Salariopsis fluviatilis (Asso, 1801)

Çiçek, Erdoğan, Sungur, Sevil, Fricke, Ronald & Seçer, Burak, 2023, Freshwater lampreys and fishes of Türkiye; an annotated checklist, 2023, Turkish Journal of Zoology 47 (6), pp. 324-468 : 448-451

Salariopsis fluviatilis (Asso y del Rio, 1801) [N] ― Freshwater blenny/Tatlı su horozbinası

Taxonomy. Original description: Blennius fluviatilis Asso y del Rio, 1801: 31 [Ebro River, Zaragoza, Spain; no types known]. ― Synonyms: Salaria fluviatilis (Asso y del Rio, 1801); Ichthyocoris fluviatilis (Asso y del Rio, 1801); Blennius vulgaris Pollini 1816 . ― Revisions: Duquenne-Delobel et al. (2022: 37) as Ichthyocoris fluviatilis, Azzena et al. (2022: 4) . ― Illustration: Goren (1974: fig. 29).

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Bilecenoğlu et al. (2002, 2014); Kuru (2004) as Salaria fluviatilis ; Geldiay and Balık (2007) as Blennius fluviatilis ; Fricke et al. (2007) as Salaria fluviatilis ; Kuru et al. (2014) as Salaria fluviatilis ; Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020) as Salaria fluviatilis . ― Turkish material: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Marmara and Aegean seas watersheds.― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 6-Küçük Menderes, 7-Büyük Menderes, 8-Batı Akdeniz.― General distribution: Europe, Middle East, North Africa: Mediterranean Sea watersheds. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia. ― Habitat: This species is mainly a riverine species that can also be found in lakes. It likes rubble and gravel substrates with moderate to high current velocities and stays in the deepest part. The male makes a nest under large stones. Larvae are pelagic. Freshwater, brackish, marine.

Economic importance. No commercial importance.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye: Unknown. ― IUCN: LC (IUCN, 2023). ― Threats: ABS, CLI, CON, COM, HAB, EUT. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Stable. ― Low priority for conservation action.

Salariopsis renatorum Yoğurtçuoğlu, Kaya, Atalay, Ekmekçi, Freyhof, 2023 [E] ― Freshwater blenny/Tatlı su horozbinası

Taxonomy. Original description: Salariopsis renatorum Yoğurtçuoğlu, Kaya, Atalay, Ekmekçi, Freyhof, 2023: 96 , fig. 8-11 [Kahramanmaraş prov.: Aksu at Pazarcık, Türkiye, 37.5390 37.3480; holotype: FFR FFR 4262]. ― Synonyms: None. ― Revisions: None. ― Illustration: Yoğurtçuoğlu et al. (2023: fig. 8-11).

Status in Türkiye. Recorded from Türkiye in the original description by Yoğurtçuoğlu et al. (2023). ― Turkish materials: FFR.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Seyhan and Ceyhan River basins. ― Distribution in river basins: 18-Seyhan, 20-Ceyhan. ― General distribution: Middle Asia: Seyhan and Ceyhan River basins ( Türkiye). ― Distribution in ecoregions: 432-Southern Anatolia. ― Habitat: This species is mainly a riverine species that can also be found in lakes. Freshwater, brackish, marine.

Economic importance. No commercial importance.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye: Unknown. ― IUCN: NE (2023). ― Threats: Unknown. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Stable. ― Low priority for conservation action.

Perciformes

Percoidei

Percidae Rafinesque, 1815 (perches and darters) Percinae Rafinesque, 1815 (freshwater perches)

Acerina cernua => Gymnocephalus cernua Gymnocephalus cernua ( Linnaeus, 1758) [I] ― Ruffe/ Trakya levreği

Taxonomy. Original description: Perca cernua Linnaeus, 1758: 294 [European lakes; syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.5 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin), LS 2 (left half-skin)]. ― Synonyms: Acerina cernua ( Linnaeus, 1758) . ― Revisions: None. ― Illustration: Çiçek et al. (2021: 48, fig. 1).

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Kuru (2004); Geldiay and Balık (2007); Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2021). ― Turkish material: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Trachea region. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara. ― General distribution: Europe. Introduced elsewhere. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 423-Thrace. ― Habitat: This species is found in eutrophic lakes, lowlands, and piedmont rivers. Prefers still or slow-flowing water with a soft bottom, without vegetation. Most abundant are estuaries of large rivers, brackish lakes with salinities up to 10‰–12‰ and reservoirs. Generally, abundance increases with increased eutrophication. Freshwater, brackish.

Economic importance. Locally commercially important.

Reasons of introduction. Unknown: Inadvertently introduced by transboundary waterways for no known reason or method.

Conservation. Not relevant (introduced species).

Perca cernua => Gymnocephalus cernua

Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 [N] ― European perch/ Tatlı su levreği

Taxonomy. Original description: Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758: 289 [Europe; syntypes: BMNH 1853.11 .12.3 (1, left half-skin), 1853.11.12.2 (1, right half-skin)]. ― Turkish synonyms: None. ― Revisions: Berg (1949: 1032). ― Illustration: Berg (1949: 1033, fig. 756) .

