Phanocloidea pallidenotata ( Redtenbacher, 1908 )

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 255-258

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF5E-D967-FF55-F4542D1CE5FA
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Phanocloidea pallidenotata ( Redtenbacher, 1908 )
status

Treatment

Phanocloidea pallidenotata ( Redtenbacher, 1908) View in CoL

( Figs. 71A–B View FIGURE 71 , 73A–B View FIGURE 73 , 74H–K View FIGURE 74 , 75K–M View FIGURE 75 , 96E View FIGURE 96 , 100K View FIGURE 100 , 128A–B View FIGURE 128 )

Bacteria pallide-notata Redtenbacher, 1908: 415 View in CoL .

Bacteria pallidenotata, Chopard, 1911: 343 View in CoL .

Lelong, 1993: 12.

Brock, 1998a: 48.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 65.

Phanocloidea pallidenotata, Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 12 View in CoL .

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 514.

= Bacteria crassipes Chopard, 1911: 344 View in CoL . [Synonymised by Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 12]

Lelong, 1993: 12.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 62.

Delfosse, Cliquennois, Depraetere & Robillard, 2019: 196.

Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 12.

Espèce n° 15 non identifée, Roubaud & Lelong, 1993: 40. [Illustration of ♂]

Further material examined [6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 3 nymphs, eggs]:

FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♀: Museum Paris , Guyane Française, Rey 1909 [ MNHN] ; 1 ♂: Févriere , Bacteria pallidenotata Redt . ♂, Guyane Française , Nouveau Chantier, Collection Le Moult [ MNHN] ; 1 ♀ (nymph): Febrére , Roubaud [ MNHN] ; 1 ♂: mai-04; Pk. 15 pst. plat mines, St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant, Guy. Fr., Rosant Th. N ° 3974 [TB] ; 1 ♂: Septembre 2007 à vue, Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 3949 [TH] ; 1 ♂: Avril 2016 P.L., Vlge. Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 4597 [TH] ; 1 ♂: Décembre 2015 P.L., Vlge. Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 4599 [TH] ; 1 ♀: 20 mars 1998 à vue, Piste Plantanes de Mines , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 3991 [TH] ; 1 ♀: Avril 2011 à vue Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 3965 [TH] ; 1 ♀: Mai 1998 à vue, Vlge Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. N ° 454 [TH] ; 1 ♀: Novembre 2016 à vue Vlge Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni, Th. Rosant (Guy. Fr.); Rosant Th. 4590 [TH] ; 2 eggs: XI.2016, village Esperance , St. Laurent du Maroni (Guy. F.) col .

Th. Rosant; ♀ N° 4590 [TB]; 1 ♂: Französisch Guyana, Commune de Roura , Montagne des Chevaux, RN2 PK22, Société Entomologique Antilles-Guyane (S.E. A.G.), leg. Stéphane Brule, Method Coll: PL (= piège lumineux), 9.–11.2008 [OC] .

Diagnosis. This very distinctive species is readily separated from all other known species in the genus by some obvious morphological traits. Females are remarkably stocky in shape with comparatively short and robust limbs ( Fig. 71A View FIGURE 71 ) and differ from all other ♀♀ of Phanocloidea by the presence of a rounded posterolateral lobe of abdominal tergum VII ( Fig. 74J View FIGURE 74 ). This particular feature would key out P. pallidenotata as belonging to Phanocles , but the entire remaining anatomy as well as the peculiar egg-morphology ( Fig. 100K View FIGURE 100 ) support its position within Phanocloidea . While fairly typical for the genus in basic shape the eggs differ from all other known eggs of the genus by the having the capsule over covered by unevenly peripheral directed rows of fimbriate appendages, structures that to much lower degree are only seen in P. turgida ( Westwood, 1859) . Males are fairly typical for the genus but can easily be separated from closely related and the morphologically most similar species by the long alae, which reach as far back as to abdominal segment IV. The most similar ♂♂ are the brachypterous P. semiptera sp. n. from Venezuela, but ♂♂ of pallidenotata are smaller (body length of semiptera 128.5 mm), have a single black medio-longitudinal streak on the mesonotum ( Fig. 71B View FIGURE 71 ; two parallel streaks in semiptera ), are generally less colourful and have a distinctive oval white median marking at the anterior margin of the tegmina, have comparatively shorter and stockier limbs with a gently rounded dorsal carina of the basitarsi and furthermore differ by characters of the terminalia.

