Globocalynda ruficollis, Hennemann & Conle, 2024

Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V., 2024, Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae), Zootaxa 5444 (1), pp. 1-454 : 64-70

Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BA1663EA-E1D8-4416-98BF-F40ED9A2B39F

( Figs. 4B , 20D , 21H, 21M , 22D, 22G–J , 23D–F , 85B )

HT, ♂: Bolivien, Prov. Sara, J. Steinbach S.V. [ MNHU] .

PT, ♂: Bolivien, Prov. Sara Dept. St. Cruz de la Sierra 500 m, I.-IV.1904, J. Steinbach S.V. [ MNHU] .

PT, 2 ♂♂: Bolivien, Prov. Sara, Steinbach S.; Dyme parasanguinolenta Brunner v. W., K. Günther det. [ ZMPA] .

PT, ♂: Provincia Sara , Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. 500 m . I,20-II,5,1922 (J. Steinbach) [ ANSP] .

PT, ♂: Provincia Sara, Bolivia, II,5–20,1922, J. Steinbach [ ANSP] .

PT, ♂: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, II,20 to 28 1922, J. Steinbach [ ANSP] .

PT, ♂: Prov. del Sara. Bolivia. 450 m . J. Steinbach; A.N.S.P. Ex Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln. [ ANSP] .

PT, ♀: Prov. del Sara. Bolivia. 450 m . J. Steinbach; Carn. Mus. Acc. 6443.; A.N.S.P. Ex Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln. [ ANSP] .

PT, ♀, 4 eggs: Prov. del Sara. Bolivia. 450 m . J. Steinbach; Carn. Mus. Acc. 6444.; A.N.S.P. Ex Carn. Mus., Bruner Cln. [ ANSP] .

PT, ♂: Bolívia, Santa Cruz, Buena Vista (Hotel Flora & Fauna), 14–20.XI.2008, Galileo, Vanin & Martins col. [ MZUSP] .

Diagnosis. Females of this new species are similar to those of G. unilobata ( Redtenbacher, 1908) but differ by the somewhat more elongate shape (mesothorax 7.2x longer than prothorax vs. 6.5x longer in unilobata ), wholly smooth mesonotum (unevenly granulose in unilobata ), more elongate head ( Fig. 21H ), apically narrowed and acute apex of the subgenital plate ( Figs. 22 G-J; rather broadened and rounded in unilobata ) and smaller sub-apical protrusion of the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora (rounded and multi-dentate in unilobata ). Males are readily recognised and distinguished from all other members of the genus by the very distinctive colouration, having a bright red medio-longitudinal marking or streak on the mesonotum and metanotum ( Figs. 20D , 22M ).

Etymology. The name refers to the bright red longitudinal median stripe on the meso- and metanotum of ♂♂ this new species ( Fig. 20D ).

Description. ♀♀ ( Fig. 22B ): Moderately sized (body length including subgenital plate 140.0–151.0 mm) and slender for the genus with an elongate-oval, unarmed head, smooth thorax, unarmed legs and slender basitarsi. Dorsal body surface wholly smooth, except for a few small granules along lateral margins of mesonotum and on mesopleurae. General colour of the two specimens at hand pale buff to ochre, the buff specimen with a faint olive wash (both specimens have apparently been provisionally stored in ethanol, which has caused discolouration). Eyes and antennae rather drab.

Head ( Fig. 21H ): Elongate-ovate, widest at the eyes, slightly narrowing toward the posterior and about 1.3x longer than wide; vertex very weakly rounded and with a slightly impressed coronal line. Area between the eyes weakly raised and with a shallow, gently curved transverse furrow behind. Frons with a C–shaped impression between the bases of the antennae. Eyes small, weakly projecting and circular in outline, their diameter contained 2.4x in length of genae. Antennae reaching to abdominal segment III. Scapus strongly compressed dorsoventrally, carinate laterally with both lateral margins very gently convex and 1.5x longer than wide. Pedicellus almost round in cross-section, slightly more than half the length of scapus and weakly constricted at the apex. III somewhat longer than pedicellus, notably slenderer and gradually narrowing towards the apex.

