Phanocles barbadosense, Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 148-149

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF33-D8F1-FF55-F352288DE7E7
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanocles barbadosense
status

Treatment

15. Phanocles keratosqueleton ( Olivier, 1792: 639) View in CoL [ Mantis ]. LT [by present designation], ♀: Bicornis, Stoll ; RMNH Leiden Type Phasma bicornis Stoll, 1785 [RMNH]; PLT, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): no data [RMNH]. (Latinized name for Stoll’s pl. 15: 57) comb. n. ( Figs. 6B View FIGURE 6 , 66G View FIGURE 66 , 92D–E View FIGURE 92 , 97O View FIGURE 97 , 99M–N View FIGURE 99 )

= Phasma cornutum Lichtenstein, 1796: 78 . LT [by present designation], ♀: Bicornis, Stoll ; RMNH Leiden Type Phasma bicornis Stoll, 1785 [RMNH]; PLT, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): no data [RMNH]. (Latinized name for Stoll’s pl. 15: 57—Junior objective synonym of Mantis keratosqueleton Olivier, 1798 )

= Phasma bicornis Stoll, 1813: 46 & 76, pl. 15: 57 (♀). LT [by present designation], ♀: Bicornis, Stoll ; RMNH Leiden Type Phasma bicornis Stoll, 1785 [RMNH]; PLT, 1 ♀, 1 ♀ (penultimate instar): no data [RMNH]. (Junior objective synonym of Mantis keratosqueleton Olivier, 1798 )

= Bacteria bellangeri Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 View in CoL . LT [by present designation], ♂: Coll. Br. v. W., Martinique, Mus. Paris; det. Redtenb. B. Bellangeri View in CoL ; 23.353; Bostra bellangeri m. Martinique (Mus. Paris) [NHMW, No. 819]; PLT, ♂: Mus. Paris, Martinique [MNHN—not traced]. (Synonymised by Zompro, 1998: 6) syn. rev.

= Bacteria curvipes Redtenbacher, 1892: 207 , pl. 15: 9. LT [by present designation], ♀: Winward side, St. Vincent, W. I., H.H. Smith; 100; Sp. figured, Type; 20; Bacteria curvipes Redt. ; BMNH(E) #844541 [NHMUK]; PLT, ♂: Winward side, St. Vincent, W. I., H.H. Smith, 190.; 108; St. Vincent, W. I., 95–206.; Bacteria cyphus View in CoL ; BMNH(E) #844539 [NHMUK]; PLT, ♀ (penultimate instar): Winward side, St. Vincent, W. I., H.H. Smith, 190.; 111; Sp. figured, Type; St. Vincent, W. I., H.H. Smith 94.135; Phanocles curvipes View in CoL ♂; BMNH(E) #844540 [NHMUK]. (Synonymised by Redtenbacher, 1908: 422) syn. rev.

= Bacteria cyphus Westwood, 1859: 24 View in CoL , pl. 7: 7 (♂). HT, ♂: 40, 4–2, 1297; Holotype; Bacteria Cyphus Westw. View in CoL —?; Cyphus Westw. View in CoL ; Bacteria cyphus Westwood HT View in CoL ; BMNH(E) #844538 [NHMUK]. (Synonymised by Redtenbacher, 1908: 422) syn. rev.

= Bacteria maxwelli Redtenbacher, 1908: 420 View in CoL . LT [by present designation], ♂: Bacteria View in CoL , de la Martinique, Dr. Rousseau, 23. Nov. 1871; Museum Paris, La Martinique, Rosseau 71; 13. Bacteria maxwelli Redt. View in CoL Type; Type [MNHN]. (Synonymised by Zompro, 1998: 6, Not: PLT’s from Barbados in NHMW → these are Phanocles barbadosense sp. n.) syn. rev.

