Phanocloidea turgida ( Westwood, 1859 ) Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 266-270

Phanocloidea turgida ( Westwood, 1859) comb. n.

( Figs. 70D–E , 72F–G , 73F , 74D–G , 76A–C , 87 F-G, 91H, 96C, 100O)

Bacteria turgida Westwood, 1859: 28 , pl. 8: 4 (♂), 9 (♀).

Bostra turgida, Stål, 1875: 6 .

Kirby, 1904: 350.

Redtenbacher, 1908: 408.

Zompro, 2001: 200, figs. 8–9 (terminalia), 78–79 (egg). [Lectotype designation] Otte & Brock, 2005: 73.

Brock, Marshall, Beccaloni & Harman, 2016: 200.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 511.

Bostranova turgida, Villet, 2023: 150 .

Further material examined [12 ♀♀, 10 ♂♂, 2 eggs]:

VENEZUELA: 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Merida, Venez., Staudinger; det. Redtenb. Bostra turgida [ NHMW, No. 791]; 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Merida, Venez., Staudinger; det. Redtenb. Bostra turgida ; 18260 [ NHMW, No. 791]; 1 ♀: Patria?, 85; Coll. Br. v. W. Patria?; det. Redtenb. Bostra turgida ; Bostra turgida Westw. ; 12.300 [ NHMW, No. 791]; 1 ♂: Museum Paris, Venezuela, Env. de Caracas, R. Chayer 1927 [ MNHN]; 1 ♂: Valle, Venezuela, 2165 metres; Valle 2165 m, Venezuela, E. Heyne vend. 23.V.1900; PHA 255, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH]; 1 ♀: Tal Rio Albaragos, 2610 m —17/7/70, N. Am.; PHA 85, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH]; 1 ♀: Venezuela, E. Th. Lind ded. 24.IX.1896; 66; PHA 105, Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH]; 1 ♂: El Valle, Venez, CH Ballou, V–24–41; CH Ballou, No. 1618; Lot No 41–13971; Bostra sp. , probably [ USNM]; 1 ♀: N-Venezuela: Est. Miranda, Los Sailas, 1600 m [ OC, No. 0160–1]; 2 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂, 2 eggs: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr.: Venezuela, 1993; Herkunft: NW-Venezuela, Province Yaracuy, nr. Bejuma, via H. Kahlenberg 1993 [ FH, No’s 0341–1, 3, 4, 6 to 8 & E]; 1 ♀: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr.: Venezuela, I. 1999; Herkunft: NW-Venezuela, Province Yaracuy, nr. Bejuma, via. H. Kahlenberg 1993 [ FH, No. 0341–9]; 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂ (nymphs n5): ex Zucht U. Ziegler (Berlin) 1993, Herkunft: Venezuela [ FH, No’s 0341–10 to 12]; 1 ♀, 1 ♂: ex Zucht: F. Hennemann, urspr.: Venezuela, 1993; Herkunft: NW-Venezuela, Province Yaracuy, nr. Bejuma, via H. Kahlenberg 1993; ex coll. FH, No’s 0341–2 & 5 [ OC, No’s 0160–2 & 3]; 1 ♀: Venezuela, Caracas, Parque Cerro Verde, X.2002 [ FH, No. 0131–13].

Diagnosis. Similar to P. venezuelica sp. n. but differing by: the slightly smaller dimensions; shorter median segment which is shorter than the metanotum (longer than the metanotum in venezuelica ); presence of small apical spines on the medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora and shorter, more globose head of both sexes. Females ( Fig. 70D ) furthermore differ by the presence of cephalic tubercles or horns in the anterior portion of the vertex ( Figs. 72F–G ; unarmed in venezuelica ), spinose meso- and metasternum ( Fig. 87F ); smaller lobes of the praeopercular organ ( Fig. 91H ) and relatively longer subgenital plate ( Figs. 74D–G ; in venezuelica at best extending beyond apex of abdomen by length of anal segment). Males ( Fig. 70E ) may also be distinguished from those of venezuelica by the different colouration, narrower and rounded instead of triangular lateral lobes of abdominal tergum IX ( Fig. 76A ), less elongate and relatively broader and apically bi-spinose vomer ( Fig. 96C ) and presence of two conical humps on the posterior margin of the poculum ( Figs. 76A , 96C ). The eggs ( Fig. 100N ) differ from those of venezuelica by the much smaller size and conspicuous fimbriate appendages of the capsule. Females also strongly resemble those of P. submutica ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. in most morphological aspects but may be separated by the more globose head, which has the cephalad horns much more pronounced, slightly longer median segment (only 0.75x length of metanotum in submutica ), more distinct and numerous spines of the meso- and metapleurae and sterna, less emarginate posterior margin of the anal segment, and having the praeopercular organ formed by two longitudinal ridges near posterior margin of abdominal sternum VII (one transverse ridge in submutica ).

