Haplothrips Amyot and Serville

Minaei, Kambiz & Mound, Laurence A., 2008, The Thysanoptera Haplothripini (Insecta: Phlaeothripidae) of Iran, Journal of Natural History 42 (41 - 42), pp. 2617-2658 : 2633-2636

Haplothrips Amyot and Serville

Haplothrips Amyot and Serville, 1843, p. 640 . Type species Phloeothrips albipennis Burmeister (5 Thrips aculeatus Fabricius ), by monotypy.

Haplothrips (Trybomiella) Bagnall, 1926, p. 548 . Type species Anthothrips bagnalli Trybom , by original designation.

This is the third largest genus of Thysanoptera , with about 260 described species from around the world, although the genus is largely absent from South America ( Mound and Zapater 2003). The two subgenera that are currently recognized are distinguished solely by the presence or absence of forewing duplicated cilia. The phylogenetic significance of this difference is not clear, and some of the species included in H. ( Trybomiella ) are probably not closely related. As presently constituted, this subgenus is considered polyphyletic ( Mound and Minaei 2007), although within it one or more groups of closely related species can be distinguished.

Diagnosis

Macropterous (in Iran; elsewhere rarely with wings reduced or absent). Body colour usually brown, antennal segment III commonly paler, forewings usually pale except for basal area. Head usually a little longer than wide, maxillary stylets deeply retracted ( Figures 2, 4, 7 ), rarely less than one-third of head width apart, maxillary bridge well developed. Vertex not strongly sculptured, postocular setae usually developed and extending beyond posterior margin of eyes ( Figures 4, 7 ), rarely reduced. Antennal segment III with one or two sensoria ( Figures 27–28 ), rarely without sensorium or with a very small sensorium ( Figure 29 ), segment IV with four sensoria (in Iran; elsewhere sometimes only 2 or 3); antennal segment VII usually constricted basally ( Figures 23, 25–26 ), segment VIII usually short and broad at base ( Figures 23–26 ). Pronotum usually with five pairs of setae, but one or more of these sometimes no larger than discal setae; epimeral sutures complete; prosternum with paired basantra and paired ferna, also a median spinasternum ( Figures 11–12, 13 ); mesopresternum either complete or eroded to paired lateral triangles ( Figures 11–12, 13 ). Metanotum weakly sculptured ( Figure 17 ), median pair of setae usually arising on anterior half of sclerite. Fore tarsal tooth present or absent in females ( Figures 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 ); usually present in males ( Figures 3, 6, 9 ) and arising laterally or near inner apex, sometimes large in large males ( Figure 9 ). Forewing constricted medially, duplicated cilia present ( Figure 18 ) (absent in subgenus Trybomiella ), with three pairs of sub-basal setae. Male with no glandular area on sternite VIII; tergite IX setae S2 short and stout; pseudovirga of aedeagus slender ( Figures 35–38, 39, 40–43, 44, 45, 46, 47–48 ).

Key to species 1

1. Antennal segment III apparently with no sensorium or with one sensorium that is less than half as long as those on IV (cf. Figure 29 ); tergite IX setae S1 blunt.............................................. minutus

- Antennal segment III with one or two well-developed sensoria ( Figures 27–28 ), more or less equal in length to those on IV; tergite IX setae S1 usually pointed ( Figure 31 ), rarely blunt ( Figure 30 )............................. 2

2. Forewing without duplicated cilia; bases of sub-basal wing setae arranged in a triangle (cf. Figure 20 )................................. clarisetis

- Forewing with duplicated cilia present ( Figure 18 ); bases of sub-basal wing setae usually in a line ( Figure 21 ), rarely in a triangle ( Figure 20 )............ 3

3. Femora and tibiae yellow; head and abdomen black, thorax yellow [pronotal anteromarginal setae well developed, about twice as long as discal setae]................................... flavicinctus

- Femora brown, tibiae yellow or brown, body uniformly brown......... 4

4. Antennal segment III with one sensorium ( Figure 28 ); tube short, at most twice as long as basal width ( Figure 31 ).............................. 5

- Antennal segment III with two sensoria ( Figure 27 ); tube usually at least 2.3 times as long as basal width ( Figure 30 )......................... 14

5. Pronotal anteromarginal setae minute, at most twice as long as discal setae... 6

- Pronotal anteromarginal setae well developed, more than twice as long as discal setae................................................... 9

6. Middle and hind tibiae yellow or largely yellow, at least yellow in apical quarter ( Figure 10 ); all tarsi yellow................................... 7

- Middle and hind tibiae dark or scarcely paler at apex, tarsi dark or yellow... 8

7. Postocular setae finely pointed ( Figure 4 ); sub-basal wing setae dark or shaded............................................ globiceps

- Postocular blunt; sub-basal wing setae pale.................. flavitibia

8. Hind tarsi yellow; postocular setae pointed; pronotal setae pointed or blunt; phytophagous on Poaceae .............................. aculeatus

- Hind tarsi dark; postocular setae blunt or capitate; pronotal major setae blunt or capitate; predator on small insects on various plants....... kurdjumovi

9. Tergite IX setae S1 as long as or longer than tube; postocular setae pointed................................................ 10

- Tergite IX setae S1 shorter than tube; postocular setae blunt or capitate... 11

10. Fore tarsal tooth present but small; major pronotal setae blunt, pale eragrostidis

- Fore tarsal tooth absent (cf. Figure 4, 5, 7 ); major pronotal setae pointed, dark brown........................................... phyllophilus