Description. ♀♀ ( Fig. 71A View FIGURE 71 , 128A View FIGURE 128 ): Medium-sized (body length incl. subgenital plate 167.5–183.0 mm) and stocky for the genus with a posterolateral lobe on abdominal tergum VII, fairly short strong and distinctly carinated legs, a sparsely tubercular mesothorax and a short subgenital plate, that scarcely projects beyond the tip of the abdomen. General colouration greyish to ochreous mid to dark brown, and all over unevenly and to a variable degree flecked with pale grey and dark brown; ventral body surface of body more whitish with darker flecking. Head with about seven indistinct and weakly defined longitudinal brown lines on vertex; lower portions of genae mostly whitish ( Figs. 73A–B View FIGURE 73 ). Eyes dark reddish brown. Antennae dark reddish brown with a few faint yellowish annulations. Pronotum with a ± distinct broad, washed brown medio-longitudinal streak. Mesonotum occasionally with the medio-longitudinal carina dark brown to black. Tubercles of mesonotum und mesopleurae ochre and tipped with dark brown. Meso- and metafemora occasionally with two irregular dark brown transverse bands and tibiae with a small black sub-basal spot on intero-lateral surface and mostly with a single dark brown band pre-apically.

Head ( Figs. 73A–B View FIGURE 73 ): Ovoid, 1.35x longer than wide, broadest just behind the eyes and slightly narrowed towards the posterior, vertex rather flattened and smooth. Frons with a pair of shallow impressions between the eyes and two small pits in front. Eyes circular in outline, projecting almost hemispherical and their diameter contained 2.3x in length of genae. Antennae slightly projecting over posterior margin of median segment. Scapus moderately compressed dorsoventrally, basically roundly rectangular but somewhat narrowed towards the base and about 1.8x longer than wide. Pedicellus round in cross-section, slightly constricted towards te apex and about half the length of scapus.

Thorax: Pronotum almost as long but notably narrower than head, 1.7x longer than wide, roundly rectangular in shape with a slight median narrowing.A pair of granules near posterior margin, otherwise smooth. Transverse median sulcus distinctly impressed, expanding almost over entire width of segment and gently wavy in shape. Mesothorax 5.8x longer than prothorax combined, cylindrical and very slightly constricted at anterior margin; complete surface sparsely and unevenly granulose ( Figs. 73A.B View FIGURE 73 ). Mesonotum with a fine medio-longitudinal carina and supplied with a variable number of roughly pairwise arranged tubercles. Metanotum granulose but without tubercles and faintly tectate medio-longitudinally, only with a single reddish brown posteromedian tubercle; about one-third the length of mesonotum. Meso- and metapleurae with a longitudinal median row of blunt tubercles. Meso- and metasternum granulose and only mesosternum with a few very small, scattered tubercles.

Abdomen: Median segment almost 1.3x longer than metanotum, about 3x longer than wide, notably narrowed medially with the lateral margins concave and minutely granulose. Segment II about three-quarters the length of median segment, rectangular and 2x longer than wide. Segments II–VI almost cylindrical, III slightly widening and VII only about three-quarters the length of II; others on average 2x longer than wide. Terga IV–VII with a transverse, scale-like posteromedian swelling, which is most prominent on VI. Tergum VII with two weakly indicated, somewhat diverging longitudinal carinae and posterolaterally on each side dilated to form a rounded lobe that laterally extends by almost one-third the width of segment ( Fig. 74J View FIGURE 74 ). Sterna faintly rugose and only VII with three sub-parallel longitudinal carinae. Praeopercular organ formed by a rounded apical elevation of the two lateral carinae and a small peg-like apical protuberance of the median carina ( Fig. 74K View FIGURE 74 ). Terga VII–X noticeably narrower than all preceding and slightly sub-equal in width. VIII about two-thirds the length of VII and roughly quadrate. IX slightly transverse. Anal segment slightly wider than long, rectangular in outline with the posterolateral angles obtuse and the posterior margin straight with a minute median indention; dorsal surface faintly tri-carinate ( Fig. 74J View FIGURE 74 ). Epiproct very small, rounded and almost fully concealed under anal segment. Cerci small, obtuse, round in cross-section and scarcely projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII elongate, slender, gently upcurved and slightly projecting over tip of abdomen and apex of subgenital plate ( Figs. 74H–K View FIGURE 74 ). The subgenital plate scarcely projecting beyond anal segment, with an obtuse medio-longitudinal keel in posterior portion and the posterior margin very broad and rounded ( Figs. 74J–K View FIGURE 74 ).

