Bacteria, Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 34-36

2. Alienobostra remiformis ( Rehn, 1904: 58) [ Bostra ]. HT, ♂ (penultimate instar): Piedras Negras, Costa Rica; Coll. Schild & Burgdorf; Cat. No. Bostra remiformis TYPE Rehn; Type No. 6.978 U.S. N.M. [USNM]. comb. n. ( Figs. 4C , 6C–D , 8 , 85E , 95H , 98L–M , 101A , 105 )

= Bostra amplectens Redtenbacher, 1908: 409 ). HT, ♂: Holotype; Cache, Costa Rica, H. Rogers; Godman-Salvin Coll. 1908.–168.; Bacteria nov. spec.; B.C.A. Orth. II Bostra amplectens Redt. ; BMNH(E) #844501 [NHMUK]. syn. n.

= Calynda brocki Hausleithner, 1987: 178 , figs. 1–6. HT, ♂: Holotypus; Costa Rica, ex ova, det. Hausl. C. brocki [ NHMW]; PT, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀: Paratype ; Costa Rica, ex ova, det. Hausl. C. brocki [ NHMW]; PT, 14 ♂♂, 32 ♀♀: Paratype ; Costa Rica, ex ova, det. Hausl. C. brocki [coll. B. Hausleithner]. syn. n.

= Bostra godmani Redtenbacher, 1908: 411 . LT [by present designation], ♀: Syntype; Zapote, Guatemala, G.C. Champion; Godman-Salvin Coll. 1908.-168.; voir Phanocles (Bacteria) bicornis,Stoll ; B.C.A. Orth. II Bostra godmani Redt. ; BMNH(E) #844502 [NHMUK]; PLT, ♀ (+ one egg ex ovipositor): 620/76, Costa Rica, Amer cent., P. Biolley; Bostra godmani Redtb. [MHNG]; PLT, ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Nicaragua, Boucard; det. Redtenb., Bostra godmani ; 18.247; Bostra godmani Redt. Type! [NHMW, No. 796]. syn. n.

= Bostra jugalis Rehn, 1905: 72 . HT, ♂: Chinandega, Nicaragua, Coll. Baker; Bostra jugalis Rehn , Type No. 5148 [ANSP]; AT, ♀ (penultimate instar): Chinandega, Nicaragua, Coll. Baker; Bostra jugalis Rehn , Type No. 5148 [ANSP]. syn. n.

= Bostra longeoperculata Redtenbacher, 1908: 411 . HT, ♀: Muséum Paris, Guatemala, F. Boucourt, 1512–1882; MNHN-EO-PHAS1033 [MNHN—alcohol]. (Synonymised with Bostra amplectens Redtenbacher, 1908 by Hebard, 10919: 195) syn. n.

= Bostra obtusecornuta Redtenbacher, 1908: 409 . LT, ♂ [by present designation]: No. 414; Surubres, San Mateo, Pacif. 250 m, I.1901, P. Biolley; Bostra amplectens Redtb. [MHNG]; PLT, ♂: Guatemala, Boucard [NHMW, alcohol coll. No. 022/03]; PLT, ♂: Costa Rica, Mus. Paris [NHMW, alcohol coll. No. 020/05]; PLT, ♂ (penultimate instar): 620/76, Costa Rica, Amer. cent., P. Biolley; Bostra obtuse-cornuta Redtb. [MHNG]; PLT, ♀: Costa Rica [MNHN—not traced]. syn. n.

Remarks: The holotype of Bostra remiformis Rehn, 1904 is a ♂ penultimate instar nymph (body length 78 mm) and not an adult ♀ as stated by Rehn (1904: 58) in the original description. The large number of specimens at hand for examination and taking into account the remarkable intraspecific variability (→ see below) reveals several new synonyms of A. remiformis , these are: Bostra amplectens Redtenbacher, 1908 , Calynda brocki Hausleithner, 1987 , Bostra jugalis Rehn, 1905 , Bostra godmani Redtenbacher, 1908 and Bostra obtusecornuta Redtenbacher, 1908 (syn. n.). Lectotype is designated for B. obtusecornuta Redtenbacher, 1908 and B. godmani Redtenbacher, 1908 in order to guarantee stability of the new synonymies here introduced. A ♂ and ♀ in the collection of RMNH and a ♀ I the collection of the USNM represent the first records from El Salvador.

