Peroneutypa nayariophyti N. Afshari & S. Lumyong, 2023

Afshari, Naghmeh, De Farias, Antonio R. G., Silva, Nimali Indeewari De, Bhunjun, Chitrabhanu S. & Lumyong, Saisamorn, 2023, Additions to Peroneutypa (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales): Introducing P. nayariophyti sp. nov. and new host associations of P. scoparia from northern Thailand, Phytotaxa 620 (3), pp. 201-215 : 206-210

Peroneutypa nayariophyti N. Afshari & S. Lumyong , sp. nov. ( FIGURE 3 )

Index Fungorum number: IF 559346, Facesoffungi number: FoF 14231

Etymology: The epithet refers to the host genus name, Nayariophyton .

Holotype: MFLU 23-0077

On Nayariophyton zizyphifolium (Malvaceae) woody litter. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.7–1.8 μm wide, single, well-developed interior, immersed in the cortex, arranged in longitudinal configuration, black, irregular to sub-globose in shape, 1–8 locules, Ascomata (excluding neck) 600–700 × 250–380 μm (x = 405 × 560 μm, n = 10), perithecial, solitary, black, carbonaceous, straight to curved, globose to subglobose, glabrous, long neck with ostiole raised through host tissue. Peridium 40–85 μm thick (n = 5), made of two layers, outer layer comprising dark brown, relatively large, thick-walled cells, set in a textura globulosa, inner layer comprising hyaline, thick-walled cells, arranged in textura angularis to textura prismatica. Hamathecium 2–4.5 μm (x = 3.3 μm, n = 20) wide, filamentous, aseptate, hyaline paraphysis. Asci 22–32 × 4–6 μm (x = 28 × 5 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, pedicellate, cylindrical-clavate to clavate, apically truncate, J- apical ring. Ascospores 2–5.5 × 0.8–2 μm (x = 4.4 × 1.7 μm, n = 50), 1–2-seriate to irregular, mostly overlapping, hyaline to pale yellowish, aseptate, allantoid or oblong, circular at both ends, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Not observed.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA after 24 h. and their germ tubes are generated from one or both ends. Colonies on PDA reaching 5.5–6 cm diam. in one week at 28 ° C. Culture effuse or flat, irregular, and fimbriate in margin, mycelium slightly aerial on the surface, front dirty white; reverse radiating from olivaceous brown to greyish white outwardly.

Material examined: THAILAND, Doi Tung National Park , Chiang Rai, on dead wood of Nayariophyton zizyphifolium , 20°17’56.8”N 99°48’56.7”E, 1°N), 06 Jun 2022, N . Afshari 1 C2 T2 R1 ( MFLU 23-0077 , holotype) .

Notes —In the phylogenetic analyses, the new species Peroneutypa nayariophyti ( MFLU 23-0077) and P. comosa ( BAFC:393) group together with 87% ML and 1.0 BPP support and different branch lengths. With respect to morphological differences in the key of Peroneutypa genus provided by Carmarán et al. (2006), P. comosa , and P. nayariophyti are morphologically similar in having slightly or well-developed interior of stroma and long prominent ostiole canal. In P. comosa , stroma effuse extended or discrete plates, with high numbers of perithecia, while in P. nayariophyti , ascomata are solitary, carbonaceous, and straight to curved. They are also distinct in having different sizes of asci (25–30 × 6–9 vs. 21.5–42 × 4–6.5 μm) and ascospores (5–7 × 2–2.5 vs. 2–5.5 × 0.8–2μm) ( Spegazzini 1881). Due to the lack of sufficient morphological information for P. comosa we mainly considered phylogenetic results to differentiate these species. Moreover, in pairwise nucleotide comparisons of the ITS sequences of P. nayariophyti ( MFLUCC 23-0052) and P. comosa ( BAFC:393), there were 45 base pair (bp) differences among 438 bp excluding gaps which equal to 10.3% differences. Peroneutypa comosa lack tub2 sequences. Peroneutypa comosa isolated on Celtis tala ’s decayed stems in Buenos Aires, Argentina ( Carmarán et al. 2006). Here, P. nayariophyti was collected from a dead wood of N. zizyphifolium . All evidence of morphology, phylogeny, and host association support P. nayariophyti as a novel species.

Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) Carmarán & A.I. Romero , in Carmarán et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 23: 84 (2006) ( FIGURE 4 )

Index Fungorum number: IF 500713, Facesoffungi number: FoF 01998

Synonyms:

= Sphaeria scoparia Schwein.

= Valsa scoparia (Schwein.) M.A. Curtis.

= Eutypella scoparia (Schwein.) Ellis & Everh.

= Peroneutypella scoparia (Schwein.) Berl.

= Eutypa scoparia (Schwein.) L.C. Tiffany & J.C. Gilman.

= Valsa ceratophora sensu Cooke.

= Valsa heteracantha Sacc.

= Eutypa heteracantha (Sacc.) Sacc.

= Engizostoma heteracanthum (Sacc.) Kuntze.

= Peroneutypa heteracantha (Sacc.) Berl.

= Peroneutypella heteracantha (Sacc.) Rehm.

= Peroneutypella heteracantha f. berberidis Rehm.

= Peroneutypa heteracantha f. arundinis-donacis Speg.

