Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953

Matz, Jess & Brower, Andrew V. Z., 2016, The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes, Zootaxa 4125 (1), pp. 1-108 : 52-53

Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953

Type species: Epinephele gyrtone Berg, 1877b = Haywardella Herrera, 1966 syn. nov.

Type species: Satyrus thione Berg, 1882

= Pseudocercyonis Miller & Emmel, 1971

Type species: Epinephele glaucope C.Felder & R. Felder, 1867

Diagnosis. Although wing patterns vary among Pampasatyrus species, all species have a well-developed M1-M3 forewing ocellus often bipupillate and ringed in yellow on the dorsal side of the forewing and most species also having an additional ocellus between CuA1-CuA2 below the M1-M3 ocellus, both of which are also visible on the ventral side of the forewing. Males are without androconia. Hindwings are trapezoidal and may be entire to scalloped, the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1A+2A, producing an anal lobe. Presence of ventral side hindwing ocelli varies by species, P. edmondsii having either none or small ocelli that are obscured by the ripple pattern present in most Pampasatyrus , and most other species with ocelli in each cell between M1 and CuA2, if not also between Rs-M1 and/or CuA2-1A+2A. Some species, such as P. gyrtone , P. ni lesi, and P. quies have the ventral side hindwing veins highlighted in white. The ventral side hindwing postmedian band is well defined in most species. All species examined bore antennae with spatulate clubs, cylindrical terminal palp segments, and very reduced forelegs with unsegmented tarsi. Eyes are naked and males exhibit serrations or dentate projections on the aedeagus. These serrations are more pronounced in P. nilesi and appear as winglike projections such as in A. argenteus .

Remarks. Hayward (1953) circumscribed Pampasatyrus to include three species: Satyrus quies Berg, 1877 , Epinephele gyrtone Berg, 1877 , and Epinephele yacantoensis Köhler, 1939 . He subsequently (1958) included Faunula johanna Weymer, 1911 (currently viewed as a synonym of Cosmosatyrus nilesi Weeks, 1902 ). Lamas & Viloria (2004) expanded the genus to include five more described species, two of which, Epinephele glaucope C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 , and Neomaenas reticulata Weymer, 1907 , remain in the current circumscription of Pampasatyrus . Also now included in this genus is the recently-described P. gorkyi Pyrcz, Cerdeña and Zacca, 2014 , and Epinephele edmondsii Butler, 1881 , which was separated from Neomaenas into the monotypic genus Haywardella by Herrera (1966) on the basis of genitalic differences and the much-reduced forelegs that are characteristic of Pampasatyrus . All Pampasatyrus species are distributed east of the Andes from central Bolivia and Minas Gerais province, Brazil to southern Neuquén and Buenos Aires Provinces, Argentina.

Two species placed in Pampasatyrus were unavailable for thorough examination, but are similar enough in wing patterning to others of this genus that there is no justification for placing them in another genus. Pampasatyrus yacantoensis ( Köhler, 1939) ( Fig. 10 C; 28) bears the characteristic and distinctive bipupillate DFW ocellus between M1-M3. Pampasatyrus reticulata ( Weymer, 1907) ( Fig. 10A, B ; 28) is found near the moist Araucaria forests of Rio Grande do Sul in southeastern Brazil ( Santos et al., 2011) and in tussock grass marshes in the vicinity of Campos do Jordão, Estado de São Paulo (A. Freitas and K. Garwood, pers. comm.). The bold, black and orange, reticulated ventral wing pattern for which it is named sets it apart from others of this genus, and, indeed from any other neotropical satyrine. The DFW lacks the large bipupillate apical ocellus that is distinctive in other Pampasatyrus , but DNA sequence places P. reticulata unequivocally within this genus ( Fig. 1 ). Three additional taxa included in Pampasatyrus by Lamas & Viloria (2004), Euptychia ocelloides Schaus, 1902 , Satyrus periphas Godart, [1824] , and Epinephele imbrialis Weeks, 1901 , were recently transferred to the new genus, Stegosatyrus , in Euptychiina (!) by Zacca et al. (2013).

Figures

FIGURE 1. One of six equally parsimonious trees for Neosatyriti and selected pronophiline outgroups, based on 4071 bp of concatenated DNA sequence from mtDNA COI-COII, elongation factor 1 - alpha and wingless. Length = 8955 steps, CIx = 0.2435; RI = 0.4729.

FIGURE 10. A, B: Pampasatyrus reticulata (Weymer, 1907), dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of a living specimen. Pedra do Bão, Campos de Jordão, Brazil, 1756 m S 22 ° 40.541 ’, W 45 ° 37.890 ’, 6 Feb. 2015 (Photos by Bill Berthet, used with permission); C: Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (Köhler, 1939) ventral view of a living specimen, Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina, 17 – 24 Feb. 2013. (Photo by Alec Earnshaw, used with permission); D: Punargentus tandilensis (Köhler, 1935) n. comb. Tandil, Buenos Aires Prov., Argentina, Photo by Rittner Oz. http: // www. argentinean-insects. com / satyrinae. htm (used with permission).