Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner, 1907

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 43-45

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FF8A-D849-FF55-F183284FE27B
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner
status

Treatment

3. Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner View in CoL v. Wattenwyl, 1907: 329 . HT, ♀: Holotype; Costa Rica, Van Patten; 82; Godman-Salvin Coll., 1908–168, B.C.A. Orth. II.; Calynda quadrilobulata Redt. ; Calynda quadrilobulata Brunner, 1907 , det. John Huxley, 1964; BMNH(E) #844522 [NHMUK]. ( Fig. 13E View FIGURE 13 )

Remarks: Taking the great range of intraspecific variability of ♀♀ of C. coronata Carl, 1913 into account (→ see comments above) suggests the unique holotype of C. quadrilobulata might merely be a ♀ with extreme thoracic armature and two additional sub-basal lobes on the outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora. However, both these features and the six spiniform projections of the pronotum in particular are not within the usual range of variability seen in C. coronata , but may merely be an individual trait. In addition to these features, the specimen only differs from C. coronata by the somewhat longer and more acutely pointed cerci and slightly larger epiproct. More ♀♀ with such features and ♂♂ from the same locality will be needed to decide with confirmation, whether C. quadrilobulata really is conspecific with C. coronata .

Distribution: Costa Rica [NHMUK].

Keys to the species of Calynda View in CoL

♀♀

1. Large insects (body length incl. subgenital plate> 110.0mm)................................................... 2

- Small species (body length incl. subgenital plate <110.0 mm)............................................. bicuspis View in CoL

2. Pronotum with six paired spiniform projections; meso- and metafemora with two rounded lobes on each of the two outer ventral carinae of meso- and metafemora ( Fig. 13E View FIGURE 13 ).................................................... .. quadrilobulata View in CoL

- Pronotum unarmed; meso- and metafemora at best with one sub-basal lobe on each outer ventral carina........... coronata View in CoL

♂♂

1. Small (body length <80.0 mm); plain brown ( Fig. 106C View FIGURE 106 ); vomer roundly triangular in outline and Noticeably longer than width at base ( Fig. 14O View FIGURE 14 )................................................................................ bicuspis View in CoL

- Larger (body length> 80.0 mm); body brown with miD– and hind legs and bases of front legs green and genae with a yellowish longitudinal streak dorsally and ventrally ( Fig. 107B View FIGURE 107 ); vomer broadly heart-shaped with base impressed medially and almost corresponding to entire length ( Fig. 14Q View FIGURE 14 )............................................................ coronata View in CoL

[* The ♂ of C. quadrilobulata Brunner View in CoL v. Wattenwyl, 1907 is not known]

5.6. Genus Cladomorphus Gray, 1835

( Figs. 3D View FIGURE 3 , 4A View FIGURE 4 , 15–18 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 , 83A–C View FIGURE 83 , 90A–B View FIGURE 90 , 94A View FIGURE 94 , 98H–J View FIGURE 98 , 101F View FIGURE 101 , 121A–E View FIGURE 121 )

Type-species: Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835: 15 , by subsequent designation of Rehn, 1904: 61.

Cladomorphus Gray, 1835: 15 View in CoL (in part).

Audinet-Serville, 1838: 224.

Rehn, 1904: 61. (Designation of type-species)

Kirby, 1904: 357.

Karny, 1923: 239.

Bradley & Galil, 1977: 190.

Bragg, 2001: 623.

Otte & Brock, 2005: 94 (in part).

Kumagi & Fonseca, 2009: 41.

Hennemann & Conle, 2010: 103.

Conle, Hennemann, Bellanger, Lelong, Jourdan & Valero, 2020: 16, 125. Brock & Büscher, 2022: 546 (in part).

= Phibalosoma Gray, 1835: 42 . (Type-species: Phibalosoma lepelletieri Gray, 1835: 42 (= C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 View in CoL ), by original monotypy). [Synonymised by Bradley & Galil, 1977: 190] Audinet-Serville, 1838: 248. Westwood, 1859: 71 (in part). Saussure, 1870 –1872: 172. Kaup, 1871: 36. Stål, 1875: 27, 80. Kirby, 1904: 356 (in part). Redtenbacher, 1908: 425 (in part). Karny, 1923: 239. Bragg, 2001: 641. Otte & Brock, 2005: 94.