Description. Since the original type specimens of Westwood’s turgida are very incomplete re-descriptions of both sexes appear desirable at this place and are presented below.

♀♀ ( Fig. 70D ): Medium-sized (body length including subgenital plate 113.0–155.0 mm), fairly stocky for the genus with a median segment that is slightly shorter than the metanotum, tubercular to spinose meso- and metapleurae and meso- and metasternum, and a subgenital plate that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by more than the length of anal segment. Body surface mostly smooth. Colour variable and ranging from green over straw, ochre and various shades of brown to dark blackish brown; thoracic armature ochre with dark red points. Base of profemora pale red interiorly. Antennae drab with the scapus and pedicellus coloured like head and the ventral surface distinctly black basally.

Head ( Figs. 72F–G ): Globose, about 1.2x longer than wide, widest at the eyes and distinctly narrowing towards the posterior. Vertex fairly flattened with a slightly impressed coronal line and behind the eyes armed with a pair of obtusely conical humps or anteriad directed spines; the posterior portion occasionally supplied with a few minute granules. Frons with a very distinct, oval transverse impression between bases of antennae and area in frotn of the cephalic horns transversely impressed. Eyes fairly prominent, circular in outline and projecting almost hemispherical, their diameter contained 2x in length of genae. Antennae roughly reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment III. Scapus strongly compressed dorsoventrally and carinate laterally, rectangular in dorsal aspect and about 1.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus round in cross-section, weakly narrowing towards the apex and about three-fifth the length of scapus. III notably longer than pedicellus.

Thorax: Pronotum slightly longer but notably narrower than head, basically rectangular with the anterior margin concave and slightly widened, the posterior portion narrowing and the posterior margin rounded; a slight constriction pre-medially ( Figs. 72 F-G). An impression near each anterolateral angle and the transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed, gently curved and almost expanding over entire width of segment; median line slightly impressed. Mesothorax very weakly narrowed anterior and with the posterior margin somewhat widened, otherwise uniform in diameter and 6.6x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a weak medio-longitudinal carina, which is most pronounced in anterior portion; the anterior portion also granulose but rest of surface smooth and only a fine longitudinal lateral carina present that is roughly parallel to lateral margins. Metanotum smooth with a weakly indicated medio-longitudinal carina, slightly more than one-third the length of mesonotum, rectangular and 2.5x longer than wide. Meso- and metapleurae set with a variable number of spiniform tubercles to spines that are arranged in a longitudinal row, and with a longitudinal row of granules close to lower margin ( Figs. 72F–G , 87F ). Meso- and metasternum unevenly set with spiniform tubercles or spines ( Fig. 87F ), which are less numerous on metasternum.

Abdomen: Median segment about 0.8x the length of metanotum, 2.2x longer than wide and with lateral margins gently concave. Segment II slightly shorter than median segment, II–V slightly gradually increasing and VI–VII decreasing in length with V longest and about 2.2x longer than wide and II shortest and only 1.6x longer than wide: II–IV weakly increasing in width and VI–VI narrowing with VII notably narrower than all preceding. Terga II–VII with a fine and granulose longitudinal median carina and the terminal terga sparsely supplied with some minute, irregularly dispersed granules. Sterna all with a fairly acute and lamellate lateral carina and also supplied with a few minute granules. Praeopercular organ formed by two short raised ridges near posterior margin of sternum VII ( Fig. 91H ). Tergum VIII a little less than half the length of VII, trapezoidal with posterior margin somewhat wider than anterior margin. IX shorter and weakly narrowing towards the posterior, about as wide as long. Anal segment narrower than two preceding terga, scarcely longer than wide and almost rectangular in dorsal aspect; dorsal surface with a fine medio-longitudinal carina and posterior margin weakly emarginated with the outer lateral angles somewhat deflexed and obtusely angular. Epiproct minute and almost fully concealed by anal segment. Cerci small, conical and round in cross-section. Gonapophyses VIII elongate, slender, gently upcurved at the apex and projecting beyond tip of abdomen by no more than length of anal segment ( Figs. 74D–E ). Subgenital plate narrowly naviculate, almost parallel-sided in dorsal aspect ( Fig. 74E ) with the apex rounded and with two prominent, lamellate longitudinal carinae in basal portion; length very variable and projecting beyond apex of abdomen by at least the length of anal segment and at most by the combined length of terminal three terga ( Figs. 74D–G ).

