Phanocles maroniensis ( Chopard, 1911 ), 2020

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 184-187

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF17-D8DF-FF55-F4A52A59E0C2
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanocles maroniensis ( Chopard, 1911 )
status

Treatment

Phanocles maroniensis ( Chopard, 1911) View in CoL

( Figs. 54A View FIGURE 54 , 58D View FIGURE 58 , 59F View FIGURE 59 , 61N–P View FIGURE 61 , 66A–C View FIGURE 66 , 67L View FIGURE 67 , 88J View FIGURE 88 , 93D View FIGURE 93 , 97C View FIGURE 97 )

Bacteria maroniensis Chopard, 1911: 345 View in CoL , figs. (♀).

Lelong, 1993: 12.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 65.

Jourdan, Lelong & Bellanger, 2014: 488.

Delfosse, Cliquennois, Depraetere & Robillard, 2019: 212.

Phanocles maroniensis, Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 7 View in CoL . Brock & Büscher, 2022: 514.

Bacteria bradypus Redtenbacher, 1908: 421 View in CoL (in part—only PLT from Surinam).

Further material examined [4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 6 nymphs]:

FRENCH GUIANA: 3 ♂♂, 6 nymphs: Guyane, Saûl [ MNHN] .

SURINAME: 1 ♂: Suriname, Galabi, Madowyne, 29–VII–1959, P.H. v. Doesburg [ RMNH]; 1 ♀: Suriname, Phedra, 1. Nov. 1946, jr. Schols [ RMNH]; 1 ♀: Coll. Br.v.W., Surinam, B. Bellanger; det. Redtenb. B. Bellangeri ; B. bicornis Stoll. —Burm. Surin. [ NHMW, No. 819].

Diagnosis. Females of this species are particularly similar to those of the Venezuelan Ph. chaperi ( Redtenbacher, 1908) comb. n. and Colombian Ph. significans ( Redtenbacher, 1908) but can readily be separated from both by the prominent posterolateral lobe of abdominal tergum VII. From the first species, they readily differ by the larger sizes (body length <160.0 chaperi ), much more prominent cephalad horns, just sparsely and minutely granulose meso- and metathorax (distinctly nodulose in chaperi ), large lobes of the praeopercular organ (merely a pair of rough swellings in chaperi ) and notably higher, roundly triangular dorsal lobe of the basitarsi. From Ph. significans these ♀♀ can easily be separated by the lack of distinctly whitish granules on the meso- and metathorax, smaller, rather semi-circular in-ward directed but not down-ward directed lobes of the praeopercular organ, medially incised and roundly bilobate posterior margin of the anal segment (rather angular and not incised medially in significans ) and somewhat longer median segment, that is notably longer than the metanotum. Males most closely resemble Ph. acutecornutus sp. n. but differ by the more globose head, distinct black postocular stripe along the genae, black strwak along the lateral margins of the pronotum, shorter alae (reaching half way along abdominal segment IV in acutecornutus), less pronounced medio-longitudinal carina of the mesonotum, longer cerci (notably shorter anal segment in acutecornutus ), presence of a spiniform central protuberance of the poculum and having the posterior margin of the poculum entire (indented medially and bidentate in acutecornutus ).

Description. The original description of the ♀ by Chopard (1911: 345) is fairly detailed and does in combination with the illustrations provided by that author clearly characterise this species, but lacks important morphological characters. Thus, a re-description of the ♀ and a detailed description of the previously unknown ♂ are here provided.