[Not: Cladomorphus, Stål, 1875: 94 View in CoL ]

[Not: Phibalosoma, Chopard, 1911: 347 ]

Description. ♀, ♂ ( Figs. 15–18 View FIGURE 15 View FIGURE 16 View FIGURE 17 View FIGURE 18 ): Large to very large (body length ♂♂ 113.4–175.0 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 174.0–260.0 mm), moderately slender to stocky Cladomorphini . Females apterous, ♂♂ very slender insects with well-developed alae. Colouration various shades of grey, ochre and brown, ♀♀ often somewhat lichenose and flecked with lighter and darker tones. Head globose with vertex strongly convex and multi-tuberculate; usually with a pair of more pronounced tubercles or protrusions in central portion ( Figs. 16 View FIGURE 16 C-H). Antennae moderately thickened and at best reaching to abdominal segment III in ♂♂ and metanotum in ♀♀. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally with lateral margins moderately dilated and gently rounded. Pedicellus elliptical in cross-section, weakly carinate laterally and only about half the length of scapus, antennomere III also slightly elliptical in cross-section and more than 2x the length of pedicellus. Antennomere IV much shorter and the following gradually increasing in length. Pronotum about as long as but narrower than head, rectangular, notably longer than wide with a moderate transverse median sulcus; surface ± granulose. Mesothorax elongate and>4.8x longer than pronotum; very slender and uniform in width in ♂♂, relatively shorter, broader and often slightly swollen pre-medially in ♀♀. All thoracic segments to a variable degree and either uniformly or unevenly granulose, tubercular or minutely and densely spinulose. Posterior margin of metanotum in ♀♀ usually with an obtuse median protuberance. Tegmina of ♂♂ ovoid in outline and notably narrowed towards the base, the central hump shallow to moderately developed. Alae at least reaching to abdominal segment V. Median segment slightly longer (♀♀) or>3x longer than metanotum (♂♂). Abdominal segments II–VII at least 1.5x longer than wide, much longer in ♂♂, all of more or less uniform width; basal terga may be minutely granulose in ♀♀. Tergum V with a transverse, scale-like posteromedian projection or swelling. Sternum VII of ♀♀ with a very prominent praeopercular organ that is formed by two or three dentoid lobes at posterior margin ( Figs. 90A–B View FIGURE 90 ). Terminalia of ♀♀ ( Figs. 3D View FIGURE 3 , 18 View FIGURE 18 ): Combined length of terga VIII–X about equal in length to tergum VII, IX shortest. Anal segment longer than wide with a fine but acute medio-longitudinal median carina and a concave median excavation posteriorly; the basal lateral portions slightly deflexed. Epiproct small, shield-shaped, wider than long and just slightly projecting beyond posterior margin of anal segment. Cerci small, round in cross-section and somewhat tapered towards the apex. Paraprocts large and reaching to apex of anal segment. Gonapophyses VIII strongly elongated, filiform, tri-carinate in cross-section and projecting considerably beyond apex of abdomen. Gonoplacs moderately enlarged, compressed laterally and slightly paddle-shaped ( Fig. 3D View FIGURE 3 ). Subgenital plate strongly keeled longitudinally and projecting over apex of abdomen by at least the combined length of the two terminal terga; shape variable but lateral margins ± undulate to lobate and apex obtuse. Terminalia of ♂♂ ( Figs. 4A View FIGURE 4 , 17 View FIGURE 17 E-J): Three terminal abdominal segments club-like and broader than all preceding segments, together about equal in length to segment VII. VIII distinctly trapezoidal and widened towards the posterior, IX with the lateral margins roundly deflexed and anal segment much narrowed. The narrow posterior portion bilobate and the posterior margin somewhat swollen and set with minute denticles ventrally. Paraproct very small and hidden under anal segment. Cerci slender, tapered towards a narrow tip and roughly reaching to apex of anal segment. Vomer very large, narrowed towards the apex and mostly with two strongly upcurved terminal hooks ( Figs. 4A View FIGURE 4 , 94A View FIGURE 94 ) only one species with a single terminal point). Poculum large, bulgy and with a spatiform to tube-like apical appendix that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by considerably more than the combined length of the three terminal abdominal segments ( Figs. 4A View FIGURE 4 , 17E–J View FIGURE 17 ; this appendix missing in one species). Legs all long and slender in ♂♂, relatively much shorter and much more robust in ♀♀. Metatarsi in ♂♂ roughly reaching to tip of appendix of poculum and in ♀♀ reaching no further than abdominal segment VII. All carinae of front legs of ♀♀ ± lamellate and often undulate. The carinae of the mid and hind legs may be granulose and the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora often bear a tooth, tooth-like expansion or spine about one-third off the base. Medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora and tibiae unarmed, granulose or minutely spinulose. Posterodorsal carina of meso- and metatibiae often with a dorso-median tooth or lobe. Tarsi short and robust in ♀♀, moderately slender in ♂♂; the basitarsi about as long as following three tarsomeres combined, often with a ± rounded lobe dorsally.

