Breda Peckham & Peckham, 1894

Ruiz, Gustavo R. S. & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2013, Revision of Breda and proposal of a new genus (Araneae: Salticidae), Zootaxa 3664 (4), pp. 401-433 : 403

Breda Peckham & Peckham, 1894

Breda Peckham & Peckham, 1894: 92 (Type species: Marpissa milvina C.L. Koch , by original designation); Platnick, 2013.

Paradescanso Vellard, 1924: 33 [Type species: Paradescanso fallax Vellard (= Breda apicalis Simon ), by original designation]; Platnick, 2013. Syn. nov.

Oserictops Mello-Leitão, 1941 b: 222 (Type species: Oserictops o serictops Mello-Leitão, by original designation). Synonymized by Galiano (1980: 36).

Thianioides Mello-Leitão, 1941a: 190 (Type species: Thianioides spinimanu Mello-Leitão [= Breda modesta (Taczanowski) syn. nov.], by original designation). Synonymized by Galiano (1981: 12).

Bredops Mello-Leitão, 1944: 378 [Type species: Bredops extraordinarius Mello-Leitão (= Breda tristis Mello-Leitão ), by original designation]. Synonymized by Galiano (1981: 15).

Diagnosis. Species of the genus Breda differ from those of the remaining genera of Salticidae by having the base of the embolus well developed, covering partially the bulb of the male palp in ventral view, with a retrolateral proximal depression ( Figs 10–11 , 15–16 , 24 ), and a large croissant-shaped atrium with posterior concavity on the epigynal plate of the females, through which it is possible to see the anteriorly placed spermathecae ( Figs 12–13 ).

Description. Medium to large salticids (4–17mm); carapace low, always dark, covered with sparse short scales and with a well defined narrow band of white scales on the lateral borders ( Figs 20–21 ) (some species, such as B. milvina C.L. Koch or B. lubomirskii Taczanowski , have a longitudinal stripe of white scales on the carapace; Figs 6 , 7 ); chelicera short and vertical, with three to five teeth on promargin and one simple tooth on retromargin; no sexual dimorphism; endites not modified in males; leg I dilated in both sexes, mainly the tibia and femur ( Fig. 85 ), longest in males; trochanter IV elongated; legs yellow, orange, reddish, brown or black, I always darker; ventral spines on leg I numerous and reduced in size ( Figs 8 , 22 , 68 , 92 ); dorsal tibia IV with a longitudinal stripe of white scales ( Figs 3–4 ); leg claws short; abdomen slightly longer than carapace, with the posterior extremity rounded; except for the two largest species, B. milvina ( Fig. 7 ) and Breda lubomirskii ( Figs 6 , 62 ), which have bright orange scales on the abdomen of both sexes, the genus includes spiders with cryptic or disruptive abdominal coloration ( Figs 1–3 ), often found living under tree bark or under rocks (e.g. B. tristis Mello-Leitão ); anterior dorsal abdominal scutum present in males ( Figs 7 , 42 , 73 ); venter with a pair of rounded tufts of white (or orange) scales close to the spinnerets ( Figs 9 , 23 ); anal tubercle covered with long plumose white scales ( Figs 2, 4 ); spinnerets ( B. milvina ): The anterior lateral spinnerets have one central major ampullate (MAP) spigot and one nubbin in the male (two major ampullate spigots in the female) surrounded by several piriform spigots ( Fig. 26 ). The posterior lateral spinnerets have only aciniform spigots ( Fig. 27 ). The posterior median spinnerets have one central minor ampullate (mAP) spigot and a central membranous area surrounded by several aciniform spigots ( Figs 28–29 ); male palp: femur unmodified; patella and tibia with long plumose white scales; tibia with a retroventral apophysis elongated and stout and a vestige of a dorso-retrolateral apophysis ( Figs 10–11 , 14 , 25 ); cymbium with a retrolateral bump associated with a more proximal cymbial depression close to the distal extremity of the tibial apophysis ( Figs 10– 11 , 19 ); a ventral depression on the distal extremity of the cymbium holds the embolus tip ( Fig. 10 ); tegulum and subtegulum reduced, rotated at least 90° counterclockwise ( Figs 15–16 , note proximal prolateral tegular shoulder); sperm duct forms a tegular loop just after the tegular shoulder (prolateral margin of a resting Breda tegulum, Figs 10 , 15–16 ); embolus elongated, with a distal origin ( Fig. 16 ), with its base well developed, partially covering the bulb ( Figs 10 , 15 ); embolus base with a retrolateral proximal depression ( Figs 10–11 , 24 ); distal half of the embolus thinner, extending along the prolateral border of the tegulum toward the distal extremity of the palp ( Fig. 10 ); after penetrating the base of the embolus distally, the sperm duct goes to the posteriormost portion on the retrolateral side, deviates around the border of the embolar depression and turns toward the center of the base, where it creates a new fold (embolic loop, Fig. 10 , 15 ); epigyne: epigynal plate large, with a large croissant-shaped atrium ( Fig. 12 ); posterior border of the atrium usually with a broad median projection ( Fig. 12 ); posterior lateral openings with sclerotized border ( Fig. 12 ); internally, the copulatory ducts begin towards the posterior border of the epigyne, converge at the center, flow anteriorly by the middle of the epigyne, where there is a pair of glandular portions associated with the copulatory ducts ( Fig. 13 ); from this glandular area, the ducts become more slender and sclerotized and extend towards the anteriormost lateral portions of the epigyne and converge again to the center, where the spermathecae with no diameter differentiation are located ( Fig. 13 ); fertilization ducts are easily seen in dorsal view and run laterally ( Fig. 13 ).