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Kuru (2004); Geldiay and Balık (2007); Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020). ― Turkish materials: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Northwestern parts of Anatolia, introduced into some reservoirs in Anatolia. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 12- Sakarya, 13-Batı Karadeniz, 15-Kızılırmak, 20-Ceyhan. ― General distribution: Europe. Introduced elsewhere. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia, 432-Southern Anatolia. ― Habitat: This species is found in a very wide range of habitats, from estuarine lagoons and lakes of all types to medium-sized streams. Freshwater, brackish.

Economic importance. Commercially important.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye: Unknown. ― IUCN: LC (IUCN, 2023). ― Threats: No major threats known. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Unknown. ― Low priority for conservation action. Luciopercinae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (pikeperches and Danube perches)

Lucioperca lucioperca => Sander lucioperca

Perca lucioperca => Sander lucioperca

Sander lucioperca ( Linnaeus, 1758) [N] ― Zander/ Sudak

Taxonomy. Original description: Perca lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758: 289 [European lakes; no types known]. ― Turkish synonyms: Lucioperca lucioperca ( Linnaeus, 1758) ; Stizostedion lucioperca ( Linnaeus, 1758) . ― Revisions: Berg (1949: 1020) as Lucioperca lucioperca . ― Illustration: Berg (1949: 1021, fig. 748) as Lucioperca lucioperca .

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Kuru (2004); Geldiay and Balık (2007) as Stizostedion lucioperca ; Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020). ― Turkish materials: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Northwestern parts of Anatolia, widely introduced into reservoirs in Anatolia. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 6-Küçük Menderes, 7-Büyük Menderes, 8-Batı Akdeniz, 9- Antalya, 10- Burdur, 11-Akarçay, 12- Sakarya, 13-Batı Karadeniz, 14-Yeşilırmak, 15-Kızılırmak, 16- Konya, 17-Doğu Akdeniz, 18-Seyhan, 20-Ceyhan, 22-Doğu Karadeniz, 23-Çoruh. ― General distribution: Eastern and central Europe east to Aral Sea drainages; introduced elsewhere. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 418-Dniester - Lower Danube, 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia, 431-Central Anatolia, 432-Southern Anatolia, 433-Western Transcaucasia. ― Habitat: This species occurs in large, turbid rivers and eutrophic lakes, brackish coastal lakes, and estuaries. Freshwater, brackish.

Economic importance. Commercially important.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye: Unknown. ― IUCN: LC (IUCN, 2023). ― Threats: No major threats known. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Unknown. ― Low priority for conservation action. Sander volgensis (Gmelin, 1789) => not occurring in Türkiye (see Çiçek et al., 2020)

Stizostedion lucioperca => Sander lucioperca Gasterosteidae Bonaparte, 1831

Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 [N] ― Threespined stickleback/Dikence balığı

Taxonomy. Original description: Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758: 295 [Europe; syntypes: ZSL 29 (left half-skin), 30-31 (2, right half-skins)]. ― Synonyms: Gasterosteus gymnurus Cuvier, 1829 . ― Revisions: None. ― Illustration: Kottelat and Freyhof (2007: 492, fig.).

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Bilecenoğlu et al. (2002, 2014); Kuru (2004); Geldiay and Balık (2007); Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020). ― Turkish material: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea watersheds. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 6-Küçük Menderes, 7-Büyük Menderes, 8-Batı Akdeniz, 9- Antalya, 12- Sakarya, 13-Batı Karadeniz, 14-Yeşilırmak, 15-Kızılırmak, 17-Doğu Akdeniz, 18-Seyhan, 19- Asi, 20-Ceyhan, 21-Fırat-Dicle, 22-Doğu Karadeniz, 23-Çoruh. ― General distribution: North Pacific; Atlantic; Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea and adjacent watersheds; Sea of Japan; widespread in northern Europe, northern Asia and North America. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 418-Dniester - Lower Danube, 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia, 432-Southern Anatolia, 433-Western Transcaucasia, 437-Orontes. ― Habitat: This species is typically found in quiet, weedy pools and backwaters. It is also found in the marginal vegetation of streams and over sand and mud bottom substrates. Marine populations are pelagic and usually found inshore along the coast, in estuaries, and in coastal lagoons. In some lakes, two morphologically and ecologically distinct forms may occur, differing in habitat and morphology (one littoral, the other mainly limnetic). Freshwater, brackish, marine.

Economic importance. No commercial importance.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye: Unknown. ― IUCN: LC (IUCN, 2023). ― Threats: COM, EUT. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Unknown. ― Low priority for conservation action.

Gasterosteus gymnurus => Gasterosteus aculeatus Pungitius platygaster ( Kessler, 1859) => not occurring in Türkiye (see Çiçek et al., 2020)

Centrarchiformes

Centrarchidae Bleeker, 1859

Lepominae Gill, 1864

Lepomis gibbosus ( Linnaeus, 1758) [I] ― Pumpkinseed/ Güneş levreği

Taxonomy. Original description: Perca gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758: 292 [Carolinas, America; no types known]. ― Synonyms: None. ― Revisions: None. ― Illustration: None.