Legs: Moderately long and slender, profemora shorter than mesothorax, mesofemora about as long as metathorax, metafemora reaching about two-thirds the way along abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to abdominal segment VII. Meso- and metafemora with 3–5 blunt apical spines on medio-ventral carina and occasionally with a rounded deflexion or obtuse tooth one-quarter off the base on the two outer ventral carinae; otherwise unarmed. Basitarsi slender with dorsal carina uniform in height and slightly longer than following three tarsomeres combined.

♂♂ ( Fig. 70E ): Of moderate size (body length 76.2–95.0 mm) and averagely stocky for the genus, apterous, with a multi-coloroured thorax, median segment that is slightly shorter than the metanotum, and a vomer with two terminal hooks. Body surface entirely smooth. General colour of the reddish ochre, the abdomen greyish. Head and pronotum drab. Meso- and metanotum orange with the lateral portion green and the lateral margins black. Front legs ochre, meso- and metafemora pale green with the apical portion chestnut brown, the meso- and metatibiae ochre with two faint green annulae. Interior surface of profemora pale to bright red. Eyes reddish mid brown. Antennae dark brown and gradually becoming lighter towards the apex, the ventral surface with a slight reddish wash; scapus and pedicellus drab. The captive reared specimens in the authors collections differ in colouration from most of the other specimens examined by the following points: Mesonotum with a broad longitudinal green band on lateral surfaces leaving just a fine reddish dorso-median line; meso- and metapleurae green except for brown posterior portion which is brown; meso- and metasternum reddish; median segment green in anterior half; base of meso- and metafemora green.

Head ( Fig. 73F ): Globose, about 1.2x longer than wide, broadest at the eyes and distinctly narrowing towards the posterior. Vertex very gently rounded, with a pair of distant conical tubercles just behind the eyes and a pair of much smaller tubercles medially; the posterior portion supplied with a few minute granules. Frons with a very distinct, oval transverse impression between bases of antennae. Eyes prominent, projecting more than hemispherical and their diameter contained only 1.2x in length of genae. Antennae reaching about half way along abdominal tergum V; otherwise generally as in ♀♀.

Thorax: Pronotum basically as in ♀♀. A pit near each anterolateral angle and the transverse median sulcus moderate, straight and expanding almost over entire width of segment ( Fig. 73F ); median line distinct and slightly impressed. Mesothorax uniform in diameter and 7.2x longer than pronotum; medio-longitudinal line of mesonotum very weakly indicated. Metanotum 0.4x length of mesonotum and about 6x longer than wide. Meso- and metasternum with an indistinct medio-longitudinal carina ( Fig. 87G ).

Abdomen: Median segment a little less than two-thirds the length of metanotum and about 5x longer than wide. II slightly shorter than median segment and very slightly longer than II–V; the latter segment roughly uniform in length. VI–VII somewhat decreasing in length. II–VII uniform in width. II almost 4.8x and VII a little more than 4x longer than wide. Tergum VIII trapezoidal and notably widened towards the posterior; slightly more than half the length of VII. IX widest segment, somewhat longer than VIII and more than 2x width of II–VII; lateral surfaces with a longitudinal furrow in posterior half, the lateral margins weakly deflexed and somewhat angular in outline sub-posteriorly. Anal segment notably shorter than IX, the basal half slightly widening, the lateral margins rounded in dorsal aspect and the posterior margin somewhat labiate and broadly bilobate with a shallow triangular median indention ( Fig. 76B ); ventral surface of posterior margin with a few dark red denticles at the outer corners ( Fig. 76C ). Epiproct very small, rounded and slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment. Vomer broad, weakly narrowing and with a broad apex that is protruded into two equally sized upcurved terminal hooks; ventral surface impressed basally ( Fig. 96C ). Cerci small, oval in cross-section and gently arched towards the posterior. Poculum moderately bulgy and obtusely conical in centre, the ventral surface distinct labiate, downcurved and protruded into two conical downward-directed swellings, concavely excavated medially and with two prominent rounded posterolateral impressions; roughly reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX ( Figs. 76A, 76C , 96C ).