This species is fairly common and widely distributed throughout wide regions of Central America from Guatemala in the north to Central Costa Rica in the south. It is however most frequently found in Costa Rica with habitats ranging from moist lowland forests to mountainous forests at altitudes up to 1500 m. Males vary considerably in size and range in colour from pale greenish over drab, ochre and greyish mid to dark brown. Slight variability is also seen in the general shape with e. g. the holotype of jugalis from Chinandega, Nicaragua being somewhat stockier than most ♂♂ from throughout Costa Rica. Some variability is also seen in the shape of the anal segment and vomer. Females show massive range of variability in size, colouration, armature of the head, thorax and legs as well as the length and shape of the subgenital plate. The colouration ranges from light over dark green and straw to dark brown and occasionally specimens may have two bold pale to white longitudinal stripes that run along almost the entire dorsal body surface or have numerous white spots irregularly scattered all over the body. The head is either unarmed, bi-tuberculate or bears a pair of more or less prominent, variably shaped cephalad horns. The tubercles of the meso- and metathorax are variable in number and size and while the great majority of specimens have unarmed meso- and metafemora there sometimes is a variably shaped sub-basal lobe on one or both outer ventral carinae. Rarely (e. g. a ♀ from San José, Costa Rica in ZMUH) there also is a small, rounded apical lobe on the posterodorsal carina of the meso- and metafemora and corresponding tibiae. The dorsal carina of the basitarsi ranges from almost straight to notably rounded. A partial summary of the intraspecific variability of A. remiformis has been published by Hausleithner (1988). Body lengths: ♀♀ 128.0–205.0 mm (including subgenital plate), ♂♂ 73.0–115.0 mm (excluding cerci) .

Distribution: Costa Rica: Costa Rica, Province Puntarenas, Piedras Negras National Park [USNM]; Costa Rica, Province Puntarenas, Monteverde, Santa Elena 1450 m [FH, OC]; Costa Rica, Province Alajuela, El Rodeo Experimental Forest, 950–1100 m [OC]; Costa Rica, Province Alajuela, Barranca [ANSP]; Costa Rica, Province Alajuela, Grecia, 1000 m [FH]; Costa Rica, Caché [NHMUK]; W-Costa Rica, Province Alajuela, Surubres, San Mateo 250 m [ANSP, MHNG]; E-Costa Rica, Province Limón, Matina [NHMW]; Costa Rica, Province San José, San José 1100–1200 m [ANSP, ZMUH]; Costa Rica, Province San José, Santa María de Dota [ANSP]; Costa Rica, Chara [ANSP]; W-Costa Rica, Province Guanacaste, Diria National Park [ANSP]; Costa Rica, Province Guanacaste, Santa Rosa National Park [MNCR-A]; Costa Rica [MHNG, MNHN, NHMUK, NHMW, FH, OC]; Guatemala: Guatemala [MNHN, NHMW]; Guatemala, La Union, Xacapa, 850 m [NHMUK]; Guatemala, Zapote [NHMUK]; Nicaragua: Nicaragua, Chinandega [ANSP]; Nicaragua, Départemento León, Mototombo [MHNG]; Nicaragua, Managua, Mateare [MEL]; Nicaragua, León [MEL, USNM]; Nicaragua [NHMW] Nicaragua, Puerto Matagalpa, Selva Negra Mountain Resort, 1600 m [FH]; El Salvador: El Salvador, San Salvador [RMNH]; El Salvador [USNM].

5.2. Genus Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020

( Figs. 9–10 , 89A–D , 98A–B , 101B )

Type-species: Andeocalynda tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020b: 326 , Figs. 1 , 14–15 , 19A–B , 21C–D , by original designation.

Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020b: 302 .

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 510.

Bacteria, Bates, 1865: 330 , pl. 12A–b (♂).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 62 (in part).

Clonistria, Kirby, 1904: 351 (in part).

Redtenbacher, 1908: 406 (in part).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 107 (in part).

Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011: 58.

Dyme, Hebard, 1919: 174 .

Hebard, 1924: 145.

Differentiation. This genus closely resembles the Central American Calynda Stål, 1875 (Type-species: Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 ), with which it shares the general habitus and appearance of both sexes and very long, lancet-like subgenital plate of ♀♀, which extends greatly beyond the apex of the abdomen. Both sexes however frequently differ from Calynda by the longer median segment, which is considerably longer than wide and at least one-quarter the length of the metanotum (quadrate to transverse in Calynda ). Females also differ by the unarmed head, less distinct praeopercular organ that is merely represented by a single median protuberance or wart-like structure (two spiniform or digitiform processes in Calynda ) and enlarged, paddle-like gonoplacs. Males readily differ from those of Calynda by the considerably shorter cerci, tectate anal segment and the averagely larger, bulgier poculum.