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Kuru (2004); Geldiay and Balık (2007); Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020, 2022a). ― Turkish material: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: Introduced and spreading to western Anatolia and Thrace. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 6-Küçük Menderes, 7-Büyük Menderes, 8-Batı Akdeniz, 12- Sakarya. ― General distribution: North America: Atlantic drainages, Canada, and U.S.A.; introduced elsewhere. ― Distribution in ecoregions: 418-Dniester - Lower Danube, 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia. ― Habitat: This species inhabits lakes, reservoirs, ponds, sloughs, and sluggish streams; prefers quiet, clear water with aquatic vegetation and some organic debris. Eggs are laid in a nest constructed by the male in shallow water (less than 1 m deep) on bottoms of sand, gravel, or woody debris. Freshwater.

Economic importance. Valuable for the aquarium trade.

Reasons of introduction. Ornamental fish industry.

Conservation. Not relevant (introduced species).

Acanthuriformes

Moronidae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 (white basses or temperate basses)

Dicentrarchus labrax ( Linnaeus, 1758) [N] ― European seabass/Levrek balığı

Taxonomy. Original description: Perca labrax Linnaeus, 1758: 290 [Southern Europe, Mediterranean Sea; syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.1 (1, skin)]. ― Syrian synonyms: Morone labrax ( Linnaeus, 1758) . ― Revisions: None. ― Illustration: Tortonese in Whitehead et al. (1986: 794, fig.).

Status in Türkiye. Listed in previous checklists from Türkiye by Bilecenoğlu et al. (2002, 2014); Kuru (2004) as Morone labrax ; Geldiay and Balık (2007); Fricke et al. (2007); Kuru et al. (2014); Çiçek et al. (2015, 2020). ― Turkish material: None.

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Türkiye: All coastal Anatolian brackish waters. ― Distribution in river basins: 1-Meriç-Ergene, 2-Marmara, 3-Susurluk, 4-Kuzey Ege, 5-Gediz, 6-Küçük Menderes, 7-Büyük Menderes, 8-Batı Akdeniz, 9- Antalya, 12- Sakarya, 13- Batı Karadeniz, 14-Yeşilırmak, 15-Kızılırmak, 17-Doğu Akdeniz, 18-Seyhan, 19-Asi, 20-Ceyhan, 21-Fırat-Dicle, 22-Doğu Karadeniz, 23-Çoruh. ― General distribution: Western Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Norway and Iceland south to Senegal, including Madeira; Red Sea: Gulf of Suez (Mediterranean Sea immigrant). ― Distribution in ecoregions: 418-Dniester - Lower Danube, 423-Thrace, 429-Western Anatolia, 430-Northern Anatolia, 432-Southern Anatolia, 433-Western Transcaucasia, 437-Orontes. ― Habitat: This species is pelagic, near shore, and sometimes in lagoons and estuaries. It spawns at sea. Freshwater, brackish, marine.

Economic importance. Commercially important.

Conservation. Conservation status in Türkiye:

Unknown. ― IUCN: LC (IUCN, 2023). ― Threats: No major threats known. ― Low sensitivity to human activities. ― Not considered a keystone species. ― Decline status: Unknown. ― Low priority for conservation action. Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792) => not occurring in freshwater (see Çiçek et al., 2020)

Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820) => not established in Türkiye (see Çiçek et al., 2020)

Among the ichthyofauna listed in the systematic order given above, 21 species (4.9%) are alien, while 215 species (50.4%) are endemic to Türkiye. Number of species, genus, and families in each order is given in Table 1 . The orders with the largest numbers of species in the ichthyofauna of Türkiye are the Cypriniformes (297 species, 69.6%), followed by the Cyprinodontiformes (26 species, 6.1%), the Salmoniformes (25 species, 5.9%), the Gobiiformes (20 species, 4.7%), the Siluriformes (13 species, 3.0%), and the Clupeiformes (9 species, 2.1%). At the family level, Leuciscidae has the greatest number of species (126 species; 29.5% of the total species), followed by Nemacheilidae (63 species, 14.8%), Cyprinidae (59 species, 13.8%), Cobitidae (29 species, 6.8%), Salmonidae (25 species, 5.9%), Aphanidae (23 species, 5.4%), Gobiidae (20 species, 4.7%), and Gobionidae (15 species, 3.5%). A total of 17 species previously reported from Türkiye in previous studies have been excluded from the current checklist.

The IUCN Red List criteria and threats for the naturally distributed species are presented. Among 406 naturally distributed species (alien species not included), four endemics (1.0%) are already extinct (EX), and 99 species (24.4%) are classified as threatened with extinctions, including 28 (6.9%) are CR, 44 (10.8%) are EN, and 27 (6.7%) are VU. Of the total number of taxa assessed, 2.7% (11 species) are NT and 37.0% (150 species) are LC (Figure 1). A total of 142 species are not categorised; 12 species (3.0%) are classified as DD, i.e. because of insufficient knowledge, and 130 species (32.0%) are not assigned (NE).