Legs: All fairly short and stocky with most carinae distinct and ± lamellate. Profemora notably shorter than mesothorax, mesofemora slightly shorter than metathorax, metafemora reaching only about three-quarters the way along abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to base of segment VII. Meso- and metafemora very slightly downcurved (more prominent in nymphs → see below), two outer ventral carinae each with a ± prominent angular to rounded lobe about one-quarter off the base of femur, which is most pronounced on the posterodorsal carina of mesofemora. Medioventral carina unarmed. Posterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae forming a rounded apical lobe and the two outer ventral carinae unevenly deflexed and undulated in the apical portion. Probasitarsus as long as combined length of remaining tarsomeres except claw, meso- and metabasitarsi as long as following three tarsomeres taken together; all with dorsal carina forming an obtuse triangular lobe.

♂♂ ( Fig. 71B View FIGURE 71 , 128B View FIGURE 128 ): Medium-sized (body length 103.4–122.5 mm) and fairly stocky for the genus with well-developed alae (43.3–49.0 mm), large triangular lateral lobes of abdominal tergum IX ( Fig. 75K View FIGURE 75 ) and characteristic colouration. Body surface mostly smooth but mesonotum with a fairly distinct medio-longitudinal carina. General colour drab, all femora and tibiae each with two whitish to light grey annulae and bases of all basitarsi whitish. Head with about seven faint dark longitudinal lines. Mesonotum with a reddish hue and with a bold central medio-longitudinal black streak, which covers almost the entire length of segment except for the very anterior and posterior portions ( Fig. 71B View FIGURE 71 ). Meso- and metapleurae greyish blue, meso- and metasternum red. Abdominal sterna to a variable degree with withish mottling, particular in basal portion of sternum VIII. Tegminal and costal region of alae pale creamy brown, tegmina with a distinct oval white to pale cream spot at anterior margin in posterior half; basal portion of anterior margin of alae white to pale cream. Anal fan hyaline. Antennae dark reddish brown.

Head: Basically as in ♀♀ but somewhat shorter and more distinctly narrowed posteriorly. Eyes relatively larger and projecting hemispherical; their diameter contained only 1.15x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment III, otherwise like in ♀♀ but scapus almost 2x longer than wide.

Thorax: Pronotum almost as long but narrower than head; basically, as in ♀♀ but transverse median sulcus somewhat less impressed medially. Mesothorax narrower and 6.5x longer than prothorax, uniform in diameter except for being slightly widened at the posterior. Mesonotum with a distinct medio-longitudinal carina, meso- and metasternum with a moderately distinct medio-longitudinal carina; the latter becoming gradually less pronounced towards the posterior margin of metasternum. Tegmina oval in outline and narrowed towards the base with an obtuse but fairly distinct central protuberance; projecting over posterior margin of metanotum. Alae reaching ± one-third the way along abdominal segment.