The tectate anal segment of ♂♂ and enlarged, paddle-shaped gonoplacs of ♀♀ ( Figs. 10C–D ) suggest close relation to the two South American genera Laciphorus Redtenbacher, 1908 (Type-species: Laciphorus lobulatus Redtenbacher, 1908 , = Ocnophila capitata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 ) and Globocalynda Zompro, 2001 (Type-species: Calynda simplex Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 ). From Laciphorus it differs by the shorter median segment (roughly half as long as metanotum in Laciphorus ) of both sexes, pointed apex of the subgenital plate ( Figs. 10C–F ) and much smaller gonoplacs of ♀♀, as well as the lack of finger-like posterolateral processes of the anal segment, shorter and not hook-like cerci and much smaller poculum of ♂♂ ( Figs.10G–K ).From the more southward distributed Globocalynda both sexes may be differentiated by the shorter median segment (roughly two-thirds the length of metanotum in Globocalynda ) and more elongate, dorsally flattened and sub-cylindrical head ( Figs. 10A–B ), pointed apex of the subgenital plate of ♀♀, as well as the not laterally swollen and posteromedially excavated anal segment and mostly smaller poculum that hardly reaches to the posterior margin of abdominal tergum IX. Furthermore, ♂♂ differ from both genera by having abdominal terga VIII–X taken together much longer than tergum VII.

The eggs of Andeocalynda ( Figs. 98A–B ) resemble those of all three aforementioned genera in being shiny, considerably longer than wide and compressed laterally, having an almost smooth to minutely granulose capsule surface and a moderately convex capitulum. The whitish area that surrounds the micropylar plate is shared with Globocalynda , but the eggs of this new genus are much more elongate and have the operculum inserted in a notably larger angle. The general shape is similar to the eggs of Calynda , but these differ from those of Andeocalynda by lacking the pale dorsal area around the micropylar plate, are less elongate and furthermore possess a rim of setae on the anterior margin of the capsule that surrounds the operculum. From the eggs of Laciphorus those of Andeocalynda differ by the much more elongate shape, prominent opercular angle and plain colour of the capsule (distinctly flecked in Laciphorus ).

Comments. The original description of the genus presented by Hennemann & Conle (2020b: 302), is detailed and sufficient, thus it is not repeated here. Body lengths: ♂♂ 59.0- 88.9 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 90.0-130.0 mm.

Distribution ( Fig. 101B ). Andean regions of Ecuador and southern Colombia ranging from 500 to 3500 metres. Biogeographically the known distribution is restricted to the southern portion of the North Andean Paramo Province and northern portion of the Puna Province in the South American Transition Zone ( Morrone, 2006: 473, Fig. 2 ). Members of this new genus are known to be associated with habitats that include moist mountainous forest, cloud forest and dwarf forest.

Species included:

Figures

FIGURE 1. Previous and current classifications of the taxa studied.A. Cladomorphinae sensu Hennemann et al. (2016) showing the suggested dichotomy between Cladomorphini sensu lato (including Haplopodinae here introduced) and Cladomorphini sensu stricto, the latter of which are now classified as belonging to Diapheromerini. B-F: Comparison of previous and current classifications of the subfamily Diapheromerinae. B. Arrangement according to Zompro (2001a) showing the three tribes and seven generic groups within Diapheromerini; C. Classification according to Robertson et al. (2018), showing dichotomy within Diapheromerinae with only two recognised tribes, the Diapheromerini and Oreophoetini; D. Proposal by Cliquennois (2020), which has basically raised existing tribes to subfamily-level (Note: The four distinct Diapheromerinae lineages shown in E and F have already been considered with the preferable Libethrinae used for Oreophoetini sensu Robertson et al., 2018); E. Generally corroborating results of Bank & Bradler (2022) and Forni et al. (2022), the dotted branches indicate the unnamed sub-divisions within Diapheromerini; F. Classification according to the present study, which corroborates to E but provides rank-free names for the sub-ordinate lineages within Diapheromerini sensu lato and shows the position of Cladomorformia tax. n. (compare to Figs. 133A–B). The arrow between E and F alludes the accordance of the topology between these two classifications.

FIGURE 2. Map showing the geography of Central and South America and known distribution of Cladomorformia tax. n. Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893.

FIGURE 4. Terminalia of ♂♂: A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Phanocles mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. FH]; C. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) [coll. FH]; D. Xylodus adumbratus Saussure, 1859 [ZMUH]; E. Bacteria ferula (Berthold, 1827) [Diapheromerini: “Bacteroformia”; the white arrow indicates how stigmae VIII are shifted away from the anterior margin of abdominal segment VIII.