♀ ( Fig. 54A View FIGURE 54 ): Moderately large (body length including subgenital plate 183.0–186.0 mm) and slender with an almost smooth body surface, a globose and prominently bi-cornute head, arched meso- and metafemora and a fairly long subgenital plate, that projects beyond the tip of the abdomen by more than the length of the anal segment. General colour buff to ochreous mid brown (holotype) or pale greyish ochre (♀ in NHMW) with numerous minute darker brown and whitish speckles- Pro-, meso-, metanotum, median segment and tergum II in the holotype with a broad but washed brown medio-longitudinal median line (most pronounced on pronotum). Posterior two-thirds of tergum VI blackish brown in the holotype. Meso- and metafemora with a faint dark brown and greyish transverse band about one quarter of the base. Points of the cephalic horns and raised dorsal carina of the basitarsi black. Eyes dark orangey-brown. Antennae drab .

Head ( Fig. 58D View FIGURE 58 ): Globose with the vertex convex, scarcely longer than wide and broadest at the eyes with the genae convex and somewhat narrowed posteriorly. Vertex smooth (except for a few very minute scattered granules) and behind the eyes with two prominent, laterally compressed, anteriorly lamellate and apically pointed, lobe-like horns, which project by almost half the height of head capsule. Frons with a distinct, semi-circular impression that has a node-like tubercle at each posterolateral corner. Eyes slightly oval in outline, projecting hemispherical and their length contained 1.9x in that of genae. Antennae reaching to posterior margin of metanotum. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, less compressed and somewhat widened apically with the outer lateral margin gently concave and somewhat deflexed apically; almost 1.7x longer than wide and with a longitudinal lateral furrow dorsally. Pedicellus almost cylindrical and about half the length of scapus.

Thorax: Pronotum slightly shorter and much narrower than head, rectangular in outline and about 1.6x longer than wide; the lateral margins weakly indented medially and the anterior margin slightly raised. Transverse median sulcus moderately distinct, almost straight and not reaching to lateral margins of segment. Mesothorax very elongate, slender, almost uniform in diameter and about 8.8x longer than prothorax. Metanotum one-third as long as mesonotum, slightly narrowing towards the posterior and about 3.2x longer than width of posterior margin. Meso- and metanotum only with a very few, minute scattered granules and a fine longitudinal lateral carina parallel to lateral margins. Mesopleurae with a fine, granulose medio-longitudinal carina, otherwise meso- and metapleurae minutely and sparsely granulose. Meso-, metasternum sparsely granulose.

Abdomen: Median segment 1.25x longer than metanotum with the lateral margins gently concave, the posterior margin wider than anterior margin and the surface like that of metanotum; 4.5x longer than width at anterior margin. Segment II about three-quarters the length of median segment, rectangular and about 2.7x longer than wide. Segment II–VI increasing in length, V as long as IV and VI–VII decreasing in length with Iv and V 3.2x longer than wide. II–VI roughly uniform in diameter and VII notably narrower and slightly shorter than all preceding segments. Terga III–VI with a scale-like posteromedian protuberance, which is most prominent on VI. Tergum VII carinate medio-longitudinally and with lateral margins in posterior one-third distinctly deflexed to form a rounded but posteriorly acutely pointed lobe, that laterally extends by about one-third the width of segment and with the posterior point slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of tergum. All terga very minutely and sparsely granulose and with a shallow longitudinal lateral carina close to lateral margins. Sterna sparsely granulose and sternum VII with a very distinct lamellate longitudinal carina close to lateral margins that posteriorly terminates in a broadly rounded, somewhat sickle-shaped transverse lobe, that posterior projects beyond the posterior margin of sternum; between these lobes with a small, verrucose protuberance ( Figs. 61P View FIGURE 61 , 93P View FIGURE 93 ). Terga VIII–X roughly uniform in width and narrower than all preceding segments. VIII scarcely shorter than VII, very gently narrowing towards the posterior, and 1.5x longer than width at anterior margin. IX scarcely longer than wide, rectangular and about two-thirds the length of VIII. Anal segment slightly longer than IX, parallel-sided in the basal two-thirds with the posterior one-third somewhat narrowed and the posterior margin distinctly bi-lobed with a deep, triangular median incision; dorsal surface with a fine medio-longitudinal carina ( Fig. 61O View FIGURE 61 ). Epiproct very small and almost fully concealed under anal segment. Cerci moderately sized, almost reaching to tip of anal segment and gradually constricted towards a pointed apex. Gonapophyses VIII elongate and projecting over tip of abdomen by almost the length of anal segment, the apical portion angled up-ward by about 40° and somewhat broadened with the apex pointed ( Fig. 61N View FIGURE 61 ); interior surface canaliculate. Subgenital plate slightly lanceolate and projecting over apex of abdomen by notably more than length of anal segment, moderately keeled longitudinally in apical half and with the apex acutely triangular ( Figs. 61N–P View FIGURE 61 ); basal portion with transversely arranged rugulae and a distinct, lamellate lateral carina.

