose ( Figs 1–4 ). Palpus slender, slightly broadened towards apex ( Figs 4, 5 ).

Thorax greyish dusted. Scutum with following setae: acrostichals usually setulose in two rows or not differentiated from the other hairs on scutum and they don’t form rows; 0–1 scapular (usually small); number of dorsocentrals varies, but 2+ 3 in most species; intra-alars (0–1)+(0–2); supra-alars (0–1)+(1–3), but 1+ 2 in most species; postpronotals 1–2; notopleurals 2; postalars 2. Proepisternum covered with fine hairs, with 0–1 setae near ventral margin. Proepimeron with 0–1 seta ventral to spiracle. Anepisternum covered with hairs completely or almost completely, with hairs posterior to anterior spiracle and with 2–3 well-developed setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum covered with hairs completely, with one strong seta in posterodorsal corner, and usually with long hairs posteriorly. Anepimeron bare or covered with several setae. Postmetacoxal bridge absent. Scutellum of most species with a pair of strong discal and a pair of strong apical setae ( Figs 2 , 3 ).

Legs long and slender. Male legs of some species (e.g., S. callida (Haliday, 1832) , S. dasythrix (Beck- er, 1894)) with dense, long hairs, and legs of females much less hairy.

Wing well-developed (only S. exalata Ozerov, 1996 with reduced wings), clear or tinged with brownish.Veins blackish; vein R 1 without setulae on apical third of dorsal surface; crossveins r-m and d-m often darkened

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( Fig. 9 ). Calypters whitish, margins of calypters and halteres from whitish to brownish or blackish, but usually yellowish.

Abdomen long, subcylindrical, usually greyish dusted. Female tergites 2–6 often with a row of marginal setae or setulae. Male sternite 4 varies in form ( Figs 14 –42). Form of male sternite 5 also varies greatly (e.g., Figs 43, 52 , 61, 67, 79, 91). Surstyli symmetrical, simple (e.g., Figs 51, 78) or bifurcate (e.g., Figs 45, 57 ); cerci fused usually medially forming cercal plate (e.g., Figs 69, 75). Ovipositor short and compact ( Figs 10–13 . Tergite 6 forming narrow semiring, partly situated under large tergite 5. Sternite 6 in form of pentagonal or ovoid plate. Tergite 7 sclerotized completely or sclerotized laterally only and membranous dorsally. Sternite 7 simple and usually has the form of ovoid plate (most species) or divided into three sclerites (e.g., S. apicalis (Curtis in Ross, 1835), S. dasytrix , S. furcata , S. litorea ( Fallén, 1819) ( Fig. 13 ), S. stercoraria ( Linnaeus, 1758)) . Tergite 8 in form of heavily sclerotized sclerite completely, or sclerotized sclerite with deep membranous dorsal emargination in distal part, or two separated lateral sclerites. Sternite 8 simple, as flat dorsoventrally triangular plate, or with deep median notch, compressed in distal part and flattened dorsoventrally in basal part, or divided medially into two sclerites and looking like triangular, spatulate or lanceolate plate laterally, or two simple small oval sclerites. Proctiger shifted dorsally and represented by small entire epiproct, a pair of small cerci, and hypoproct.

Figures

Figs 6–9. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (6, 8), S. exalata Ozerov (7) and S. incola (Becker) (9): 6 — anepisternum; 7–9 — wing. Рис. 6–9. Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (6, 8), S. exalata Ozerov (7) и S. incola (Becker) (9): 6 — анЭпистерн; 7–9 — крыло.

Figs 1–2. Males of Scathophaga obscura (Fallén) (1) and Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus) (2). Photographs by D.I. Gavryushin. 2 — after Ozerov & Freidberg, 2011, fig. 24. Рис. 1–2. Самцы Scathophaga obscura (Fallén) (1) и Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus) (2). Фото Д.И. ГаврюШина. 2 — по Ozerov & Freidberg, 2011, fig. 24.

Figs 3–5. Scathophaga furcata (Say) (3), S. taeniopa (Rondani) (4) and S. nigripalpis (Becker) (5): 3 — female adult (Photograph by D.I. Gavryushin); 4, 5 — head. Рис. 3–5. Scathophaga furcata (Say) (3), S. taeniopa (Rondani) (4) and S. nigripalpis (Becker) (5): 1 — самка (Фото Д.И. ГаврюШина); 4, 5 — голова.

Figs 52–60. Scathophaga cordylurina (Holmgren) (52–54), S. crinita (Coquillett) (55–57) and S. dasythrix (Becker) (58–60): 52, 55, 58 — male sternite 5; 53, 56, 59 — epandrium, cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view; 54, 57, 60 — same, dorsal view. Рис. 52–60. Scathophaga cordylurina (Holmgren) (52–54), S. crinita (Coquillett) (55–57) и S. dasythrix (Becker) (58–60): 52, 55, 58 — стернит 5 самца; 53, 56, 59 — Эпандрий, церки и сурстили, сбоку; 54, 57, 60 — то же, сверху.

Figs 10–13. Scathophaga lapponica (Ringdahl) (10–12) and Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (13): 10 — end of female abdomen, lateral view; 11 — same, dorsal view; 12, 13 — same, ventral view. Рис 10–13. Scathophaga lapponica (Ringdahl) (10–12) и Scathophaga litorea (Fallén) (13): 10 — конец брюШка самки, сбоку; 11 — то же, сверху; 12, 13 — то же, сниЗу.