Chrysodema (Chrysodema) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864

Frank, David & Sekerka, Lukáš, 2020, Studies on the genus Chrysodema (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae) part I., Zootaxa 4720 (1), pp. 1-62 : 26-30

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864 stat. rev.

( Figs 25–30 , 78 )

Chrysodema AEneo-violacea Deyrolle (1864): 13 (key), 16 (original description); Saunders (1871): 14 (catalogue); Kerremans (1892): 37 (catalogue); Kerremans (1903): 75 (catalogue).

Chalcophora aeneoviolacea: Gemminger & Harold (1869) : 1356 (catalogue).

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) aeneoviolacea: Kerremans (1909) : 533 (revision, as synonym of C. (C.) Mniszechi [sic!]); Obenberger (1926): 132 (catalogue, as subsp. of C. (C.) Mnizsechi [sic!]); Lander (2003): 36 (revision, as synonym of C. (C.) mniszechii ); Bellamy (2008): 527 (listed as synonym of C. (C.) mniszechi ), 534 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (C.) mniszechii ).

Chrysodema elongata Kerremans (1900c) : 62 (original description); Kerremans (1903): 74 (catalogue); Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000): Pl. 44, Figs. 464-1, 464-2 (iconography, misidentification= C. coelestina ), syn. nov.

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) elongata: Kerremans (1909) : 514 (key), 521 (redescription); Obenberger (1926): 131 (catalogue); Lander (2003): 14 (key), 33 (redescription), 78 (colour Figs 54–55 ); Bellamy (2008): 530 (catalogue).

Chrysodema keyensis Théry (1923) : 224 (original description), syn. nov.

Chrysodema (Chrysodema) keyensis: Obenberger (1926) : 132 (catalogue); Lander (2003): 33 (revision, as syn. of C. (C.) elongata ); Bellamy (2008): 530 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (C.) elongata ), 533 (listed as synonym of C. (C.) elongata ).

Type localities. C. aeneoviolacea : ‘Ile Key’; C. elongata : ‘Iles Key’; C. keyensis : ‘Ile Key’ [= Indonesia, Maluku Province, Kei Islands].

Type material examined. Chrysodema aeneoviolacea HOLOTYPE (by monotypy): ♀, ‘I. Key [w, h] // Ex- Musaeo / Mniszech [w, p] // MUSÉUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. R. OBERTHUR [y, p] // AEneoviolacea / HDeyr. [w, h]’, ( MNHN). Specimen was provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ HOLOTYPE (by monopyty) / Chrysodema / aeneoviolacea ♀ / DEYROLLE, 1864 / David Frank labelled IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’.

Chrysodema elongata : SYNTYPES (2 ♀♀): ♀, ‘Kei Toeal / I.-III.96. / H. C. Webster [w, p] // Chrysodema / elongata / Kerr. type [w, h] // MUSÉUM PARIS / 1952 / COLL. R. OBERTHUR [y, p] // Type [r, p]’, ( MNHN); ♀ (figured by LANDER (2003: Fig. 54 ), ‘Key-Inseln / Tual [w, p] // Kerremans. / 1903–59. // elongata / Kerr. Type [w, h] // Type [r, p, circle]’, ( BMNH). Both specimens were provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ SYNTYPE ♀ / Chrysodema / elongata / KERREMANS, 1900 / David Frank labelled IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’ and also white printed label: ‘ Chrysodema (Chrysodema) / aeneoviolacea ♀ / DEYROLLE, 1864 / David Frank det. IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’.

Chrysodema keyensis : HOLOTYPE (by monotypy): ♂, ‘I. Key / Le Moult [w, h] // TYPE [r, p] // Coll. THERY [w, p] // C. Keyensis / Thery / Type [w, h]’ ( MNHN). Specimen was provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ HOLOTYPE (by monopyty) / Chrysodema / keyensis ♂ / THÉRY, 1923 / David Frank labelled IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’ and also white printed label: ‘ Chrysodema (Chrysodema) / aeneoviolacea ♂ / DEYROLLE, 1864 / David Frank det. IX. 2017 [date handwritten]’.

Additional material examined (9 ♂♂, 22 ♀♀). INDONESIA: MALUKU PROV.: Kai Islands: Key Ins. (2 ♀♀ NMPC; 1 ♀ NHMB; 1 ♀ MFNB) ; Key Ins., H. Kühn , 1901, 1 ♀ ( MFNB) ; Key Ins. , Semper S., 1 ♂ ( MHNG) ; Key Insel , 1 ♀ ( MHNG, specimen figured by Lander (2003: Fig. 55 ) as C. elongata ) ; Key, Koll. Dr. A. Frh. v. Hoschek , 3 ♀♀ ( IRSN) ; Kai , 1 ♂ ( MHNG) . Kai Besar Island: Kai Besar Isl. , xii.2006, coll. Müller, 1 ♀ ( ATMR, coll. R. Novak. Kai Dullah Island: Tual, C. Ribbe, 1884 (1 ♀ NHMB; 1 ♀ IRSN) ; Kei, Toeal, i.–iii.[18]96, H. C. Webster (1 ♂ MHNG; 2 ♀♀ MFNB) . Tanimbar Islands: Tanimbar Island , iv.2004, 1 ♀ ( SGBG) . Larat Island: Larat Isl. , 0–50 m, v.2007 (2 ♀♀ NMPC; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ DFPC; 1 ♂ VKSC; 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ ATMR, coll. R. Novak. Lakor Island [sic! see remarks]: Lakor Isl. , iv.2005, 1 ♂ ( SGBG). WEST PAPUAL PROV.: Salawati Island: Salawaty , 1 ♀, Schultz ( MFNB, published by Kerremans, see remarks).