Thorax: Pronotum somewhat shorter and notably narrower than head, the anterior portion somewhat widened and the median portion distinctly narrowed with the lateral margins concave; about 1.4x longer than wide. Transverse median sulcus moderately impressed, gently curved with the median part straight and not just reaching to lateral margins of segment; the medio-longitudinal line somewhat impressed over complete length ( Fig. 21H ). Mesothorax 7.2x longer than prothorax and very slightly narrowing in the anterior on third. Metanotum about half the length of mesonotum, rectangular and 3.6x longer than wide; meso- and metanotum with a fine longitudinal lateral carina and a row of small granules close to lateral margins. Meso- and metapleurae with fine and uneven medio-longitudinal carina, which is supplied with a few granules on mesopleurae. Mesosternum sparsely and minutely granulose in anterior portion.

Abdomen: Median segment less than half the length of metanotum with lateral margins weakly concave and about 1.5x longer than wide. Segment II notably longer than median segment, III–VI longer than II and roughly uniform in length, VII about as long as II and narrowing towards the posterior. II about 2.25x and III–VI on average 3x longer than wide. Praeopercular organ very indistinct and merely formed by a very a shallow posteromedian swelling on sternum VII ( Figs. 22J , 85B ). Tergum VIII about two-fifth the length of VII, as wide as posterior part of VII, rectangular and 1.5x longer than wide. IX somewhat narrowing towards the posterior, scarcely longer than wide and about three-quarters the length of VIII. Anal segment about as long as IX with a fine medio-longitudinal carina dorsally, somewhat narrowing towards the posterior and the posterior margin straight with the outer angles obtusely rounded. Epiproct small, roundly triangular and somewhat projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Cerci small and narrowing towards an obtuse apex. Gonoplacs spatulate with the dorsal margin concave in the median section, strongly compressed laterally, gradually narrowing towards and obtusely truncated apex and slightly projecting beyond anal segment ( Figs. 4B , 22G ). Gonapophyses VIII slender and somewhat projecting beyond apex of gonoplacs ( Fig. 4B ). Subgenital plate long, naviculate with the lateral margins strongly up-curved and gradually lowering towards the apex; in dorsal aspect with a distinct narrowing medially and the posterior portion somewhat widened before it narrows towards a rather acutely triangular apex ( Fig. 22H ); the basal portion flattened and with a distinct, lamellate carina laterally.

Legs: Fairly long and slender for the genus; wholly unarmed except for a small, obtuse sub-apical tooth on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora. Profemora about as long as mesothorax, mesofemora about as long as metathorax, metafemora projecting over posterior margin of abdominal segment IV and metatibiae reaching to segment VIII. All basitarsi slender and ± as long as the remaining tarsomeres taken together.

♂♂ ( Fig. 22D ): Medium to large (body length 74.0– 97.8 mm) and moderately slender for the genus with very distinctive colouration. Head, prothorax, median segment, abdomen, all coxae and legs basically drab and occasionally with a slight olive wash; abdomen occasionally pale ochre to buff (paratype in MZUSP) and the median segment sometimes with a greyish blue wash (e. g. in the holotype). Posterior margin of all abdominal terga including the median segment black. Meso- and metanotum and pleurae pale greyish blue to turquoise; meso- and metanotum each with most of the dorsal surface bright red. Meso- and metasternum dark yellow. Eyes ochre. Antennae reddish brown and gradually becoming brown towards the apex .

Head ( Fig. 21M ): Shape and proportions generally as in ♀♀. Eyes notably larger although, strongly projecting and their diameter contained 1.5x in length of genae. Antennae almost reaching to apex of abdomen. Scapus oval in cross-section and just weakly compressed dorsoventrally; the lateral margins straight and roughly parallel-sided. Pedicellus and segment III as in ♀♀.

Thorax: Pronotum basically as in ♀♀ but the lateral margins less distinctly concave and the transverse median sulcus less pronounced. Mesothorax narrower than prothorax and uniform in diameter except for a slight widening of the anterior and posterior portions; 7.5x longer than prothorax. Metanotum less than 0.6x the length of mesonotum and weakly constricted medially; meso- and metanotum with a very fine medio-longitudinal line and a lateral row of minute granules parallel to lateral margins. Meso- and metasternum with a weakly defined medio-longitudinal carina.

