Parmotrema

Masson, Didier, Magain, Nicolas & Sérusiaux, Emmanuël, 2024, Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean, Phytotaxa 657 (1), pp. 1-138 : 118-121

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.657.1.1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750447

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA864E-FFED-2F12-FF1A-FAA8FA9EF891

treatment provided by

Felipe

scientific name

Parmotrema
status

 

Identification key to the Parmotrema View in CoL View at ENA species of Réunion Island

1. Medulla P− or P+ faint yellow ......................................................................................................................................................... 2

- Medulla P+ orange ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18

2. Medulla K−, C−, KC− ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

- At least one of these 3 tests positive ................................................................................................................................................. 5

3. Without vegetative propagules .......................................................................................................................... [ P. appendiculatum ] (lobe margins and apothecia with corniculate laciniae, apothecial disc imperforate, medulla pigmented yellow near apothecia and containing barbatic acid and secalonic acid A; very rare species not recovered on Réunion since the 19 th century)

- With vegetative propagules .............................................................................................................................................................. 4

4. Thallus sorediate, lobes without cilia ................................................................................................................... P. praesorediosum View in CoL (upper surface emaculate, soralia linear marginal when young, becoming labriform and crescent-shaped [ Fig. 34D View FIGURE 34 ], medulla with fatty acids other than protolichesterinic acid; uncommon species on Réunion, at low elevations)

- Thallus isidiate and/or laciniate, cilia numerous ............................................................................................................. P. intonsum (shaggy appearance [ Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ], upper surface ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, esorediate, medulla with protolichesterinic acid as major substance; rather common in Reunionese cloud forests)

5. Medulla K+ yellow, C−, KC− (atranorin, fatty acids) .......................................................................................... P. praesorediosum View in CoL (chemotype with atranorin, in addition to fatty acids, in the medulla)

- Other medullary reactions ................................................................................................................................................................ 6

6. Medulla K+ slowly pinkish brick red, C−, KC+ fleeting violet then brick red (lividic acid chemosyndrome) ......... P. reunionicum (lobe margins with conspicuous cilia, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia mainly marginal and forming ± rounded clusters with age [ Fig. 36C View FIGURE 36 ]; rare species, only known from a single locality)

- Medulla K−, C+ and/or KC+ pink, red, orange, or purple (lividic acid chemosyndrome absent) ................................................... 7

7. Medulla C+ and KC+ pink, red or orange ........................................................................................................................................ 8

- Medulla C−, KC+ purple, pinkish or orange .................................................................................................................................. 12

8. Medulla C+ and KC+ orange .............................................................................................................................. P. aurantioreagens (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly effigurate white-maculate, soralia marginal at the tip of short laciniae [ Fig. 7D View FIGURE 7 ], medulla with barbatic and 4- O -demethylbarbatic acids as major substances; rare species, only known from a single locality)

- Medulla C+ and KC+ pink or red ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

9. Thallus sorediate ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

- Thallus isidiate ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11

10. Lobes with marginal cilia ................................................................................................................................................... P. cooperi View in CoL (upper surface faintly effigurate white-maculate, soralia marginal at first, then submarginal on revolute lobe apices [ Fig. 13D View FIGURE 13 ], medulla with lecanoric acid; in leeward Acacia View in CoL montane forests on Réunion)

- Lobes without cilia ................................................................................................................................................... P. austrosinense View in CoL (upper surface emaculate or faintly effigurate white-maculate, soralia linear and marginal [ Fig. 8D View FIGURE 8 ], medulla with lecanoric acid; uncommon species on Réunion)

11. Lower surface at main lobe tips with a brown erhizinate marginal zone 1–3 mm wide, lobes 2–9 mm wide, medulla with evernic acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... P. meiospermum (lobe margins eciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly punctiform white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, eciliate and coralloid-branched, medulla with evernic and lecanoric acids; rare species)

- Lower surface at main lobe tips with a brown erhizinate marginal zone 4–15 mm wide, lobes 5–20 mm wide, medulla without evernic acid ..................................................................................................................................................................... P. tinctorum View in CoL (lobe margins eciliate, upper surface emaculate to faintly white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, eciliate, simple to coralloid-branched, medulla with lecanoric acid; common species on Réunion, from sea level to the upper limit of cloud forests)

