Hypoptopoma gulare Cope, 1878

Aquino, Adriana E., 2010, Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2010 (336), pp. 1-110 : 83-89

Hypoptopoma gulare Cope, 1878 Figure 43 , table 16

Hypoptopoma gulare Cope, 1878: 678 (original description; Pebas, Peru).— Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889: 40 (list of catfish species of South America).— Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890: 390 (list of catfish species of South America).— Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891: 40 (list of catfish species of South America; key).— Regan, 1904: 265 (list of loricariid species; key to Hypoptopoma species ).— Eigenmann, 1910: 412 (list of freshwater fishes of South America).— Fowler, 1915: 237 (proposed as holotype of subgenus Diapeltoplites ).— Eigenmann and Allen, 1942: 200 (list of freshwater fishes of Western South America).— Gosline, 1945: 98 (list of catfish species of South and Central America).— Fowler, 1945: 99 (list of freshwater fishes of Peru).— Fowler, 1954: 125 (list of freshwater fishes of Brazil).— Ringuelet and Arámburu, 1961: 52 ( Argentina: Rio Paraguay, misidentification).— Ringuelet et al., 1967: 390 ( Argentina: Rio Paraguay, misidentification).— Terrazas Urquidi, 1970: 23 (list of fishes of Bolivia, misidentification).— Boeseman, 1974: 265 (list of nominal species of Hypoptopoma ).— Isbrücker, 1980: 88 (list of loricariid species).— Böhlke, 1984: 122 (catalog of type specimens at ANSP).— Ortega and Vari, 1986: 17 (list of fishes of Peru; Carachama).—

TABLE 16 Morphometric and Meristic Data for Hypoptopoma gulare Holotype: ANSP 21477 . Nontypes: INHS 101387 ; MUSM 4183 ; NRM 57231; SIUC 26798 .

Eschmeyer and Ferraris, 1998: 691 (catalog of fishes).— Bistoni et al., 1992: 108 ( Argentina: occurrence in Río Dulce, Córdoba; misidentification).— Isbrücker, 2002: 28 (list of loricariid species).—Schaefer, 2003: 323 (list of hypoptopomatine species).—Bogotá-Gregory and Maldonado-Ocampo, 2006: 76 (list of fishes of the Amazon basin in Colombia).— Ferraris, 2007: 250 (list of catfish species).

Otocinclus joberti Vaillant, 1880: 147 (original description; Calderon, upper Amazon, Brazil).

Hypoptopoma joberti Regan, 1904: 265 (placed Otocinclus joberti in genus Hypoptopoma ; key).— Miranda Ribeiro, 1911: 99–101, fig. 59 (list of fishes of Brazil; key to Hypoptopoma species ).— Miranda Ribeiro, 1912: 8 ( Brazil: occurrence in Manaus; redescription).— Pearson, 1924: 24, pl. VIII, fig. 1 ( Bolivia: occurrence in Rio Beni; pl. VIII, fig. 1).— Pearson, 1937: 112 (list of fishes of Bolivia).— Fowler, 1915: 237 (assigned to subgenus Diapeltoplites ).— Fowler, 1940: 97 (fishes of Bolivia).— Fowler, 1945: 100 (list of freshwater fishes of Peru).— Eigenmann and Allen, 1942: 200 ( Peru: occurrence in mouth of Río Pacaya, Lago Cashiboya).— Terrazas Urquidi, 1970: 23 (list of fishes in Río Beni).— Boeseman, 1974: 265 (list of nominal species of Hypoptopoma ).—Schaefer, 2003: 323 (list of hypoptopomatine species).— Ferraris, 2007: 250 (list of catfish species).

Hypoptopoma (Diapeltoplites) gulare .— Fowler 1915: 237 (type of subgenus Diapeltoplites ).