Legs: All long, slender and unarmed except for the medioventral carina of the meso- and metafemora, which is granulose basally, tubercular in the median portion of femur with the tubercles gradually increasing in size to form 2–3 (mesofemora) or 6–7 teeth sub-apically. Profemora a little longer than head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora almost as long as mesothorax, metafemora reaching about one-third the way along abdominal segment VI and metatibiae projecting greatly over apex of abdomen. Basitarsi slender mesobasitarsi slightly shorter, pro- and metabasitarsi a little longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.

Variability. In addition to the colouration and size ♀♀ show considerable variability in the size and size and shape of the cephalic horns and length of the subgenital plate. While captive reared specimens in the two first author’s collections merely have the horns represented by a pair of obtusely conical humps ( Fig. 72F ) they are of moderate size in the paralectotype and strongly developed and acute forward directed spines in most other ♀♀ examined ( Fig. 72G ). The subgenital plate extends no further beyond the apex of the abdomen than by the length of the anal segment in most specimens examined (e. g. Figs. 74D–F ), but some specimens have it increasingly elongate to extend beyond the tip of the abdomen by as much as the combined length of the three terminal abdominal terga ( Fig. 74G ). Variability is also seen in the size and number of spines on the thoracic pleurae and sterna as well as the size and shape of the sub-basal tooth or deflexion on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora, which may even be completely absent in some specimens. The chromatic variability seen in ♂♂ is summarized in the description above.

Egg ( Fig. 100N ). Small, capsule 2x longer than wide and compressed laterally with lateral margins almost parallel to each other; angular in lateral aspect with polar-area flattened, ventral surface weakly concave and dorsal surface somewhat convex. Capsule surface coriaceous and weakly rugose; along anterior and dorso-lateral margins and around polar-area with short, irregularly fimbriate appendages. Outer margin of micropylar plate with a collar of much longer fimbriate, partly feather-like appendages or pinnae, some which have frills. Micropylar plate large, elongate with lateral margins sub-parallel and both ends rounded and covering four-fifths of dorsal egg surface; surface minutely granulose and rather flattened with just a shallow medio-longitudinal bulge. Micropylar cup near the notched posterior end of plate and represented by a small, knob-like swelling. Median line short. Operculum slightly oval and flat and with a hollow, crenulate structure formed by membranous extensions of the outer margin; these extending by about one-third the length of capsule. General colour of capsule brown, the fimbriate appendages greenish cream and the micropylar plate somewhat darker brown than capsule. Opercular extensions straw-coloured.

Measurements [mm]: Overall length 4.3, length 3.0, width 1.5, height 2.2, length of micropylar plate 2.5.

Comments. Westwood (1859: 28) described P. turgida from a ♂ and ♀ which are mounted on the same pin. The ♂ lacks all extremities and the ♀ has only the right mid leg present. Stål (1875: 6) included it in his new genus Bostra and subsequently Kirby (1904: 350) designated Westwood’s turgida as the type-species. Zompro (2001: 200) designated the ♂ as the lectotype and provided illustrations of the egg ( Figs. 78–79 ) and genitalia of both sexes (figs. 8–9).

Culture stock has been imported to Germany in the early 1990’s originating from near Bejuma in the Yaracuy Province of Venezuela and could be maintained in culture for a few generations.Bramble ( Rubus fruticosu s, Rosaceae ) and roses ( Rosa spp. , Rosaceae ) were frequently accepted as alternative food plants but no further information is available on culture conditions, incubation periods of eggs and nymphal development.

Table 64: Measurements of Phanocloidea turgida ( Westwood, 1859) comb. n.

* Apex of subgenital plate broken off

** ♀♀ in NHMW measure 122.0–144.0 mm (including subgenital plate)

*** The ♀ from Parque Cerro Verde, Caracas [ FH, No. 0131–13] has a body length of only 113.0 mm including the subgenital plate (106.5 mm excluding the subgenital plate)

Figures

FIGURE 70. Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001: A. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0400–16]; B. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0400–18]; C. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♂ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0400–8]; D. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♀ (captive reared from Venezuela), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0131–8]; E. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♂ (captive reared from Venezuela), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0131–6]; F. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ (Venezuela, Maracay-Choroni 1200 m), habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP] G. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ (Venezuela, Geremba), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0208–1]; H. P. sanguinea sp. n. ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU].