= Peroneutypa heteracantha f. ricini-communis Speg.

= Peroneutypa heteracantha f. casuarinae-strictae Speg.

= Peroneutypa heteracantha f. annonae-cherimoliae Speg.

Saprobic on Dalbergia cana woody litter. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 2–3.5 mm wide, gregarious, interior slightly or not developed, immersed in the cortex, arranged in irregular configuration, globus to sub-globous, 4–15 locules, black. Ascomata perithecial, 250–400 μm diam., 350–550 μm high, solitary to gregarious, immersed, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous. Ostiolar neck 150–300 μm high, 40–60 μm wide, dark brown to black, straight to curved, having periphyses. Peridium 25–40 μm thick, hyaline to brown cells of textura prismatica to textura angularis. Paraphysis 4–7.5 μm width, 1–5 septate, hyaline. Asci 27–40 × 3–5 μm (x = 31.7 × 4.3 μm, n = 20), 6–8-spored, unitunicate, long pedicel, clavate to cylindrical-clavate, apically rounded or truncate, J- subapical ring. Ascospores 4–6 × 1.4–2.7 μm (x = 4.9 × 1.9 μm, n = 30), overlapping, irregularly arranged, elongate-allantoid, hyaline to yellowish, guttulate, aseptate, rounded at both ends, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Not observed.

Culture characteristics: Ascospores germinating on PDA in 24 h. Colonies reaching 5–5.5 cm in 1 week at 28 ° C. Flat or effuse, irregular and fimbriate at margin, mycelium slightly aerial on the surface, above white, reverse olivaceous to black at the center, and yellowish white towards the periphery.

Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Tung National Park , on dead wood of Dalbergia cana , (20°15’57.1”N 99°46’29.9”E), 27 Sept 2022, N . Afshari 4 C3 T2 R2 ( MFLU 23-0079 ), living culture MFLUCC 23-0054 ; on dead wood of Microcos paniculata , (20°16’2.441’’N 99°46’35.176’’E), 26 Mar 2022, N . Afshari 3 C1 T2 R1 a ( MFLU 23-0078 ), living culture MFLUCC 23-0053 ; on dead wood of Afzelia xylocarpa , (20°15’56.539’’N 99°46’29.360’’E), 27 Sept 2022, N . Afshari 5 C3 T3 R1 ( MFLU 23-0080 ), living culture MFLUCC 23-0080 .

Notes —The new collection ( MFLU 23-0078, MFLU 23-0079, MFLU 23-0080) has similar dimensions and shapes of asci (apically J-) and ascospores with MFLUCC 11-0615 and MFLUCC 17-2143 ( Dai et al. 2016, Shang et al. 2018). Peroneutypa scoparia ( MFLUCC 11-0615 and MFLUCC 17-2143) were isolated on dead bamboo culms and dead wood, respectively, while we collected P. scoparia from woody litter of D. cana , M. paniculate , and A. xylocarpa in Chiang Rai, Thailand. In our combined phylogeny of ITS and tub2 sequence data, the three P. scoparia strains ( MFLUCC 23-0053, MFLUCC 23-0054, MFLUCC 23-0055) formed a subclade that is closely related to P. scoparia ( MFLUCC 11-0615, MFLUCC 17-2143) with 65% ML and 0.95 BPP statistical support ( Figure 1 ). The ITS sequence of the three isolates is similar to P. scoparia ( MFLUCC 11-0615) but different in 3/453 base positions without gaps from P. scoparia ( MFLUCC 17-2143). The base pair differences of tub2 among P. scoparia ( MFLUCC 17-2143) and P. scoparia ( MFLUCC 23-0053, MFLUCC 23-0054, MFLUCC 23-0055) demonstrated no significant differences (tub2 sequence is not available for P. scoparia MFLUCC 11-0615). Therefore, the combined ITS- tub2 phylogeny and morphological features support all isolates as P. scoparia taxa.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree from combined ITS and tub2 sequence data.Bootstrap support values ≥ 60% and Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.90 are indicated at the branches. The tree is rooted with Xylaria polysporicola (FCATAS848) and X. hypoxylon (CBS 122620). The taxa originating from this study are shown in blue. Type species are in bold.

FIGURE 3. Peroneutypa nayariophyti (MFLU 23-0077, holotype). aAppearance of ascostromata on Nayariophyton zizyphifolium woody litter. b Upper view of the cross-section of ascostromata. c Cross section of ascostromata (arrowed). d, e Appearance of ascomata with a long neck on the substrate. f Peridium. g Paraphyses. h–m Asci. n–r Ascospores. s Germinated spore. t, u Culture characteristics on PDA from front and reverse. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 μm, e = 200 μm, f = 50 μm, g–m, r, s = 10 μm, n–q = 5 μm.

FIGURE 4. Peroneutypa scoparia (MFLU 23-0079, new host record). a Appearance of ascomata on Dalbergia cana woody litter. b, c Close up of ascomata on host substrate. d Vertical section through ascomata. e Cross-section of peridium. f Ostiol canal. g Paraphyses. h–m Asci. n–r Ascospores. s Germinated spore. t, u Culture characteristics on PDA from the front and reverse. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 200 μm, g = 50 μm, e, f, h–j, l, s = 20 μm, k, m, r = 10 μm, n–q = 5 μm.