Remarks: Büscher & Baker (2018) attempted to resolve the synonymy of P. keratosqueleton . While these authors correctly recognised that Bacteria integra Redtenbacher, 1908 had been synonymised with P. keratosqueleton in error by Zompro (1998: 6) and actually is a synonym of P. mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 ), a species that is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago, several previously synonymised species were reinstated in error. Detailed examination of all necessary type material proves that the here selected LT of B. maxwelli ( Redtenbacher, 1908) and B. bellangeri Redtenbacher, 1908 from Martinique, as well as P. curvipes (Redtenbacher, 1892) from St. Vincent and D. cyphus ( Westwood, 1859) from an unknown locality are synonyms of P. keratosqueleton . Therefore, these four taxa are here re-synonymised with P. keratosqueleton (rev. syn.). In contrast to prior results (Zompro, 2001; Büscher & Baker (2018: 63) B. bradypus Redtenbacher, 1908 is here removed from synonym with P. keratosqueleton and synonymised with P. mutica ( Redtenbacher, 1908, syn. nov.). Moreove,r and based on the locality information provided by Stoll (1813: 46), Büscher & Baker (2018: 67) stated the type specimens of P. bicornis (= P. keratosqueleton ) to belong to a South American population that originated from Suriname. In fact, however, the here selected LT of Stoll’s species is undoubtedly conspecific with the synonymous taxa described from St. Vincent and Martinique, and must be estimated to have originally originated from the Lesser Antilles (several of the localities given by Stoll and other early authors are not reliable and some have clearly proven to be wrong).

The collection of NHMW houses two ♀♀ and three ♂♂ from Barbados that were listed as syntypes of B. maxwelli Redtenbacher, 1908 and erroneously stated to be from Martinique by Brock (1998: 42). Although labeled “det. Redtenb. B. maxwelli ” these specimens are unlikely to be syntypes, because Redtenbacher (1908: 420) described B. maxwelli solely from a ♂ in MNHN and gave Martinique as the only locality for this species. The author did not cite any specimens in NHMW nor did he list Barbados as a locality for B. maxwelli . Nonetheless and in order to guarantee stability of the name and synonymy, the ♂ from Martinique in MNHN is here selected as the LT of B. maxwelli . The specimen matches very well with the original description and measurements given by Redtenbacher. Examination of the specimens from Barbados in NHMW has shown these to be a distinct species, that is here described as Phanocles barbadosense sp. n.

Depending on the locality, this widely spread species shows remarkable variation in size. While specimens from St. Vincent and St. Lucia are largest (♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 185.5–192.0 mm, ♂ 102.4 mm [ FSCA]), those from the Grenadines represent the smallest recorded specimens (♀ incl. subgenital plate 116.0 mm, ♂ 70.0 mm [ FSCA]). Specimens from various localities throughout Grenada in FSCA range from 115.0–157.0 mm (♀♀) and 74.0–100.0 mm (♂♂). Further variation is seen in the size and shape of the cephalic processes of both sexes, length of the subgenital plate and degree of granulation of the thoracic segments of ♀♀. On average specimens from Dominica, the northernmost distribution of P. keratosqueleton , are slenderer than from the other islands and ♂♂ have the pair of cephalic spines less pronounced .

Distribution: Lesser Antilles. St. Vincent: St. Vincent, Winward side [NHMUK]; St. Vincent, St. Patrick Park, Hermitage Forestry Cottage [FSCA]. Grenada: Grenada, Park St. George, Fort Jeuly [FSCA]; Grenada, Park St. George, Grenville Vale [FSCA]; Grenada, Park St. Patrick, N of Prospect [FSCA]; Grenada, Park St. Patrick, Levera Pond [FSCA]; Grenada, Park St. Mark, Diamond Estate [FSCA]; Grenada, Park St. Andrew, Pearls Airport Beach [FSCA]. Grenadines: Grenadines, Carriacou, Limlair Cov’t House [FSCA]; Grenadines, Union Island, Richmond [FSCA]. St. Lucia: St. Lucia, Union Agricultural School [FSCA]; St. Lucia, Mount Beaujolais nord, 38–274 m [MNHN, ASPER]; St. Lucia, nr. Banse, 183–229 m [ASPER]; St. Lucia, Ballenbouche Estate, 0–34 m [ASPER]; St. Lucia, Gros Piton, 198–457 m [ASPER]; St. Lucia, Cas en Bas Estate [ASPER]; St. Lucia, Dauphin, 8–90 m [MNHN, ASPER]; St. Lucia, Barre Coulon, 229– 259 m [ASPER]. Martinique: Martinique [MNHN, NHMW]; Martinique, Bellevue [MNHN]; Martinique, Source Didier [MNHN]; Martinique,Anse Mitan [AMNH]; Martinique, Diament [AMNH]; Martinique, Fort de France [IRSN]. Dominica: Dominica, Clarke Hall [USNM]; Dominica, Ridgefield Estate 1200 ft. [USNM]; Dominica, St. Chiltern Garden [USNM]; Dominica, Roseau Botanical Garden, 20 m [MNHN]; Dominica, Palmiste Estate, 198–245 m [ASPER]; Dominica, Boutou 152–290 m [ASPER].