HOLOTYPE: ANSP 21477 , 81.9 mm SL, ³, Peru: Loreto, Peruvian Amazonia, Río Marañón ; collected by J. Orton, 1877.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU, Amazonas: LACM 36333-3 (1 ♀ + 1 ³, 55.1–63.1 mm SL) Quebrada Caterpiza. Loreto: CAS 77138 (1 ♀, 76.7 mm SL) Ucayali, Lago Cashiboya, a cutoff lake of Río Ucayali above Contamana ; CAS 77139 (1 ♀, 56.2 mm SL) Río Pacaya, at the mouth, Bretaña ; FMNH 92883 (1 ♀, 78.3 mm SL) Yanamono creek and the small tributary behind Travelrama lodge ; FMNH 92884 (1 ♀, 66.1 mm SL) swampy area in the interior of small island in the Río Amazonas ; FMNH 108759 (19 ♀ + 10 ³, 58.9–80.9 mm SL) Río Marañón dr., Caño Abico, tributary to Río Samiría , ca. 6–7 km from mouth in Río Marañón ; FMNH 108760 (1 ♀, 33.6 mm SL) Río Marañón dr., Punto Caño ca. 7 km above mouth of Río Chambira in Río Marañón ; INHS 40008 (1 ♀, 70.4 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Orosa, Caño Zapatilla , ca. 10 min. upstream by boat from Río Orosa , 76.4 mi E Iquitos ; INHS 40216 (5 ³, 75.7–87.0 mm SL) Río Itaya dr., Quebrada Mazama, ca. 1 km upstream from confluence with Río Itaya , S of Belem ( Iquitos ) ; INHS 44124 (2 ♀, 52.2–58.5 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Napo and Quebrada Mazán , 33.3 km NE Iquitos ; INHS 52027 (1 ♀, 53.1 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Itaya, Moena caño near confluence with Ullpa caño and lower Ullpa caño, SE of Iquitos ; INHS 53742 (2 ♀ + 1 ³, 71.6–88.1 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Pampa Chica, 4.5 km W center of Iquitos ; INHS 53845 (2 ♀ + 2 ³, 76.7–105.0 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Napo, opposite Mazán , N channel Río Napo , N of Isla Milagro ; INHS 101387 (63 ♀ + 47 ³, 46.8–88.4 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Yamashi, Yamashi , 69.8 mi. E Iquitos ; INHS 101390 (2 ³, 68.5–81.0 mm SL) Río Amazonas dr., Río Orosa, mouth of Tonche Caño , Madre Selva II field station, 69.4 mi E Iquitos ; MHNG 2390.25 (1 ♀, 44.5 mm SL) Río Ucayali, San Antonio ; MUSM 2673 (12 ♀ + 2 ³, 63.9–79.8 mm SL) Maynas, Iquitos, Cocha Aguajal ; MUSM 7298 (1 ♀, 37.4 mm SL) Alto Amazonas, Río Pastaza, Lago Rimachi , Quebrada Chapuli ; MZUSP 15308 (1 ♀, 86.2 mm SL) Río Corrientes ; MZUSP 36206 (1 ³, 43.2 mm SL) Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36208 (1 ♀, 43.0 mm SL) Río Ucayali, Sgto. Lores ; SIUC 28113 (1 ♀, 39.0 mm SL) Río Napo, confluence with Río Mazán, ca. 2–3 km N town of Mazán ; SU 33272 (1 ³, 42.6 mm SL) Río Ampiyacu ; NRM 17988 (2 ♀, 31.5– 78.4 mm SL) Río Napo dr., Cayapoza , small laguna on left bank island ; NRM 47513 (3 ♀, 45.7–48.7 mm SL) Río Samiria dr., caño Atún ; NRM 57231 (13 ♀ + 4 ³, 2 cs, 59.6– 85.5 mm SL) Río Tahuayo dr., Caño Huayti ; SIUC 26798 (1 ♀ + 1 ³, 57.6–82.1 mm SL) Prov. Fernando Lores, Lago Aguajal, Lucero Pata (between Iquitos and Nauta) ; SIUC 29198 (2 ³, 85.1–88.8 mm SL) Prov. Maynas, Río Itaya, upriver of Belén , approx. 4.5 km ; SIUC 29363 (1 ♀, 51.5 mm SL) Río Napo, Mazán, 33.3 km from center of Iquitos ; SIUC 29422 (2 ♀, 60.1–71.9 mm SL) Itaya dr., Ushpa caño, ca. 100 yrs. uptream from confluence with caño Moena ; SIUC 29646 (1 ♀, 71.3 mm SL) Río Nanay, Pampachica beach, 4.5 km from Iquitos center ; SIUC 29664 (1 ³, 76.9 mm SL) Río Napo, backwater playa behind Isla Milagro, 1.03 km from Mazán ; SIUC 30062 (1 ♀, 60.2 mm SL) Prov. Maynas, Río Itaya and Quebrada Mazán , 11 km from Iquitos center ; SIUC 67364 (2 ♀, 40.3–59.4 mm SL) Río Napo, confluence with Río Mazán, ca. 2– 3 km N (town of) Mazán ; SU 34253 (1 ♀, 89.6 mm SL) Río Ampiyacu near Pebas. Ucayali: FMNH 42963 (2 ♀, 63.5–77.9 mm SL) Yarinacocha , Río Ucayali dr., Pucallpa. MHNG 2618.88 (2 ♀, 60.2–72.6 mm SL) Pucallpa , Tapistica Alejandria ; MHNG 2389–60 (1 ♀ + 1 ³, 74.1–76.5 mm SL) Pucallpa, Río Ucayali, Romainecocha ; MHNG 2389-62 (3 ♀, 56.6–72.9 mm SL) Pucallpa, Río Ucayali, Yarinacocha ; MHNG 2618.86 (1 ♀, 70.0 mm SL) Pucallpa, San Antonio , Río Ucayali ; MHNG 2618.87 (2 ♀, 68.8–76.0 mm SL) Pucallpa, Bagazán , Río Ucayali ; MUSM 1845 (10 ♀ + 2 ³, 57.28– 77.10 mm SL) Pucallpa, Coronel Portillo, Tapistica Alejandria ; MUSM 4183 (7 ♀ + 1 ³, 55.7–80.0 mm SL) Pucallpa, Coronel Portillo, Río Ucayali, Cocha Tacshitea ; MZUSP 36195 (21 ♀ + 3 ³, 55.2–77.4 mm SL) Pucallpa , Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36196 (2 ♀, 52.9–61.0 mm SL) Pucallpa , Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36199 (4 ♀ + 8 ³, 58.0– 76.9 mm SL) Pucallpa, Cocha Romaine , Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36200 (1 ³, 70.7 mm SL) Pucallpa, Laguna Yarinacocha ; MZUSP 36201 (1 ³, 69.4 mm SL) Laguna Yarinacocha, Río Ucayali, close to Pucallpa ; MZUSP 36202 (1 unsexed, 55.1 mm SL) Pucallpa , Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36207 (1 ♀, 42.03 mm SL) Laguna Yarinacocha , Río Ucayali ; MZUSP 36229 (2 ♀, 54.5–59.6 mm SL) Utuquinia , Río Ucayali ; USNM 284866 (10 ♀, 48.9–60.8 mm SL) Coronel Portillo, Yarinacocha , side caño . BRAZIL, Acre: MZUSP 50368 (1 ♀, 70.0 mm SL) Lago do Breu, Ponto 7, Rio Jurúa. Amazonas : INPA 2420 (17 ♀ + 9 ³, 62.2–85.6 mm SL) Paraná Jaraná , Río Japurá ; INPA 2489 (1 ♀, 78.8 mm SL) Lago do Reis ; MNHN A- 1966 (73.7 mm SL) (holotype of Otocinclus joberti Vaillant 1880 ) Calderon ; MZUSP 36209 (6 ♀ + 6 ³, 55.1–72.9 mm SL) Lago Supiá, in front of Codajás . COLOMBIA, Amazonas: NRM 16561 (1 ♀ + 2 ³, 77.9– 82.5 mm SL) Leticia, lagos de Leticia .