Abdomen: Median segment about one-third the length of metanotum, slightly widening in the posterior half and the lateral margins gently concave; about 3.3x longer than width of anterior margin. Segment II 1.5x longer than median segment, III–V roughly uniform in length, VI and VII decreasing in length with VII shorter than II; II 3.75x and V about 4.5x longer than wide. Segments II–VII roughly uniform in diameter, but all weakly constricted medially and VII somewhat widening in the posterior portion. Terga VIII–X as a unity scarcely longer than VII but notably broader than all preceding segments. Tergum VIII very short with posterior portion inflated and the anterior portion constricted, distinctly trapezoidal in dorsal aspect with posterior margin considerably wider than anterior margin; lateral surfaces with a distinct and obtuse, gently curved longitudinal bulge. IX almost 1.5x longer than VIII, weakly narrowing towards the posterior, slightly longer than wide and the lateral margins somewhat deflexed and angular posteriorly. Anal segment much shorter than IX, strongly descendant towards the posterior but somewhat cucullate in lateral aspect ( Fig. 23D ); in dorsal aspect basically trapezoidal with the lateral margins somewhat rounded, the posterior margin with a shallow median emargination and the outer angles obtusely swollen ( Fig. 23E ). The swollen outer angles ventrally set with a few small black denticles ( Fig. 23F ). Epiproct minute, roundly triangular and downward directed. Vomer basically triangular with a short but acute terminal hook. Cerci almost as long as anal segment, round in cross-section with a club-shaped apex and only the apical portion gently arcuate. Poculum large, bulgy, somewhat higher than tergum IX ( Fig. 23D ), roundly rectangular in lateral aspect and carinate medio-longitudinally in the vertical posterior portion; the posterior margin triangularly protruded medially with a minute median indention and almost reaching to apex of anal segment ( Fig. 23F ).

Legs: All long, slender and unarmed except for a minute sub-apical tooth on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora. Profemora almost as long as head, pro- and mesonotum taken together, mesofemora almost as long as mesothorax, metafemora reaching to posterior margin of abdominal segment V and metatibiae projecting greatly beyond apex of abdomen. Basitarsi slender and very elongate, all notably longer than remaining tarsomeres combined.

Eggs. There are four eggs extracted from the abdomen of one of the ♀♀ in the collection of ANSP. These are glued to a small piece of cardboard on the specimen’s pin. Since they are not fully developed, only a brief characterisation is provided here.

Fairly small (capsule length 2.8 mm), notably longer than wide, oval in cross-section and higher than wide with the anterior portion of the dorsal surface angular and distinctly concave. Capsule surface coriaceous. Micropylar plate oval, positioned medially on dorsal egg surface and a little less than half the length of capsule. Outer margin of plate somewhat raised and the median portion with an obtuse longitudinal bulge. Operculum missing but anterior opening almost circular in outline. Colour buff, the outer portion of the micropylar plate dull straw-coloured.

Table 6: Measurements of Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n.

Table 7: Measurements of Globocalynda spp.

* Paralectotypes of G. simplex in NHMW

** Paralectotypes of G. unilobata (smaller specimen) and G. simplex (larger specimen) in NHMW

*** Abdominal terga IX and X of paralectotype of G. simplex destroyed

5.9. Genus Globocrania gen. n.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A1EEE209-FA55-423C-AA6F-04E5F2C9B4FC

( Figs. 24–26 , 86A–B , 90F , 95N–O , 98 O-P, 102B, 125, 126A–B)

Type-species: Bacteria emesa Westwood, 1859: 30 , pl. 5: 3, by present designation.

Globocrania, Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011: 59 (in litt.).

Gutiérrez & Bacca, 2014: 217.

Brock & Büscher, 2022: 512. Bacteria, Westwood, 1859: 30 , pl. 5: 3 (in part).