Legs: All long and fairly slender; apical three-quarters of metafemora slightly and of mesofemora distinctly arched. Meso and metafemora with an obtuse, bifid lobe about one-quarter of the base (missing on right metafemur of holotype, Fig. 67L View FIGURE 67 ). All basitarsi with a distinct roundly triangular dorsal lobe that is most prominent on probasitarsus; as long as the remaining segments combined except claw.

♂ ( Fig. 58D View FIGURE 58 ): Medium sized (body length 106.0–116.0 mm) and very slender, the body surface smooth (except for a few minute granules on meso- and metapleurae and sterna), with moderately sized alae (31.0–33.0 mm), that reach about one-third the way along abdominal segment III. General colour of body and legs plain and buff greyish mid brown, prosternum, posterior section of mesosternum and anterior portion of metasternum whitish. The medio-longitudinal keel of the mesosternum ochre. Head ochre dorsally with the entire lower portion of the genae creamish white and with a bold but washed blackish brown postocular streak; cephalic horns pale ochre, eyes buff. Lateral margins of pronotum and epimerum black ( Fig. 59F View FIGURE 59 ) and mesopleurae with an elongate, washed white marking posteriorly. Tegmina and costal region of alae pale brown with darker brown veins; both with a distinct creamish white longitudinal stripe along anterior margin. Anal region of alae plain transparent greyish brown with brown veins. Abdominal terga IX and X with dorsal surface white ( Fig. 66B View FIGURE 66 ). Antennae ochreous mid brown. Protibiae with three, meso- and metafemora each with three and the corresponding tibiae with two indistinct whitish annulae.

Head ( Fig. 59F View FIGURE 59 ): Generally, as in ♀♀ but the genae less convex and distinctly converging towards the posterior; the cephalad horns slenderer, slightly anterior directed, distinctly pointed apically and almost projecting by height of head capsule. Impression on frons somewhat less distinct and the two tubercles very shallow. Genae with two small nodes. Eyes very large, circular, projecting more than hemispherical from head capsule and their diameter contained only 1.2x in length of genae. Antennae projecting slightly over posterior margin of abdominal segment V, antennomeres increasing in length towards the middle of antenna and afterwards decreasing in length towards the apex. Scapus and pedicellus basically like in ♀♀.

Thorax: Pronotum somewhat shorter and distinctly narrower than head, rectangular in outline with a slight narrowing pre-medially, otherwise as in ♀♀. Mesothorax very long, slender, uniform in diameter and 10x longer than prothorax. Mesonotum with a very weakly indicated medio-longitudinal line and a fine longitudinal row of minute granules along lateral margins; otherwise smooth. Mesopleurae with a longitudinal carina and row of minute granules, mesosternum with a distinct and acute medio-longitudinal keel and a few scattered granules in anterior portion. Metapleurae and metasternum with a slight medio-longitudinal carina; pleurae minutely and sparsely granulose. Tegmina slender, basically ovoid in shape, narrowed towards the base and with a shallow, roundly conical central protuberance; slightly projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae slender and reaching about one-third the way along abdominal tergum III.