DIAGNOSIS: Hypoptopoma gulare is distinguished from all congeners, with the exception of H. machadoi , by the presence of a single paranasal plate separating the lateral process of the lateral ethmoid from the second infraorbital and the nasal organ (fig. 7B). In contrast, in all other species of Hypoptopoma , except H. steindachneri , the paranasal plates are absent and the lateral process of the lateral ethmoid contacts the second infraorbital (fig. 7A). In H. steindachneri , there are two or more paranasal plates. Hypoptopoma gulare is distinguished from H. machadoi by a slender caudal peduncle (caudal-peduncle depth 7.2–9.1 (8.3) vs. 9.0– 12.0 (10.3); t (16.298), p, 0.001); by fewer premaxillary (12–16 (14) vs. 16–25 (20); t (12,675), p, 0.001) and dentary teeth (10–14 (12) vs. 14–21 (17); t (12,068), p, 0.001); by lanceolate plates at the base of the caudal fin with dark spot, asymmetrically shaped and slightly more extended over lower-lobe branched rays, followed by two V-shaped bars pointing forward, with the anterior bar variably developed on the upper lobe but always connected at its angle with the basal spot (vs. the lanceolate plates at the base of the caudal fin with a light brown spot, symmetrically shaped and shortly extended over the branched rays, typically followed by three vertical bands variably defined, with the anterior band not continuous in the middle with the basal spot); by dorsal fin with dark brown, roughly triangular spot extended over base of anterior 3–4 branched rays, followed typically by 2–3 bars (vs. dorsal fin without triangular spot at base; dorsal fin typically with 4–7 bars).