FIGURE 72. Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001: A. P. globocephala (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♂ (Colombia, Dept. Caldas), habitus lateral view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; B. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) ♀ (Venezuela, Carabobo, San Esteban), habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP]; C. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; D. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) ♀, lateral view of head and prothorax [ANSP]; E. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, lateral view of head and prothorax [ANSP]; F. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♀ with obtuse cephalic swellings, dorsolateral view of head and prothorax [coll. FH]; G. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♀ with acutely pointed cephalic horns, dorsolateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [ZMUH]; H. P. incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, dorsolateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. AJH]; J. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♀ PLT, dorsolateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [MNHU]; K. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♀, dorsolateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. FH, No. 0473–31]; L. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsolateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. FH, No. 0400–7].

FIGURE 73. Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001: A. P. pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. TR]; B. P. pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, dorsal view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. TR]; C. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [ZMUH]; D. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [ANSP]; E. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♂, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. FH]; F. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♂, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. FH]; G. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head, prothorax and anterior portion of mesothorax [coll. FH]; H. P. sanguinea sp. n. ♂ HT, lateral view of head and prothorax [MNHU]; J. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of metathoraxwith median segment showing the vestigial tegmina and alae [coll. FH]; K. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♂, lateral view of metathoraxwith median segment showing the rudimentary tegmina and alae [coll. FH]; L. P. incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, lateral view of terminalia [NHMUK]; M. P. incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, dorsal view of terminalia [NHMUK]; N. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, lateral view of terminalia [NHMUK]; O. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀, dorsal view of terminalia [NHMUK].

FIGURE 74. Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001 terminalia of ♀♀: A. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838), lateral view [coll. FH]; B. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838), dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. P. muricata (Burmeister, 1838), ventral view [coll. FH]; D. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), lateral view [coll. FH]; E. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view [coll. FH]; F. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), ventral view [coll. FH]; G. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859) specimen with elongate subgenital plate, ventral view [ZMUH]; H. P. pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [coll. TR] (Arrow indicating the unusual posterolateral lobe of abdominal tergum VII); J. P. pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [coll. TR]; K. P. pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventrall view [coll. TR] (Arrow indicating the unusual posterolateral lobe of abdominal tergum VII); L. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view [coll. FH]; M. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view [coll. FH]; N. P. venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT, ventral view [coll. FH]; O. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [ANSP]; P. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [ANSP]; Q. P. submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [ANSP]; R. P. incompta (Rehn, 1904), lateral view [NHMW]; S. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), lateral view [ANSP] (Arrow indicating the unusually short subgenital plate); T. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), dorsal view [ANSP]; U. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), ventral view [ANSP] (Arrow indicating the unusually short subgenital plate).

FIGURE 76. Phanocloidea Zompro, 2001 terminalia of ♂♂: A. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), lateral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indicating the characteristically specualised posterior margin of the poculum, also seen in C); B. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. P. turgida (Westwood, 1859), ventral view [coll. FH]; D. P. sanguinea sp. n. ♂ HT, lateral view [MNHU]; E. P. sanguinea sp. n. ♂ HT, dorsal view [MNHU]; F. P. sanguinea sp. n. ♂ HT, ventral view [MNHU]; G. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908), lateral view [USNM]; H. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsal view [USNM]; J. P. schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908), ventral view [USNM]; K. P. incolumis (Brunner v.Wattenwyl, 1907), lateral view [NHMUK]; L. P. incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), dorsal view [NHMUK]; M. P. incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), ventral view [NHMUK]; N. P. incompta (Rehn, 1904), lateral view [ANSP]; O. P. incompta (Rehn, 1904), dorsal view [ANSP]; P. P. incompta (Rehn, 1904), ventral view [ANSP]; Q. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), lateral view [ZMUH]; R. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), dorsal view [ZMUH]; S. P. gracilis (Burmeister, 1838), ventral view [ZMUH] (Arrow in F, K, N and P indicating the deflexed posterolateral angles of abdominal tergum IX).