Abdomen: Median segment very elongate, parallel-sided, about 3.7x longer than metanotum and 10x longer than wide. Segments II–VI slightly uneven in length but roughly uniform in diameter, on average 7x longer than wide. VII only about three-fifths the length of preceding, weakly widening towards the posterior and only about 3.8x longer than width at anterior margin. All terga smooth, the sterna with a shallow and weakly indicated medio-longitudinal keel. Tergum VIII trapezoidal in dorsal aspect with the posterior margin about 1.5x wider than anterior margin and scarcely less than half the length of VII; widest of all segments. IX strongly convex, constricted medially with the anterior portion somewhat widened and about as long as VIII; lateral margins moderately deflexed and weakly rounded. Anal segment slightly longer than IX, slender, parallel-sided, about 1.75x longer than wide, weakly carinate medio-longitudinally, the posterior margin with a rounded median notch and the outer angles narrowly rounded ( Fig. 66B View FIGURE 66 ). Ventrolateral margins set with a few back-curving teeth in the posterior half ( Fig. 97C View FIGURE 97 ). Cerci elongate, slender, round in cross-section, very weakly upcurved and projecting slightly over posterior margin of anal segment; apex slightly thickened ( Fig. 66A View FIGURE 66 ). Vomer very elongate and slender, narrowed pre-medially and with a deep medio-longitudinal furrow ventrally ( Fig. 97C View FIGURE 97 ); the acute terminal hook slender and upcurved. Poculum bulgy, cup-like, angular in lateral aspect and with a small, obtuse spiniform and backward directed protuberance at the angle ( Fig. 66A View FIGURE 66 ); posterior portion keeled medio-longitudinally with the apex narrowly triangular and reaching about one-quarter along anal segment ( Fig. 66C View FIGURE 66 ).

Legs: All very long and slender, completely destitute of teeth or spines. Profemora longer than mesothorax, mesofemora roughly equal to length of mesothorax and metatibiae projecting greatly beyond apex of abdomen. Mesofemora very weakly downcurved. All basitarsi with the dorsal carina slightly lamellate and very weakly rounded; probasitarsus almost 2x longer than remaining tarsomeres taken together, meso- and metabasitarsus about 1.6x longer than combined length of remaining tarsomeres.

Nymphs. The four ♀ nymphs examined have the cephalic pair of horns and sub-basal ventral lobes of the meso- and metafemora as well as the posteromedian protuberance of the abdominal terga notably more developed that the two known adult examples. The colouration varies from pale greyish ochre to dark greyish brown and all over furnished with darker and lighter speckles. One specimen also shows a slight greenish wash. Moreover, the meso- and metafemora have the sub-basal transverse band just behind the ventral lobe much more distinctly white than the adults. One of the two ♂ nymphs exhibits a small sub-basal tooth on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora and the other has the mesonotum furnished with distinct black markings.

Comments. Chopard (1911: 345) originally described Bacteria maroniensis from two ♀♀ syntypes, both collected by Le Moult in St. Jean-du Maroni. One of these is a penultimate instar nymph, why the unique adult ♀ is here selected as the lectotype ( Fig. 54A View FIGURE 54 ). The specimen bears a handwritten determination label by C. Brunner v. Wattenwyl or J. Redtenbacher stating “ Bacteria n. sp. Redtb.“. The specimen lacks the right front leg and left antennae (except for the two basal segments) and has the left mid leg regenerated. Examination and comparison of three winged ♂♂ collected in Saül by P.E. Roubaud, has proven these to represent the so far unknown ♂. A ♀ from Suriname in the collection of NHMW as “ Bacteria bellangeri Redtenbacher, 1908 ”, but cited as a syntype of Bacteria bradypus ( Redtenbacher, 1908) by Redtenbacher (1908: 421), is actually a ♀ of P. maroniensis . Conle et al. (2020: 7) have transferred this species to Phanocles Stål, 1875 . Eggs unknown.

Table 39: Measurements of Phanocles maroniensis ( Chopard, 1911)