Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Cárdenas, César A., Bravo, Alejandro, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele, Willenz, Philippe & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2016

Fernandez, Julio C. C., Cárdenas, César A., Bravo, Alejandro, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele, Willenz, Philippe & Hajdu, Eduardo, 2016, Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) Lundbeck, 1909 (Coelosphaeridae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Southern Chile: new species and a discussion of morphologic characters in the subgenus, Zootaxa 4092 (1) : 76-79

Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov.

( Tabs 2–3 ; Figs 4–7 )

Holotype. IZUA–POR 167, Isla Leucayec, Guaitecas Archipelago (44º03’59.00”S / 73º41’00.38”W, Chile), 10–18 m depth, coll. E. Hajdu & R. Foley, 0 7 March 2005. Fragments from holotype deposited under MNRJ 8963 and RBINSc–IG 32232–POR 8963. Paratype. MNRJ 17398, Punta Llonco, Comau Fjord, Chile (42º20’38.22”S / 72º27’25.26”W), <30 m depth, coll. G. Försterra, 0 3 January 2006.

Diagnosis. Massive, ovoid Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) with numerous sinuous short anastomosing projections over the entire surface resembling a cauliflower; apically microspined tylotes (108–204/4.8–6), acanthostyles (I. 252–358/8–16.8, II. 90 –158/7.5–12.5), and arcuate isochelae (I 28–40, II 16–24).

Description. Massive oval shaped sponge ( Figs 4 A–B; Figs 5 A–D), with numerous sinuous, short, anastomosing projections over the entire surface; resembling a cauliflower. The holotype is 4 cm long and 3 cm in high (in life) and the paratype is 3.8 cm and 3 cm, respectively. The paratype is relatively more compact. Simple oscula (diameter up to 0.3 cm, in vivo holotype), scattered and scarce. Colour in vivo beige, and in ethanol specimens are light beige. Their consistency is compressible, rather delicate, and the paratype is somewhat harder; texture slightly rough.

Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is (sub)anisotropic ( Fig. 6 A) or subisodictyal reticulation ( Fig. 6 D). Larger acanthostyles form pauci- to multispicular ascending tracts (up to seven spicules across), reaching the sponge surface and piercing it by up to 300 µm. These acanthostyles also constitute secondary orthogonal tracts, one spicule long, and up to four in thickness ( Figs 6 B, E). Smaller acanthostyles echinate the main choanosomal tracts, and the nodes of the reticulation. Tylotes are spread in the surface, often perpendicularly or obliquely ( Fig. 6 C). Tracts are partially inserted in a spongin layer of fibrous appearance ( Fig. 6 F). Two categories of arcuate isochelae are scattered all around in choanosome and ectosome, the smaller of which is more frequent. Subectosomal lacunae absent, but wide choanosomal cavities occur, roundish or variably ellipsoid, up to 2 mm in maximum diameter.

Spicules. Megascleres ( Tabs 2–3 ): (Sub)tylotes ( Figs 7 A–B, I–J), straight, rather minutely microspined on both ends , which can be slightly aniso-tylote, elongated tyles only slightly swollen (elliptical), 108– 172 (25.3) – 204/4.8– 5.1 (0.3) –6. Acanthostyles I ( Figs 7 C–D, K–L), straight or slightly curved, stout, somewhat fusiform, base slightly constricted, regularly round, apex sharpening gradually; spines not so abundant, straight, up to 1.5 µm high, concentrated at and near the base, a few spicules (variably thick) are very lightly spined or smooth, 252– 313.5 (29.7) –358/8– 13.5 (2.6) –16.8. Acanthostyles II ( Figs 7 E–F, M–N), mostly straight, with a swollen base up to 3 µm thicker than the shaft, gradually sharpening point; abundant spines, up to 5 µm high, straight, spread over shaft and base, 90– 126 (24.3) –158/7.5– 10.3 (1.6) –12.5. Microscleres ( Tabs 2–3 ): Arcuate isochelae I ( Figs 7 G, O), smooth, relatively thick shaft, alae slightly elongated, but relatively small, young forms with markedly reduced alae: 31– 34 (3.3) –40. Arcuate isochelae II ( Figs 7 H, P), same as isochelae I, but smaller, 16– 22 (2) –29. The Sturges algorithm confirmed the occurrence of two size classes of isochelae.