Eggs ( Figs. 98 View FIGURE 98 H-J). Large (overall length ca. 5.0–6.0 mm), capsule ovoid longer than high or wide, slightly compressed laterally and oval in cross-section. Dorsal surface more convex than ventral or lateral surfaces; the latter tending to flatten. Polar-area rounded. Capsule surface smooth to very minutely coriaceous and dull. Micropylar plate elongate and almost parallel-sided, ranging in length from half to three-quarters of capsule length. Micropylar cup small and at posterior end of plate, median line distinct and almost reaching to posterior pole of egg. Operculum elliptical and with a hollow and raised, roundly convex to conical network. Colour of opercular structures and micropylar plate differing from that of capsule.

Differentiation. Very similar and closely related to Xylodus Saussure, 1859 and Hirtuleius Stål, 1875 . From Xylodus this genus may be distinguished by: the larger size; slenderer shape; less pronounced cephalic armature and relatively longer mesothorax of both sexes, which is more than 2x longer than the head and pronotum combined (<2x in Xylodus ). Females also differ by the flat and not swollen mesonotum, relatively longer abdominal terga VIII–X and subgenital plate, less conspicuously enlarged gonoplacs and comparatively less undulate and lamellate carinae of the mid and hind legs. From Hirtuleius it may be differentiated by the considerably larger size and tubercular, ± conical vertex of both sexes. Females also differ by having a crenulate swelling or protuberance on abdominal tergum V (lacking or on tergum VI in Hirtuleius ), much more prominent praeopercular organ ( Figs. 90A–B View FIGURE 90 ) and undulate lateral margins of the subgenital plate. Males are readily separated from those of Hirtuleius by the conspicuous elongate apical appendix of the poculum, which however is missing in the northernmost distributed species of Cladomorphus ( C. guianensis ). The ♂ of this latter species however clearly differs from Hirtuleius by the conically raised head and not densely granulose thoracic segments. In addition to Xylodus , the long appendix of the poculum is shared with ♂♂ of Otocraniella Zompro, 2005 , which merely differs from Cladomorphus by the flattened head and absence of tegmina and alae.

Comments. Gray (1835: 15) established Cladomorphus to comprise four Neotropical species all known from the ♀♀ only, but one of which is not congeneric ( Ceroys perfoliatus ( Gray, 1835)) . Subsequently, Rehn (1904: 61) designated C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 as the type-species of Cladomorphus . The genus Phibalosoma Gray, 1835 was established solely for Ph. lepelletieri Gray, 1835 . This species however was only known from the ♂♂ and represents the opposite sex of Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 . Consequently, Phibalosoma is a synonym of Cladomorphus and was synonymised by Bradley & Galil (1977: 190).

Distribution ( Fig. 101F View FIGURE 101 ). Eastern and south-central South America (E-Brazil, N-Argentina, Paraguay and French Guiana). The genus is distributed throughout the entire Atlantic Forest (Portuguese: Mata Atlântica) along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the north to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south but also has two species much more northward, one of which even occurs as far north as French Guiana. French Guiana represents a disjunct distribution and the abovementioned morphological peculiarities of the concerned species ( P. guianensis ), question its generic position.

Species included: