Tetranychidae

Vacante, V., 2010, REVIEW OF THE PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES COLLECTED ON CITRUS IN THE WORLD Vincenzo V, Acarologia 50 (2), pp. 221-241 : 228-231

Tetranychidae

Sixty species of Tetranychidae have been recorded on citrus in different regions of the world (Pritchard

Species Pest status Distribution Bryobia graminum (Schrank) U Worldwide Bryobia praetiosa Koch U Worldwide Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) U Worldwide Aplonobia citri Meyer U Australia, South Africa Aplonobia honiballi Meyer U South Africa Aplonobia histricina (Berlese) U Australia, Israel, Italy, South Africa Petrobia harti (Ewing) U Worldwide Petrobia latens (Müller) U Worldwide Petrobia tunisiae Manson U Iran, Israel, Italy, Spain, Tunisia Tenuipalponychus citri Channabasavanna and Lakkundi U India Aponychus chiavegatoi Feres and Flechtmann U Brazil Aponychus spinosus (Banks) U Brazil, Canada, Paraguay, Philippines, USA Eutetranychus africanus (Tucker) Mi Australia, Comoros, Egypt, India, Japon, Madagascar,

Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar Burma, Papua New

Guinea, Philippines, Reunion Island, South Africa, Thailand Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) Ma Egypt, Hawaii, India, North, Central and South America,

Portugal, Spain Eutetranychus citri Attiah Mi Egypt, India Eutetranychus cratis Baker and Pritchard U Congo, Congo ( RDC ex Zaïre), Nigeria Eutetranychus eliei Gutierrez and Helle U Madagascar Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Ma Worldwide Eutetranychus pantopus (Berlese) U Australia, Egypt, Sudan Eutetranychus pyri Attiah Mi Egypt and Baker, 1955; Meyer Smith, 1987; Bolland et al., 1998; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2009; Vacante, 2010) ( Table 4). Some of these species were accidentally collected and do not appear to produce any damage to the crop ( Bryobia praetiosa Koch , Aplonobia citri Meyer , A. histricina (Berlese) , A. honiballi Meyer , Petrobia tunisiae Manson , P. harti (Ewing) , etc.).

The major pests are the Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) , the oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) , the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) , the six-spotted spi- der mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) , and the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch ; 22 species are minor pests and 33 have an unknown pest status. The most important species with minor pest status are the citrus yellow mite, Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara , the Lewis spider mite, Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) , and the Yuma spider mite, Eotetranychus yumensis (McGregor) .

Eutetranychus banksi is a polyphagous species widely distributed (Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, and Oriental regions) and has recently been reported for the first time in the Mediterranean region in Portugal ( Gonçalves et al., 2002) and Spain ( Garcia et al., 2003). It develops under dry, low RH conditions and at temperatures close to 27°C ( Dean, 1959); the optimum range of development is at 28- 31°C ( Badii et al., 2003). On citrus feeding symptoms of the Texas citrus mite are similar to those of the citrus red mite, P. citri ( Jeppson et al., 1975) .

Eutetranychus orientalis is a polyphagous species, with worldwide distribution. Optimum conditions for its development are 21°C and 59-70% RH. It develops at temperatures of 18-30°C and con-

Species Pest status Distribution Meyernychus emeticae (Meyer) Mi Angola, South Africa Acanthonychus jiangfengensis Wang U China Eotetranychus cendanai Rimando Mi Cambodia, China, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara Mi China, India, Japan Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) Mi Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

Hawaii, Honduras, Libya, Madeira Island, Mexico, Nicaragua,

Panama, Peru, South Africa, Taiwan, USA Eotetranychus limonae Karuppuchamy and Mohanasundaram U India Eotetranychus limoni Blommers and Gutierrez Mi Madagascar Eotetranychus mandensis Manson U India Eotetranychus pamelae Manson U India Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) Ma Australia, China, Formosa, Hainan Island, Hawai, Korea (Rep.

South), India, Iraq, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Okinawa

Island, Taiwan, USA Eotetranychus yumensis (McGregor) Mi Mexico, USA Mixonychus ganjuis Qian, Yan and Ma U China Mixonychus ziolanensis (Lo and Ho) U Taiwan Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) U Worldwide Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) U worldwide O ligonychus gossypii (Zacher) U Angola, Benin, Brazil, Cameroun, Central Africa Rep.,

Colombia, Congo, Congo ( RDC ex Zaire), Costa Rica,

Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guinea‐ Bissau, Honduras, Kenya,

Madagascar, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra

Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Venezuela

Oligonychus peruvianus (McGregor) Mi Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela

Panonychus citri (McGregor) Ma Worldwide

Panonychus elongatus Manson Mi Australia, China, Korea, Myanmar Burma, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Thailand

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) U Worldwide

Schizotetranychus baltazari Rimando Mi China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Myanmar Burma, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand

Schizotetranychus industanicus (Hirst) Mi India

Schizotetranychus lechrius Rimando U Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan

Schizotetranychus spiculus Baker and Pritchard U India, Kenya, Zaire

Schizotetranychus youngi Tseng U Taiwan ditions of 35 to 75% RH. Beyond these limits development decreases or stops ( Bodenheimer, 1951). Feeding of the oriental red mite on the upper leaf surface and fruit causes stippling, similar to that of the citrus red mite. In heavy levels of attack the trees become silver-grey, leaves may drop and the shoots show dieback. Bare trees are a serious problem in nurseries or young orchards. The combined effect of insufficient water and low infestations produces as much defoliation and twig dieback as a

Species Pest status Distribution

Tetranychus desertorum Banks U Worldwide

Tetranychus fijiensis Hirst Mi Australia, Carolina Islands, China, Fiji, Hainan Island, India, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marianas Northern, Marshall Islands, Micronesia Federated States, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand

Tetranychus gloveri Banks Mi American Samoa, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, French Polynesia, French West Indies, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam Island, Hawaii, Honduras, Les Saintes, Marianas Northern, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Samoa (American),

Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida Mi Worldwide Tetranychus lambi Pritchard and Baker U Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Iran, New

Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa

(American), Samoa (Western), Taiwan, Tasmania, Tonga,

Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Tetranychus ludeni Zacher Mi worldwide Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor) Mi Argentina , Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El

Salvador, Guadeloupe, Honduras, Les Saintes, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Tetranychus neocaledonicus André Mi worldwide Tetranychus pacificus McGregor Mi Canada, Mexico, USA Tetranychus paraguayensis Aranda U Paraguay Tetranychus salasi Baker and Pritchard U Costa Rica, Nicaragua Tetranychus taiwanicus Ehara Mi China, Hainan Island, Taiwan, Thailand Tetranychus tumidus Banks Mi Colombia, Cuba, Greece, Guam, Panama, Puerto Rico,

Thailand, USA Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov and Nikolski) U worldwide Tetranychus urticae Koch Ma, Mi worldwide heavy attack ( Jeppson et al., 1975; Jeppson, 1989).

Panonychus citri has a worldwide distribution. Temperatures of 40.5°C, or several days of hot dry weather (5% RH and 32°C), along with strong winds commonly cause high mortality. The susceptibility to extreme temperature and RH conditions limits the distribution of the mite and affects its seasonal population trends ( Jeppson et al., 1975).