Figures

FIGURES 7 – 13. Breda milvina. 7 male, dorsal view; 8 left tibia I, ventral view; 9 male abdomen, ventral view; 10 left male palp, ventral view; 11 ventroretrolateral view; 12 epigyne, ventral view; 13 dorsal view, cleared. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 14 – 19. Breda milvina. 14 left male palp, retrolateral view; 15 left male palp, ventral view showing sperm duct path; 16 bulb, cleared, with embolus partially removed, showing path in subtegulum; 18 left male palp, ventral view, expanded; 19 same, retroalteral view. Druzia flavostriata gen. et comb. nov. 17 bulb, cleared, with embolus removed, showing sperm duct path. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 20 – 25. B. apicalis. 20 carapace, lateral view showing lateral stripe of scales; 21 same scales, detail; 22 reduced ventral spine on tibia I; 23 ventral tuft of scales close to spinnerets. B. lubomirskii. 24 left male palp, detail of embolar depression. B. milvina. 25 left male palp, dorsal view showing vestige of dorsoretrolateral tibial apophysis.

FIGURES 1 – 6. Breda bicruciata 1 – 2 dorsolateral view (1 female, 2 male) (photos: W. P. Maddison). B. apicalis 3 male, dorsal view (photo: F. U. Yamamoto). B. notata 4 male, dorsolateral view (photo: J. Zhang). B. tristis 5 female, dorsal view (photo: W. P. Maddison). B. lubomirskii 6 female feeding on cricket, dorsal view (photo: K. Swing).

FIGURES 85 – 90. Breda tristis. 85 male, dorsal view; 86 female abdomen, dorsal view; 87 left male palp, ventral view; 88 ventroretrolateral view; 89 epigyne, ventral view; 90 dorsal view, cleared. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 68 – 72. Breda modesta. 68 left tibia I, ventral view; 69 left male palp, ventral view; 70 ventroretrolateral view; 71 female epigyne, ventral view; 72 dorsal view, cleared. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 91 – 94. Breda variolosa. 91 male, dorsal view; 92 left tibia I, ventral view; 93 left male palp, ventral view; 94 ventroretrolateral view. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 62 – 67. Breda lubomirskii. 62 male, dorsal view; 63 female abdomen, dorsal view; 64 left male palp, ventral view; 65 ventroretrolateral view; 66 epigyne, ventral view; 67 dorsal view, cleared. Sscale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 42 – 46. Breda akypueruna sp. nov. 42 male, dorsal view; 43 left male palp, ventral view; 44 ventroretrolateral view; 45 epigyne, ventral view; 46 dorsal view, cleared. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 73 – 75. Breda nanica sp. nov. 73 male, dorsal view; 74 left male palp, ventral view; 75 ventroretrolateral view. Scale bars equal 0.5 mm, except when indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 26 – 29. Spinnerets of Breda milvina (male). 26 Anterior lateral spinneret, with one major ampullate spigot (MAP), one nubbin (N) and a MAP tartipore (TP) surrounded by several piriform spigots (PI). 27 Posterior lateral spinneret, with aciniform spigots (AC). 28 Posterior median spinneret (PMS) with one central minor ampullate spigot (mAP) and a central membranous area surrounded by several aciniform spigots (AC). 29 Detail of central membranous area of PMS showing one nubbin (N) and one mAP tartipore (TP).