11. Mid and hind tibiae dark, scarcely paler at extreme apex; pronotal setae pale; pronotal and postocular setae capitate; antennal segment III about 1.8 times as long as maximum width (cf. Figure 24 ); maxillary stylets low in head and wide apart........................................... ganglbaueri

- Mid and hind tibiae dark with sharply paler apex; pronotal setae dark; pronotal and postocular setae capitate or blunt; antennal segment III varying in length from 1.8 to more than 2.0 times maximum width; maxillary stylets retracted almost to postocular setae.................................. 12

12. Antennal segment III about 1.8 times as long as maximum width (cf. Figure 24 ); basal wing setae and abdominal tergite IX setae dark........... andresi

- Antennal segment III about twice as long as maximum width ( Figure 29 ); basal wing setae and abdominal tergite IX setae pale or shaded............ 13

13. Forewing sub-basal setae S3 blunt or capitate; sub-basal wing setae and abdominal tergite IX setae pale........................ maroccanus

- Forewing sub-basal setae S3 pointed; sub-basal wing setae and abdominal tergite IX setae shaded.............................. subtilissimus

14. Bases of forewing sub-basal setae arranged in a triangle (cf. Figure 20 )... 15

- Bases of forewing sub-basal setae arranged in a line ( Figure 21 )........ 16

15. Distal cilia of forewing with surface rough ( Figure 19 );........... reuteri

- Distal cilia of forewing smooth........................... caespitis

16. Postocular setae acute, scarcely extending to posterior margin of eyes; tergite IX setae S1 blunt, about as long as tube basal width ( Figure 30 ); pronotal and subbasal wing setae usually short......................... leucanthemi

- Postocular setae acute or blunt usually extending beyond posterior margin of eyes; tergite IX setae S1 pointed, rarely blunt, at least 1.3 times as long as tube basal width; pronotal and sub-basal wing setae usually long.......... 17

17. Metanotum with one pair of small setae anterior to median pair of setae ( Figure 17 ); antennal segment VII not pedicellate ( Figure 24 ); females with welldeveloped fore tarsal tooth ( Figure 2 ).................... kermanensis

- Metanotum without any small setae anterior to median pair of setae; antennal segment VII pedicellate ( Figures 23, 25–26 ); females usually without welldeveloped fore tarsal tooth ( Figures 5, 7 )........................ 18

18. Antennal segment III with sensorium on inner apical margin smaller than sensorium on outer margin; postocular setae blunt; sub-basal wing setae blunt;.......................................... tamaricinus

- Antennal segment III sensoria on inner and outer apical margin equally large ( Figure 27 ); postocular setae pointed; sub-basal wing setae usually pointed; 19

19. Mesopresternum eroded medially ( Figure 13 ); tergite IX setae S1, also S1 on tergites I–VIII, usually blunt, epimeral setae blunt (usually in females) or softly pointed (usually in males); on Poaceae ........................ tritici

- Mesopresternum boat shaped ( Figures 11–12 ); tergite IX setae S1, also S1 on tergites I–VIII pointed, epimeral setae pointed; not on Poaceae ........ 20

20. Antennal segments IV–VI yellow at base but brown at apex ( Figure 23 ); in Asteraceae flowers................................ distinguendus

- Antennal segments IV–VI uniformly brown (cf. Figure 26 ); on Fabaceae vuilleti

Figures

Figures 1–9. (1) Dolicholepta micrura female head and prosternum; (2–3) Haplothrips kermanensis head and pronotum – 2: female; 3: male; (4) H. globiceps female head and pronotum; (5) H. ganglbaueri female fore leg; (6) H. maroccanus male fore leg; (7) H. subtilissimus female head and pronotum; (8–9) H. tritici fore leg – 8: female from Noorabad on barley; 9: male from Karaj on wheat.

Figures 22–31. (22) Dolicholepta micrura female antenna; (23) Haplothrips distinguendus female antenna; (24) H. kermanensis female antenna; (25) H. maroccanus female antenna; (26) H. reuteri female antenna; (27) H. kermanensis female antennal segment III; (28) H. globiceps female antennal segment III; (29) H.?minutus female antennal segment III–IV; (30) H. leucanthemi female tergite IX and tube; (31) H. aculeatus female tergite IX and tube.

Figures 10–21. (10) Haplothrips globiceps female hind leg; (11) H. aculeatus female prosternum and mesopresternum; (12) H. subtilissimus female prosternum and mesopresternum; (13) H. tritici female prosternum and mesopresternum; (14) Neoheegeria dalmatica female prosternum and mesopresternum; (15) H. aculeatus female pelta; (16) H. tritici female pelta; (17) H. kermanensis female metanotum; (18–19) H. reuteri – 18: female forewing; 19: cilia at forewing apex; (20) Neoheegeria dalmatica female sub-basal wing setae; (21) H. globiceps female sub-basal wing setae.

Figures 35–48. Pseudovirga of Haplothripini. (35) Haplothrips andresi; (36) H. globiceps; (37) H. phyllophilus; (38) H. subtilissimus; (39) Dolicholepta micrura; (40) H. aculeatus; (41) H. flavicinctus; (42) H. ganglbaueri; (43) H. kermanensis; (44) H. leucanthemi; (45) H. minutus; (46) H. reuteri; (47) H. tritici; (48) Neoheegeria dalmatica.