FIGURE 6. Terminalia during copulation: A. Paraotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. paratypes (Panama, Prov. Coclé, Alle de Antón, XI.2019); B. Phanocles horni (Redtenbacher, 1908) cultured specimens; C. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) ventral view showing how the elongated cerci of the ♂ are used as claspers to grasp the abdomen of the ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Alajuela, El Rodeo Experimental Forest, XI.2012); D. same specimens as in figure D in lateral view.

FIGURE 8. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904): A. ♀ (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), habitus dorsal view [ANSP]; B. ♀ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), habitus dorsolatera view [coll. FH, No. 0049–34]; C. ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0049–59]; D. ♀ (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), lateral view of terminalia [ANSP]; E. ♀ (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), dorsal view of terminalia [ANSP]; F. ♀ (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), ventral view of terminalia [ANSP]; G. ♀ (Costa Rica, San José), lateral view of terminalia [ZMUH]; H. ♀ (Costa Rica, San José), dorsal view of terminalia [ZMUH]; J. ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), lateral view of terminalia [coll. FH]; K. ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), dorsal view of terminalia [coll. FH]; L. ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), ventral view of terminalia [coll. FH]; M. ♀ with small cephalic tubercles (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), head and prothorax in lateral view [ANSP]; N. ♀ with well-developed cephalic lobes (Costa Rica, Surubres nr. San Mateo), head and prothorax in lateral view [ANSP]; O. ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Santa Elena), head and prothorax in lateral view [coll. FH].

FIGURE 9. Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2021: A. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [NHMUK]; B. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, habitus dorsal view [NHMUK]; C. A. decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, habitus dorsal view [NHMUK]; D. A. decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ PT, habitus dorsal view [NHMUK]; E. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [NHMUK].

FIGURE 10. Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2021: A. A. putumayoense Hennemann& Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, head, pro- and mesothorax in dorsolateral view [MNHN]; B. A. putumayoense Hennemann& Conle, 2020 ♂ PT, head, pro- and mesothorax in dorsolateral view [MNHN]; C. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; D. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [NHMUK; E. A. tuberculata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; F. A. decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; G. A. tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK; H. A. viridipes Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; J. A. viridipes Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [NHMUK]; K. A. viridipes Hennemann & Conle, 2020 ♂ HT, terminalia in ventral view [NHMUK].

FIGURE 14. Calynda Stål, 1875: A. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Monteverde), head and prothorax in lateral view [coll. AJH]; B. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head and prothorax in dorsal view [coll. FH]; C. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head, pro- and anterior half of mesohorax in lateral view [coll. FH]; D. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (captive reared from Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), head and prothorax in lateral view [coll. FH]; E. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), head and prothorax in dorsal view [coll. FH]; F. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ grey colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in lateral view [coll. OC]; G. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ orange colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; H. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ green colour form (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in ventral view [coll. OC]; J. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; K. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Monteverde), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. AJH]; L. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♀ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula), terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]; M. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; N. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; O. C. bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♂ (Panamá, Prov. Chiriquí, Volcán Baru), terminalia in ventral view [coll. OC]; P. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado N.P.), terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; Q. C. coronata Carl, 1913 ♂ (Costa Rica, Prov. Puntarenas, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado N.P.), terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]. Arrow shows position of stigma VIII at anterior of tergum VIII.

FIGURE 15. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: A. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀ (Brazil, Espirito Santo), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0184–1]; B. C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 ♀ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Jedenfalls), habitus dorsal view [ZMUH]; C. C. tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) ♀ (Argentina), habitus dorsolateral view [NHMW]; D. C. rubus (Saussure, 1861) ♀ (Brazil, San Antonio de Jesu), habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP].

FIGURE 19. Cranidium gibbosum (Burmeister, 1838): A. ♀ (captive reared from French Guiana, Petit Saut), habitus dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0470-11]; B. ♀ (captive reared from French Guiana, Petit Saut), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0470-11]; C. ♂ (captive reared from French Guiana, Petit Saut), habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 0470-8]; D. ♀, lateral view of head, pro- and mesothorax (captive reared from French Guiana, Petit Saut), habitus dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0470-4]; E. ♀, ventral view of head, pro- and mesothorax showing the distinct tubercular medio-longitudinal keel of the mesosternum (captive reared from French Guiana, Petit Saut), habitus dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0470-4]; F. ♀, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH 0470-17]; G. ♀, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH 0470-11]; H. ♂, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0470-9]; J. ♂, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0470-9]; K. ♂, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH, No. 0470-9]. Pha = the spinulose phallus that is characteristic for Cranidium Westwood, 1843.