12. Thallus without vegetative propagules ........................................................................................................................................... 13

- Thallus with isidia or soralia .......................................................................................................................................................... 14

13. Pycnidia conspicuous, marginal, verruciform ( Fig. 43B View FIGURE 43 ); thalline exciple smooth to rugose .................................... [ P. thomsonii View in CoL ] (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface distinctly white-maculate, apothecial disc perforate, medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids; very rare species not recovered on Réunion since the 19 th century)

- Pycnidia inconspicuous, immersed; thalline exciple with abundant and well-developed isidioid protuberances ( Fig. 26C View FIGURE 26 ) ............ .............................................................................................................................................................................................. P. mirum (lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface emaculate, apothecial disc perforate or imperforate, medulla with alectoronic acid (constant) with or without α-collatolic acid; uncommon species on Réunion)

14. Thallus sorediate, without isidia ...................................................................................................................... P. cf. negrosorientale View in CoL (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, soralia generally terminal at the tip of laciniae [ Fig. 27D View FIGURE 27 ], never laminal, medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids as major substances; uncommon species on Réunion)

- Thallus isidiate, with or without soredia ........................................................................................................................................ 15

15. Medulla with norlobaridone .............................................................................................................................................. P. mezierii (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, isidia coralloid, often ciliate [ Fig. 25C & 25D View FIGURE 25 ], medulla with norlobaridone and protolichesterinic acid as major substances; uncommon species on Réunion)

- Medulla without norlobaridone ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

16. Apothecia present, usually numerous; thalline exciple with abundant and well-developed isidioid protuberances .......... P. mirum (morphotype with laminal isidia [ Fig. 26D View FIGURE 26 ])

- Apothecia absent ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17

17. Isidia only present, upper cortex not fragile, medulla without α-collatolic acid ........................................................... P. crossotum (lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal, often ciliate [ Fig. 17C & 17D View FIGURE 17 ], medulla with alectoronic acid; uncommon species on Réunion, in montane rainforests)

- Isidia and soredia present, upper cortex fragile, medulla with α-collatolic acid .............................................................. P. mellissii View in CoL (lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal, often ciliate, soon becoming sorediate [ Fig. 24D View FIGURE 24 ], medulla with alectoronic and α-collatolic acids; rare species on Réunion, in cloud forests)

18. Thallus without vegetative propagules ........................................................................................................................................... 19

- Thallus with vegetative propagules ................................................................................................................................................ 21

19. Medulla K+ yellow then dark red, lower surface often with rhizines to the margins, mean ascospore length <16 µm .................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................... P. cetratum View in CoL (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface reticulate white-maculate, apothecial disc perforate, medulla with salazinic and consalazinic acids; very rare species on Réunion)

- Medulla K−, lower surface with a broad erhizinate marginal zone, mean ascospore length> 16 µm .......................................... 20

20. Lobes ciliate, medulla UV+ blue-white, KC+ fleeting purple pink, then pink-orange, mean ascospore length> 22 µm .................. .......................................................................................................................................................................................... P. nemorum (upper surface emaculate, rarely faintly white-maculate, medulla white, sometimes tinged with a reddish purple pigment, apothecial disc imperforate, amphithecium and stipe with ± prominent veins and coarse isidioid protuberances [ Fig. 28C View FIGURE 28 ], medulla with alectoronic, protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; uncommon in secondary lowland rainforests)

- Lobes eciliate, medulla UV−, KC+ pink, mean ascospore length <20 µm .................................................................. P. odontatum (upper surface faintly to clearly effigurate white-maculate, medulla white throughout, apothecial disc imperforate, amphithecium smooth [ Fig. 31D View FIGURE 31 ], medulla with protocetraric acid; uncommon at low elevations)

21. Thallus with isidia, without soredia ................................................................................................................................................ 22

- Thallus with soralia, with or without isidia .................................................................................................................................... 29

22. Medulla K+ yellow persistent, KC− (with stictic acid) .................................................................................................................. 23

- Other medullary reactions (stictic acid absent) .............................................................................................................................. 25

23. With conspicuous laciniae (up to 10 mm long), branched and easily shed ............................................................... P. nephophilum (lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, marginal and submarginal isidia that mostly develop early into phyllidia and branched laciniae [ Fig. 29E View FIGURE 29 ]; fairly common species on Réunion, in montane and submontane rainforests)