Specimen ectosomal tylotes (with microspined choanosomal acanthostyles: arcuate isochelae

ends ) I. main, II. echinating

IZUA–POR 167 108– 162 –204/ I. 252– 300 –353/8– 14.7 –16.8 I. 31.5– 35.6 –40

holotype 4.8– 5.2 – 6 II. 90 – 128.2 –158/9– 11.2 –12.5 II. 16– 21 –24

MNRJ 17398 158– 182 –200/ I. 290– 326.6 –358/8.5– 12.3 –14.5 I. 28– 34 –40

paratype 4.8– 5 –5.2 II. 90 – 124 –145/7.5– 9.4 – 10 II. 21 – 22.8 –24 Ecology. The holotype was attached to a bunch of slender chitinous polychaete tubes (Family Spionidae ), and the paratype was attached to a coral.

Distribution. So far endemic from the northern sector of Chile’s fjord region, from its type locality at the Guaitecas Archipelago (44ºS) to Comau Fjord (42ºS).

Etymology. The species is named ‘corrugata’ (Latin corrugatus = rugose) on account of its irregular, cauliflower-like surface.

Remarks. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov. is distinguished from Lissodendoryx (E.) spp. occurring in the SE Pacific, and in additional allied biogeographic provinces, as well as from L. (E.) ballena sp. nov. (described above) by its possession of two categories of arcuate isochelae combined with terminally microspined tylotes. The presence of little spines in the extremities of tylotes is shared with five species of Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) considered here ( Tab. 2 ); viz. L. (E.) anacantha , L. (E.) nobilis , L. (E.) patagonica , L. (E.) plumosa , and L. (E.) ramilobosa . This character may also be present in the genus’ type species, L.

(Lissodendoryx) isodictyalis (Carter, 1882) . A phylogenetic assessment of synapomorphies is needed to verify whether the current subgeneric arrangement, and its emphasis on presence vs. absence of echinating acanthostyles (van Soest, 2002a), is more parsimonious than an alternative system with greater weighting given to the micromorphology of spicules.

Figures

FIGURE 4. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov., habit. A – B, holotype (IZUA-POR 167): A, complete specimen in situ overgrowing polychaete tubes; B, detail of surface with oscule. Scales: A = 1 cm; B = 0.5

FIGURE 5. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov., habit. A – B, holotype (IZUA – POR 167): A, complete specimen overgrowing polychaete tubes; B, detail of surface. C – D, Paratype (MNRJ 17398): C, complete specimen attached to a coral fragment; D, detail of surface. Scales: A, C = 1 cm; B, D = 0.1 cm.

FIGURE 6. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov., skeleton. A – C, holotype (IZUA – POR 167): A, general view, transverse section; B, detail of anisotropic choanosomal reticulation; C, tylotes arranged perpendicularly or obliquely to surface. D – F, skeletal architecture of paratype (MNRJ 17398): D, general view, transverse section; E, detail of anisotropic choanosomal reticulation; F, choanosomal fibers echinated by acanthostyles. Scales: A, D = 500 µm; B – C, E – F = 100 µm.

FIGURE 7. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) corrugata sp. nov., electron micrographs of spicules. A – H, holotype (IZUA – POR 167): A, ectosomal tylotes; B, detail of extremities of tylotes; C, acanthostyles I; D, detail of base of acanthostyles I; E, acanthostyles II; F, detail of base of acanthostyles II; G, arcuate isochelae I; H, arcuate isochelae II. I – P, paratype (MNRJ 17398): I, ectosomal tylotes; J, detail of extremities of the tylotes; K, acanthostyles I; L, detail of base of acanthostyles I; M, acanthostyles II; N, detail of base of acanthostyles II; O, arcuate isochelae I; P, arcuate isochelae II. Scales: A, C, E, I, K, M = 50 µm; B, J = 5 µm; D, F – G, H, L, N – P = 10 µm.