FIGURE 78. Spinocloidea gen. n.: A. S. splendida gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of head, pro- and mesothorax [CEUA, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; B. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view of head, pro- and mesothorax [coll. FH]; C. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view of head, pro- and mesothorax [coll. FH]; D. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head, prothorax [coll. FH]; E. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, lateral view of head, prothorax [ANSP]; F. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of head, prothorax [ANSP]; G. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [ANSP] (Arrow indicating the tumescent abdominal tergum VII, that is characteristic for this species); H. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [ANSP] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); J. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]; K. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; L. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; M. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); N. S. splendida gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in lateral view [CEUA, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; O. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); P. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; Q. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); R. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; S. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [ANSP]; T. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in ventral view [ANSP] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment).

FIGURE 79. Trychopeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874): A. ♀ habitus in dorsal aspect [coll. OC]; B. ♀ habitus in dorsolateral aspect [coll. OC]; C. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ in lateral view [coll. OC] (Arrow indicating the shortened antennae); D. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ in lateral view [coll. OC]; E. ♀ Terminalia in lateral view [coll. OC]; F. ♀ Terminalia in dorsal view [coll. OC]; G. ♀ Terminalia in ventral view [coll. OC]; H. Terminalia of ♂ in lateral view [MNCR-A, © Kenji Nishida]; J. Terminalia of ♂ in dorsal view [MNCR-A, © Kenji Nishida] (Arrow indicating the protruded apical posrtion of the anal segment); K. ♂ habitus in dorsal aspect [coll. OC]; L. ♂ habitus in dorsolateral aspect [coll. OC].

FIGURE 87. Mesosternum: A. Phanocloidea incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀ [NHMUK]; B. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♀ [coll. FH]; C. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) ♂ [coll. FH]; D. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. ♀ PT [coll. FH]; E. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. ♂ PT [coll. FH]; F. Phanocloidea turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♀ [coll. FH]; G. Phanocloidea turgida (Westwood, 1859) ♂ [coll. FH]; H. Phanocloidea tobagoense (Langlois & Bellanger, 2012) ♀ HT [MNHN]; J. Phanocloidea submutica (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ [ANSP]; K. Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ [ANSP]; L. Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ [ANSP]; M. Phanocles solidus sp. n. ♀ HT [ANSP]; N. Phanocles horni (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ [coll. FH]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 91. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀: A. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; B. Lanceobostra guatemalensis (Redtenbacher, 1908) HT of Bostra intermedia Redtenbacher, 1908 [MHNG]; C. Lanceobostra oaxacae sp. n. ♀ HT [ANSP]; D. Phanoclocrania dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) HT of Bacteria monticola Carl, 1913 [MHNG]; E. Phanocloidea gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) [ANSP]; F. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) [coll. FH]; G. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; H. Phanocloidea turgida (Westwood, 1859) [coll. FH]; J. Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) [ANSP]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 96. Vomer of ♂♂ (ventral view): A. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) [coll. FH]; B. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; C. Phanocloidea turgida (Westwood, 1859) [ZMUH]; D. Phanocloidea incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. AJH]; E. Phanocloidea pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) [MNHN]; F. Phanocloidea tobagoense (Langlois & Bellanger, 2012) AT [MNHN]; G. Phanocloidea gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) [ANSP]; H. Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) [MNHN]; J. Phanocloidea procera (Conle et al., 2020) PT [MNHN]; K. Phanocloidea globocephala Conle, Hennemann & Gutierréz, 2011 [CEBUC]; L. Trychopeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874) [coll. OC]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 100. Eggs: A. Phanocles berezini sp. n. [coll. FH]; B. Phanocles horni (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; C. Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; D. Trychopeplus laciniatus (Westwood, 1874) [coll. OC]; E. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838) [coll. FH]; F. Phanoclocrania gen. n. dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) [coll. FH]; G. Phanocloidea procera (Conle et al., 2021) [coll. FH]; H. Phanocloidea incolumis (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. FH]; J. Phanocloidea schulthessi (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. FH]; K. Phanocloidea pallidenotata (Redtenbacher, 1908) [coll. TR]; L. Phanocloidea muricata (Burmeister, 1838) [coll. FH]; M. Phanocloidea venezuelica sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; N. Phanocloidea tobagoense (Langlois & Bellanger, 2012) [coll. FH]; O. Phanocloidea turgida (Westwood, 1859) [coll. FH]; P. Phanocloidea incompta (Rehn, 1904) [coll. FH]. [Scale = 1 mm]