- Without or with occasional short (up to 1.5 mm long) laciniae ..................................................................................................... 24

24. Average thickness of the cupular proper exciple <50 µm ( Fig. 30C View FIGURE 30 ) ............................................................................. P. crinitum View in CoL (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface faintly to clearly white-maculate, isidia marginal and laminal, granular to coralloid, often ciliate [ Fig. 14E View FIGURE 14 ]; common species on Réunion, from submontane to subalpine belts)

- Average thickness of the cupular proper exciple> 55 µm .............................................................................................. P. occultum (phenotypically similar to P. crinitum View in CoL , but differs by the greater thickness of the cupular proper exciple [ Fig. 30C View FIGURE 30 ] and the ITS sequence; rare species on Réunion, in cloud forests)

25. Medulla K+ yellow then red (with salazinic acid) .................................................................................................... P. subisidiosum (lobe margins ciliate but cilia sometimes rare, upper surface conspicuously reticulate white-maculate [ Fig. 40D View FIGURE 40 ], isidia mainly marginal and submarginal, coralloid; uncommon species on Réunion, in submontane and montane rainforests)

- Other medullary reactions (salazinic acid absent) .......................................................................................................................... 26

26. Medulla UV+ blue-white, KC+ fleeting purple pink, then pink-orange (with alectoronic acid) .................................... P. nemorum (morphotype with some laminal or submarginal isidia [ Fig. 28D View FIGURE 28 ])

- Medulla UV–, KC– or KC+ pinkish (alectoronic acid absent) ...................................................................................................... 27

27. Medulla K−, KC+ pinkish (with protocetraric acid) ............................................................................................... P. subcorallinum (lobe margins ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly white-maculate, isidia mainly marginal and submarginal, coralloid or arbuscular, very often ciliate [ Fig. 38D View FIGURE 38 ], medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids; uncommon in the windward part of Réunion, in the submontane belt)

- Medulla K+ slowly orange brown, KC− (with succinprotocetraric acid) ...................................................................................... 28

28. Thallus moderately adnate, lobes 2–13 mm wide ................................................................................................... P. mascarenense (lobe margins eciliate or irregularly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, simple to coralloid, occasionally ciliate [ Fig. 22C View FIGURE 22 ], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; fairly common on Réunion)

- Thallus adnate to tightly adnate, lobes 1–4 mm wide ....................................................................................................... P. orarium (looks more like a Canoparmelia View in CoL s. lat. than a Parmotrema View in CoL [ Fig. 32D View FIGURE 32 ], lobe margins eciliate to weakly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, simple or ± branched, rarely ciliate, usually quickly sorediate [ Fig. 32E View FIGURE 32 ], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; in the southeastern part of Réunion, near the coast)

29. Medulla K+ yellow persistent, KC− (with stictic acid) ............................................................................................. P. nephophilum (sorediate morphotype, Fig. 29F View FIGURE 29 )

- Other medullary reactions (stictic acid absent) .............................................................................................................................. 30

30. Medulla K+ yellow then red (with salazinic acid) ......................................................................................................................... 31

- Other medullary reactions (salazinic acid absent) .......................................................................................................................... 33

31. Upper surface emaculate, rarely faintly punctiform maculate; lower surface with a broad erhizinate marginal zone ....................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................... P. cristiferum View in CoL (lobe margins eciliate to clearly ciliate, soralia mainly marginal, linear to labriform [ Fig. 16D View FIGURE 16 ]; uncommon in the windward part of Réunion, at low elevation)

- Upper surface reticulate maculate; lower surface often with rhizines and papillae to the margins ............................................... 32

32. Marginal zone of the lower surface of sorediate lobes dark brown or black ....................................................... P. reticulatum View in CoL aggr. (lobe margins ciliate, soralia mainly capitate at the tips of laciniae or submarginal ± linear at the apex of revolute lobes [ Fig. 35F View FIGURE 35 ]; common and widespread on Réunion)

- Marginal zone of the lower surface of sorediate lobes often white or white mottled .......................................... P. cf. clavuliferum View in CoL (lobe margins ciliate, soralia mainly capitate at the tips of laciniae [ Fig. 12D View FIGURE 12 ]; uncommon species on Réunion)