Redescription of holotype. Well preserved ♀ specimen, missing right fore leg, mid right tarsus, and terminal antennomeres. Length 35.00 mm, width 12.00 mm, length/width ratio: 2.92.

Body dark bronze metallic copper. Dorsum bicolorous, head and pronotum nearly black with violet-blue reflections; elytra bronze-copper. Ventral side dark with purple tint, centrally also with blue reflections. Mouthparts yellow (except of mandibulae), antennae black, only first two antennomeres metallic. Ventral pads on all tarsomeres dorsally black, only their extreme base dark brown.

Head moderately densely punctate, punctures foveolate, each bearing short seta, thus frons sparsely pubescent. Vertex more densely punctate, punctures bearing adherent setae.

Pronotum moderately densely macropunctate, shiny parts very sparsely micropunctate and weakly micro-re- ticulate. Micropunctures more or less visible at magnification (50 ×). Surface except of impressions very smooth and shiny. Macropunctation laterally gradually coarser and denser. Each macropuncture bearing moderately long white adherent seta. Medial line well visible, sparsely micropunctate, appears slightly elevated. Medial impressions shallow, but well visible, rather sparsely punctate. Principal impressions moderately large, oval, and moderately deeply impressed; internally with stripe of small and moderately dense punctures. Lateral impressions shallow, with a few shallowly impressed punctures. Lateral margin carinate in basal 2/3, then widening and flattened, reaching to approx. 3/4 length of pronotum.

Elytra regularly convex with distinctly elevated rounded and very broad costae along suture and on intervals 2, 4, 6 and 8. Interval 6 shortened, reaching to 2/3 length of elytra, narrowly separated from interval 4. Costae very finely and sparsely micropunctate (at magnification 50 ×) and each with a few additional confusedly dispersed macropunctures. Intercostal depressions deep and moderately densely macropunctate. Punctation completely irregular, not forming rows or groups of punctures. Each macropuncture bearing short adherent white seta, but impressions do not appear pilose. Interspaces 2–8 × as wide as puncture diameter but mostly 2–3 × as wide as puncture diameter.

Epipleura in basal 1/4 moderately broad, densely punctate, then moderately and continuously constricted and then gradually narrowing apically; punctures becoming finer and vanishing towards apex. Each puncture bearing long erect white seta.

Fore and mid femora in central part strongly shiny, sparsely punctate; hind femora distinctly more densely punctate. Each puncture bearing seta, setation particularly conspicuous on lower side of hind femora.

Ventral side of body ( Fig. 26 ) overall moderately densely punctate, punctures mid-sized, only central part sparsely punctate with large shiny impunctate areas. Entire lateral sides of all abdominal ventrites moderately densely and almost uniformly punctate, only towards apical margins punctation sparser ( Fig. 27 ).

Variation. Body ♂♂ (n=5) length: 25.50–30.00 mm, width: 8.25–10.25 mm, length/width ratio: 2.85–3.09; ♀♀ (n=17): length: (27)31.00–36.25(38) mm, width: (9.00)10.25–13.00 mm, length/width ratio: (2.76)2.82–3.02. Moderately variable species. Elytra often black with steel metallic tint thus dorsum not markedly bicolorous. General structure of elytra constant but punctation can be slightly sparser or denser. Structure of pronotum more variable, medial line from almost flat to slightly but distinctly convex; medial impression shallow, sometimes almost not impressed; principal impressions often only elongate to linear and present only as more or less impressed row amongst dense punctation.

Aedeagus (n=3) length: 7.00– 7.67 mm, width 1.56–1.61 mm, length/width ratio: 4.49–4.77. Parameres cymbiform, apices narrow and rounded. Penis narrow, elongate, subparallel-sided, ventral side only slightly impressed, lateral sides with deep canaliculus, which has both margins equal ( Fig. 78 ).

Differential diagnosis. See diagnosis under C. (C.) dany sp. nov. on page 31.

Distribution. Indonesia, Maluku Prov., Kai Islands; Larat Island (Tanimbar Islands); and? Salawati Island.