DESCRIPTION: Morphometric and meristic data presented in table 16. Body robust; greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head and body straight from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin, slightly angled dorsally at posterior tip of supraoccipital; straight from dorsal-fin origin to anteriormost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile straight from tip of snout to anteriormost procurrent caudal-fin ray. Head moderately depressed, almost as wide as cleithral width; lateral process of lateral ethmoid visible dorsally. Snout rounded to slightly acute in dorsal view; slightly concave dorsally anterior to naris. Posterior surface of bony pit of nasal organ sharply inclined. Trunk cross section between pectoral- and pelvic-fin origins slightly triangular, ovoid to progressively rounded posterior to dorsal fin, progressively compressed posterior to adipose-fin base.

Eyes relatively large, positioned closer to posterior tip of compound pterotic than to tip of snout. Ventral margin of orbit located on ventral surface of head. Dorsal interorbital distance/ventral interorbital distance ratio changing from,1 to.1 during ontogeny.

Total plates in medial series 22–23 (22). Dorsal series plates 19–20 (19); middorsal series plates 4; midventral series plates 12–13 (13), three plates anterior to first ventral series plate; ventral series plates 19–20 (19). Second plate of midventral series contacting two plates of medial series.

Abdomen covered by paired series of lateral sickle-shaped plates, with unequal number of plates between left and right sides, 4–8 each; anterior azygous plate usually present; medial abdominal plates, if present (22 % of 132 individuals examined), not forming well-defined series. Single anal plate present. Thoracic plates present, 2–6. Preopercular canal present and semicircular; anteriormost pore opening between ventral canal-bearing plate and fourth infraorbital; posterolateral margin of canal-bearing plate and lateral margin of fourth infraorbital smooth, framed by notch at posterolateral margin of canal-bearing plate and ventral margin of fourth infraorbital.

Small odontodes evenly distributed on head. Odontodes along snout margin not arranged in well-defined series, without odontode-free discontinuity between ventrad and dorsad odontodes. Odontodes on dorsal snout margin small, slightly larger than those on dorsal surface of head. Lamina of trunk plates with odontodes arranged in longitudinal rows, becoming progressively smoother ontogenetically; marginal odontodes present in mature adults.