33. Medulla K+ slowly orange brown, KC− (with succinprotocetraric acid) ...................................................................................... 34

- Medulla K− or K± yellowish, KC+ pinkish (with protocetraric acid) ........................................................................................... 35

34. Thallus adnate to tightly adnate, lobes 1–4 mm wide, isidia present (at least in the early stages of development) ........ P. orarium (looks more like a Canoparmelia View in CoL s. lat. than a Parmotrema View in CoL [ Fig. 32D View FIGURE 32 ], lobe margins eciliate to weakly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, isidia marginal to laminal, soralia marginal to laminal [ Fig. 32F View FIGURE 32 ], often originating from rapid decay of young isidia, more rarely from pustules, occasionally orbicular or subcapitate, medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; in the southeastern part of Réunion, near the coast)

- Thallus moderately adnate, lobes 3–8 mm wide, isidia totally absent ............................................................. P. paramascarenense (lobe margins eciliate to irregularly ciliate, upper surface effigurate white-maculate, soralia terminal at the apex of tiny laciniae when young, then labriform or subcapitate, finally spreading submarginally on revolute lobes [ Fig. 33D View FIGURE 33 ], medulla with succinprotocetraric and fumarprotocetraric acids; rare species on Réunion)

35. Medulla with echinocarpic acid ...................................................................................................................................... P. dilatatum View in CoL (lobe margins eciliate or very sparsely ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia marginal, linear to labriform when young, then subcapitate and ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures [ Fig. 19D View FIGURE 19 ], medulla with protocetraric and echinocarpic acids as major substances; very rare species on Réunion)

- Medulla without echinocarpic acid ................................................................................................................................................ 36

36. Medulla without protolichesterinic acid ......................................................................................................................................... 37

- Medulla with protolichesterinic acid .............................................................................................................................................. 38

37. Medulla UV+, with alectoronic acid ......................................................................................................................... P. cf. deflectens (lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, upper cortex fragile, flaking, soralia mainly marginal, linear to labriform [ Fig. 18C View FIGURE 18 ], medulla with protocetraric and alectoronic acids as major substances; very rare species on Réunion)

- Medulla UV−, alectoronic acid absent ............................................................................................................................ P. robustum View in CoL (lobe margins eciliate to ± irregularly ciliate, upper surface emaculate to punctiform white-maculate, soralia marginal at the apex of laciniae when young, then labriform or subcapitate and ± coalescing [ Fig. 37D View FIGURE 37 ], medulla with protocetraric acid as major substance; common species on Réunion, mainly in montane rainforests)

38. Medulla UV+, with alectoronic acid ........................................................................................................................ P. subdeflectens (lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, soralia either terminal labriform or subcapitate on very short laciniae [ Fig. 39C View FIGURE 39 ], or marginal and ± labriform [ Fig. 39D View FIGURE 39 ], medulla with protocetraric, alectoronic and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; rare species on Réunion, in leeward submontane forests)

- Medulla UV−, without alectoronic acid ......................................................................................................................................... 39

39. Soralia submarginal, often pustulate ( Fig. 42C View FIGURE 42 ), never marginal linear; upper cortex fragile, here and there flaking ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 ); soredia granulose (mean diameter> 50 µm) ............................................................................................................... P. udisilvestre (species of the P. subarnoldii View in CoL group, lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; uncommon in the windward part of Réunion, in the submontane belt)

- Soralia marginal, linear discontinuous, then ± labriform ( Fig. 9D View FIGURE 9 & 20D View FIGURE 20 ), or subcapitate at the tip of very short laciniae ( Fig. 20C View FIGURE 20 ), never pustulate; upper cortex not fragile; soredia subgranulose (mean diameter <45 µm) .......................................................... 40

40. Marginal cilia short (mean length <3.5 mm) .................................................................................................... P. brachyblepharum

- Marginal cilia long (mean length> 3.5 mm) ............................................................................................................... P. eleonomum (two species of the P. subarnoldii View in CoL group, lobe margins conspicuously ciliate, upper surface emaculate or faintly punctiform white-maculate, medulla with protocetraric and protolichesterinic acids as major substances; rare species on Réunion)

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