Remarks. Kerremans (1900c) described C. elongata ( Figs 28–29 ) from the Kai Islands and stated it is similar to some species of Paracupta . Kerremans (1909) synonymized C. aeneoviolacea with C. mniszechi as he supposed it is only a colour form of it based on authentically identified specimen by Deyrolle from Salawati Island, however, he never studied the type. He also classified his C. elongata in a completely different group of species than C. mniszechi . Later on, Théry (1923) described C. keyensis ( Fig. 30 ) also from the Kai Islands based on a single specimen and compared it to C. mniszechi and C. wallacei . Finally, Lander (2003) synonymized C. (C.) keyensis with C. (C.) elongata based on type material and again synonymized C. (C.) aeneoviolacea with C. (C.) mniszechi but he did not study any type material of this group. We have located and studied type specimens of all four above mentioned taxa and found that C. (C.) aeneoviolacea is the same as C. (C.) elongata and C. (C.) keyensis . As it is the oldest available name, the two latter nominal taxa are synonymized with it and species status of C. (C.) aeneoviolacea is restored.

We also examined the specimen from Salawati Island deposited in MFNB and reported by Kerremans (1909: 534). The specimen itself was heavily covered with some fat or wax soaked into cuticule and thus looked very strange as most of the relevant morphological characters were hardly visible. We have tried to clean the specimen in Tetrachloroethylene, which removed part of the fat/wax thus we could see its intensively shiny elytra and pronotum, relatively sparse punctation in contrast to other species of this group, and rather more acuminate shape which are characters typical for C. (C.) aeneoviolacea . We cannot be sure that the specimen was truly collected on Salawati Island, on the other hand its occurrence there is possible but should be verified with new material.

We examined a series of specimens from Larat Island, which fall within the variability of C. (C.) aeneoviolacea not differing in any significant character, therefore the distribution is extended also to Larat Island (Tanimbar Islands). The species was until now known only from Kai Islands. We also studied a single specimen labelled as from Tanimbar Islands, which could have been collected also on Larat, which belongs to this archipelago. Finally, we have examined one specimen from the Lakor Island, which certainly belongs to this species but was very unlikely collected on Lakor as it is a part of the Leti Archipelago situated NE of Timor. The distribution of C. (C.) aeneoviolacea in Kai and Larat islands is not very unusual and it might be spread by sea currents (see Gordon 2005, Hall 2009, Frank & Sekerka 2016: 717).

Figures

FIGURES 25–30. Chrysodema, general aspect: 25–27—C. (C.) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864 (holotype, ♀ 34.50 mm). 28—C. (C.) elongata Kerremans, 1900 (syntype (BMNH), ♀ 33.50 mm)=C. (C.) aeneoviolacea. 29—C. (C.) elongata Kerremans, 1900 (syntype (MNHN), ♀)=C. (C.) aeneoviolacea. 30—C. (C.) keyensis Théry, 1923 (holotype (MNHN), ♂ 35.00 mm)=C. (C.) aeneoviolacea. 25, 28–30—dorsal view; 26—ventral view; 27—lateral view.

FIGURES 73–95. Chrysodema, genitalia and terminal abdominal segments. 73—Chrysodema (Chrysodema) sonnerati Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 (Sri Lanka, MHNG); 74—C. (C.) lewisii lewisii Saunders, 1873 (holotype); 75—C. (C.) lewisii nakatai subsp. nov. (holotype); 76—C. (C.) tonkinea Kerremans, 1909 (lectotype); 77—C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. (holotype); 78—C. (C.) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864 (Kai Is., MHNG); 79—C. (C.) dany sp. nov. (holotype); 80—C. (C.) sibuyanica Fisher, 1924 (Sibuyan Is., NMPC); 81—C. (C.) wallacei Deyrolle, 1864 (Ambon Is, MNHN); 82—C. (C.) dohrnii Saunders, 1874 (Mindanao Is., DFPC); 83—C. (C.) fuscitarsis Kerremans, 1895 (Palawan Is., MNHN); 84—C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. (holotype); 85—C. (Pseudochrysodema) coelestina Obenberger, 1922 (lectotype); 86—C. (P.) instabilis Deyrolle, 1864 (Halmahera Is., DFPC); 87—C. (C.) dohrnii (ibid., DFPC); 88—C. (C.) fuscitarsis (ibid., MNHN); 89—C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. (holotype); 90, 91—C. (C.) aurostriata (lectotype); 92, 93—C. (C.) tonkinea (Hoa Binh, DFPC); 94, 95—C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. (Ban Huay Kon, MOOC). 73–79, 85–86—tegmen, parameres and penis; 80–84—aedeagus; 87–89—male ventrite VIII; 90, 92, 94—female ventrite VIII; 91, 93, 95—female tergite VIII. The scale bar does not apply to Figs 87–95.

FIGURES 49–54. Chrysodema, general aspect: 49–51—C. (C.) dohrnii Saunders, 1874 (holotype, ♀ 27.50 mm). 52–54—C. (C.) fairmairei Kerremans, 1895 (lectotype, ♀ 28.25 mm)=C. (C.) dohrnii. 49, 52—dorsal view; 50, 53—ventral view; 51, 54—lateral view.

FIGURES 55–60. Chrysodema, general aspect: 55–57—C. (C.) fuscitarsis Kerremans, 1895 (lectotype, Palawan, ♀ 28.00 mm). 58–60—C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. (holotype, ♂ 24.75 mm). 55, 58—dorsal view; 56, 59—ventral view; 57, 60—lateral view.