Total vertebrae 26. Premaxillary teeth 12– 16 (10); dentary teeth 10–14 (10). Maxillary barbels short, reaching slightly beyond anterior margin of canal-bearing plate in adults.

Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. De- pressed dorsal fin reaching to vertical through midpoint of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin reaching to vertical through midpoint between pelvic-fin tip and anal-fin origin. Pectoral spine serrae present, oriented orthogonal to spine shaft. Extension of serrae along pectoral spine margin reduced ontogenetically from proximal two-thirds in smaller specimens to middle third in larger specimens. Pelvic fin short, unbranched and first branched rays of equal length. Depressed fin reaching anus, not reaching anal-fin origin. Caudal-fin margin concave to forked; upper and lower lobes equal. Adipose fin present.

COLOR IN ALCOHOL: Ground color tan and pale ochre. Melanophores light to dark brown on trunk and particularly clustered at base of plates, resulting in mottled appearance; melanophores on head more uniformly distributed; melanophores slightly more concentrated along narrow area among compound pterotic, cleithral process, and opercle, at base of dorsal and pectoral fins, and on anterior surface of lip. Deep-lying melanophores arranged in series of blotches posterior of dorsal-fin base. Midlateral stripe situated mostly along medial series of trunk plates. Ventral surface of body mostly unpigmented except for scattered melanophores on posterior portion of trunk, anterolateral margin of cleithra and posterior tip of cleithral processes, ventral canal-bearing plates, and lateral portions of lateral abdominal series. Paired dorsal and anal fins with dark brown bars, roughly orthogonal to rays. Dorsal fin with dark brown, roughly triangular spot extended over base of anterior 3–4 branched rays. Series of lanceolate plates at base of caudal fin darkened by black melanophores. Basal triangular dark spot over caudal-fin lower lobe determined by lower-lobe arm of most anterior V-shaped bar variably merging with spot at lanceolate plates. Upper-lobe arm of same bar light brown to absent, clearly separated from spot at lanceolate plates. One or two following, nearly complete V-shaped bars pointing forward and 1–3 incomplete bars along posterior half of upper and lower lobes; tip of branched rays usually light (fig. 17D).

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM: Males with urogenital papilla well developed, pointed; joined at base to anterior flaplike anus. Males with patch of tightly arranged small odontodes oriented as a swirl, variably covering from first to fourth plates of ventral series, lateral to urogenital papilla and narrow band along posterior border of anal plate. Female anus tubular, without separate urogenital papilla. In females, size and arrangement of odontodes on plates lateral to anus similar to adjacent plates, without distinct patch of differentially arranged odontodes.

DISTRIBUTION: Upper Amazon River in Brazil; lower and upper Río Ucayali (fig. 39).

TAXONOMIC REMARKS: Cope (1878) described Hypoptopoma gulare based on a single specimen collected in 1877 near Pebas by Orton. Cope compared the new species with H. bilobatum Cope (1870) and distinguished H. gulare by having a more robust body, a lower number of lateral plates, presence of thoracic plates, and the absence of a medial series of abdominal plates. Vaillant (1880) described the new species Otocinclus joberti based on the examination of a single specimen collected by Jobert in Calderón (Rio Amazonas, Manaus region). The genus Otocinclus had been established by Cope (1871) (for a historical review, see Schaefer, 1997). Vaillant failed to recognize the similarity between his specimen and previously described Hypoptopoma species ( H. thoracatum in 1868, H. bilobatum in 1870, and H. gulare in 1878). Berg (1898) properly reassigned Vaillant’s species to the genus Hypoptopoma . Gosline (1945) proposed H. joberti as a junior synonym of H. gulare , an opinion shared by Fowler (1954); however, neither of these authors provided argumentation for that nomenclatural act. Our examination of the type specimens and additional comparative material confirm the synonymy of H. joberti and H. gulare .

Figures

Fig. 43. Hypoptopoma gulare, holotype, ANSP 21477, 81.9 mm SL, male, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.