Abdomen: Median segment almost 4.x longer than metanotum, about 8x longer than wide and notably narrowed medially with the anterior portion somewhat widened. Segment II slightly less than half the length of median segment, 5.3x longer than wide and longer than all following segments. III–VII gradually decreasing in length with VII scarcely half the length of II; all uniform in diameter. Terga V and VI with a small transverse, scale-like posteromedian projection, otherwise all terga smooth. Sterna II–VII with the median line weakly indicated. Tergum VIII two-thirds the length of VII and distinctly trapezoidal with posterior margin 1.8x wider than anterior margin. IX about as long as VIII strongly convex longitudinally, with lateral margins prominently deflexed and dilated towards the posterior to form a large shark-fin shaped lobe, that ventrally projects by almost height of tergum VIII; lateral surfaces with an obtuse, slightly arched longitudinal bulge. Anal segment very short and only about three-fifth the length of IX, notably wider than long, strongly tectate longitudinally with the lateral margins slightly rounded and the posterior margin with a deep, triangular excavation ( Fig. 75L View FIGURE 75 ); the lateral angles obtusely rounded and ventrally set with small dark reddish brown denticles. Vomer fairly slender, basically triangular in shape with a distinct Yshaped central impression and the lateral as well as the basal portions inflated; the terminal hook somewhat arched towards the left and moderate in length ( Fig. 96E View FIGURE 96 ). Cerci shorter than anal segment, almost round in cross-section with the interior surface slightly flattened and the apex weakly club-like. Poculum very broad, expanded laterally, roundly bowl-shaped and almost reaching to posterior margin of tergum IX ( Fig. 75K View FIGURE 75 ); lateral margins strongly inflated and labiate posteriorly and the posterior margin shallowly emarginated with the outer angles protruded, tooth-like and somewhat downcurved; posterolateral surfaces each with a distinct impression ( Figs. 75M View FIGURE 75 , 96E View FIGURE 96 ).

Legs: All moderately long, slender and completely destitute of spines or teeth; profemora almost as long as head, pro- and mesothorax combined, mesofemora about as long as mesothorax, metafemora reaching half the way along abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting notably beyond apex of abdomen. Two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora very slightly expanded sub-basally and two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metatibiae gently widened and undulated apically. Basitarsi about as long as remaining tarsomeres taken together with the dorsal carina gently rounded and lamellate.

Nymphs. The three nymphs examined, which includes the holotype of Chopard’s Bacteria crassipes , all have the limbs noticeably stockier with all the carinae more lamellate and the meso and metafemora in the ♀♀ in particular are much more distinctly arched than in adult specimens. Moreover, also the sub-basal ventral lobe of the meso- and metafemora are considerably more developed and also present in the immature ♂.

Table 59: Measurements of Phanocloidea pallidenotata ( Redtenbacher, 1908)

* Only measured in largest specimen

Eggs ( Fig. 100K View FIGURE 100 ). Capsule angularly ovoid but shape difficult to determine due to sculpturing of surface, almost 2x longer than wide, compressed laterally, oval in cross-section and slightly narrowed towards the anterior end; polar-area angular and flattened and the dorsal surface more convex than ventral surface. Complete surface covered with an unevenly peripherally arranged and anteriad directed, scale-, or fan-like rows or clusters of longer fimbriate appendages; these forming a funnel-like rim that encircles the impressed polar-area. The polar-area with two parallel-rows of dorso-ventral directed short fimbriate appendages. Micropylar plate elongate, almost parallel-sided and covering almost the entire length of dorsal capsule surface; plate almost 6x longer than wide and smooth except for a medio-longitudinal row of short hairy-structures. Micropylar cup distinct, median line reaching to polar area. Operculum slightly oval, outer margin with a very prominent, high, hollow and crest-like structure that is formed by membranous, lamellate extensions of the outer margin; these extending by about three-fifths the length of capsule. Fimbriate appendages of capsule straw-coloured to ochre, the capsule itself and micropylar plate dark brown. Raised opercular structures dark yellow to orange and somewhat darker at the base.

Measurements [mm]: Overall length 6.2, length 4.1, width 3.3, height 3.6, length of micropylar plate 2.6.

Comments. Redtenbacher (1908: 415) described Bacteria pallidenotata from a single ♂ in the collection of NHMW from the state of Pará in NE-Brazil. The collection of MNHN contains a ♂ from French Guiana, that was collected by L. le Moult and which bears a determination label with Brunner v. Wattenwyl’s handwriting stating “ Bacteria pallidenotata Redt. ♂ ”. But, since the specimen was not listed in the monograph of Brunner v. Wattenwyl & Redtenbacher (1906 – 1908) it cannot be a type-specimen. Chopard (1911: 344) described Bacteria crassipes based on a single half-grown ♀ nymph in the MNHN collection and contained in the extensive French Guiana collection gathered by L. le Moult. Apparently, Chopard had overlooked the almost perfect adult ♀ specimen present in the same collection. Based on the examination of additional specimens of both sexes available from the personal collection of Thibault Rosant ( French Guiana), it became obvious that Chopard’s species is the opposite sex of Redtenbacher’s pallidenotata , why Conle et al. (2020: 12) synonymised crassipes .