FIGURE 21. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001: A. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (E-Peru, Dept. Loreto, Iquitos/Nauta, C.E. El Dorado), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; B. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Brazil, Est. Amazonas, Santo Antonio do Iça), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; C. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Peru, Dept. Loreto, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; D. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, habitus lateral view [NHMUK]; E. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Peru, Dept. Loreto, Iquitos/Nauta, C.E. El Dorado), intero-lateral view of basal portion of right mesofemur showing the bidentate lobe [MNHN]; F. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Brazil, Est. Amazonas, Santo Antonio do Iça), intero-lateral view of basal portion of right mesofemur showing the bidentate lobe [MNHU]; G. G. cornuta sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsolateral view of head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum [MNHN]; H. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsolateral view of head and pronotum [ANSP]; J. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, lateral view of head and pronotum [MNHU]; K. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head,and pronotum [NHMUK]; L. G. marcapatae sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head and pronotum [MNHU]; M. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, dorsolateral view of head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum [MNHU].

FIGURE 85. Mesosternum: A. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) ♀ [coll. OC]; B. Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT [ANSP]; C. Globocalynda unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀ Prov. Sara, Bolivia [MNHU]; D. Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ Volcán Baru, Chiriqui, Panamá [coll. FH]; E. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) ♀ Surubres nr. San Mateo, Costa Rica [ANSP]; F. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) ♀ Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico [ANSP]; G. Lanceobostra deplanata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [NHMUK]; H. Lanceobostra freygessneri (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [MHNG]; J. Lanceobostra similis (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [NHMUK]; K. Ocreatophasma elegans gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]; L. Ocreatophasma modestum gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]; M. Ocreatophasma fragile gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 89. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀: A. Andeocalynda decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 PT [coll. FH]; B. Andeocalynda tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 PT [coll. FH]; C. Andeocalynda densegranulosa Hennemann & Conle, 2020 HT [ZSMC]; D. Andeocalynda tuberculata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 HT [NHMUK]; E. Globocalynda cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) [MNHU]; F. Aplopocranidium waehneri (Günther, 1940) [MNHN]; G. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 HT [MNHU]; H. Jeremiodes colombianus Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 HT [CEUA]; J. Jeremiodes guianensis Hennemann & Conle, 2007 HT [MNHN]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 95. Vomer of ♂♂ (ventral view): A. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 [ANSP]; B. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; C. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; D. Lanceobostra ornata sp. n. HT [ANSP]; E. Lanceobostra jaliscensis Rehn, 1904 [ANSP]; F. Lanceobostra guatemalensis (Redtenbacher, 1908) [ANSP]; G. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) [coll. OC]; H. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) LT of Bostra jugalis (Rehn, 1905) [ANSP]; J. Phanoclocrania speciosa Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutierréz]; K. Phanoclocrania dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) [ZMUH]; L. Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. OC]; M. Parotocrania regina (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutierréz]; N. Globocrania emesa (Westwood, 1859) HT of Pseudobacteria longipes Piza, 1938 [MZUSP]; O. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) [CEIOC]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 98. Eggs: A. Andeocalynda decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; B. Andeocalynda tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; C. Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 [coll. FH]; D. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 [coll. FH]; E. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; F. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) [coll. FH]; G. Globocalynda unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ex abdomen PLT of Globocalynda simplex (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [NHMW, © 2019 Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection / H. Bruckner]; H. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; J. Cladomorphus tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) [coll. FH]; K. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 [ZSMC]; L. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, Monteverde [coll. FH]; M. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, San Mateo [ANSP]; N. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; O. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) [MZUSP, © Pedro Ivo Chiquetto-Machado]; P. Globocrania tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P. [coll. FH]. [Scale = 1 mm]

FIGURE 101. Maps showing the known distributionsof the genera A. Alienobostra Zompro, 2001, B. Andeocalynda Hennemann & Conle, 2020, C. Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004, D. Bostriana Hennemann, Conle & Valero, 2021, E. Calynda Stål, 1875 and F. Cladomorphus Gray, 1835.

FIGURE 105. Live insects of Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904): A. Mating couple at El Rodeo Experimental Forest 900 m, Costa Rica; B. Captive reared ♀, brown form with white medio-longitudinal streak on body (stock from Costa Rica, Monteverde); C. Mating couple at Monteverde 1530 m, Costa Rica (© Kenji Nishida); D. Captive reared ♀, green form with two white medio-longitudinal streaks on body (stock from Costa Rica, Monteverde).