Bates, 1865: 329, 330, pl. 44: 10 (in part).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 63 (in part). Bacunculus, Giglio-Tos, 1910: 33 (in part). Bostra, Redtenbacher, 1908: 410 (in part). Bostranova Villet, 2023: 150 (in part). Ceroys, Kirby, 1904: 354 (in part). Ceroys (Ceroys), Otte & Brock, 2005: 90 (in part). Dyme, Kirby, 1904: 350 . Heteronemia, Kirby, 1904: 349 (in part).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 158 (in part). Otocrania Redtenbacher, 1908: 424 (in part).

Otte & Brock, 2005: 262 (in part).

Zompro, 2005: 241 (in part). Paracalynda, Zompro & Domenico, 2005: 258 . Pseudobacteria, Toledo-Piza, 1938: 42 , fig. 1.

Description. ♀, ♂ ( Figs. 24–26 ): Large to very large (body length ♂♂ 120.0–138.0 mm, ♀♀ incl. subgenital plate 190.0– 230.5 mm) very slender and stick-like Cladomorphini with a globose (often armed) head and a median segment that is somewhat shorter than the metanotum. ♂♂ apterous. Most of ventral body surface with a ± distinct longitudinal carina in ♂♂ and multi-carinate with a prominent medio-longitudinal carina or keel in ♀♀. Colour of both sexes various tones of green or brown, pronotum usually with a ± defined dark medio-longitudinal streak (e. g. Fig. 26G ). Head hardly longer than wide and sub-globose but may be almost spherical in ♀♀; vertex in both sexes with a pair of ± prominent, either acute or laterally flattened and angular or crenulate ( Figs. 26A, F ), straight to obliquely forward–pointing cephalad spines or horns (may be obsolete in ♂♂, Fig. 26G ). Vertex occasionally with single scattered tubercles in ♀♀. Eyes circular and projecting hemispherical, much more prominent in ♂♂. Antennae longer than head and complete thorax combined. Scapus compressed dorsoventrally, roundly rectangular and noticeably longer than wide. Pedicellus ± half the length of scapus and ± round in cross-section. III longer than pedicellus. Pronotum ± as long as head but notably narrower, roughly rectangular in shape and longer than wide. Mesothorax very elongate, uniform in diameter and at least 9x (♀♀) or 10x (♂♂) longer than prothorax; slightly narrower than prothorax in ♂♂. Complete thorax smooth in ♂♂. In ♀♀ mesonotum smooth or sparsely granulose with a fine medio-longitudinal carina, meso- and metapleurae with a marginal row of ± distinct teeth or spines ( Figs. 24D–F , 125B ), meso- and metasternum with two closely spaced medio-longitudinal rows of tubercles ( Figs. 24D–E , 86A–B ). Metathorax about three-quarters the length of mesothorax, metanotum at least 2x longer than wide. Abdomen excluding median segment about equal in length of head and complete thorax combined. Median segment about three-quarters the length of metanotum ( Fig. 24F ). Abdominal segment II shorter than median segment, although just scarcely in ♂♂. II–VI ± parallel sided, roughly uniform in diameter and length and 5–7x longer than wide in ♂♂. In ♀♀ slightly increasing in length with VI longest segment and about 5.3x longer than wide; all roughly uniform in diameter. VII shorter than preceding, parallel-sided in ♀♀. Abdominal sterna II–VII smooth, in ♀♀ very weakly tectate longitudinally. Sternum VII in ♀♀ with praeopercular organ formed by a pair of small to moderate spines or lobes at posterior margin ( Figs. 26E, J , 90F ). Teminalia of ♀♀ ( Figs. 26C–E, H–J ): Terga VIII–X considerably shorter than preceding and of ± uniform width. Anal segment suB-quadrate in dorsal aspect and flattened towards the apex, posterior margin truncated and with a triangular median excavation. Epiproct very small, scale-shaped and just weakly projecting over posterior margin of anal segment. Cerci small, ± round in cross-section and gradually constricted towards an acutely pointed apex. Subgenital plate naviculate longitudinally, variable in shape and length, ranging from boat-shaped over broadly scaphiform to lanceolate with the apex ranging in shape from broadly and obtusely tridentate to acutely pointed; projecting beyond tip of abdomen by at least the length of anal segment (often much longer). Gonapophyses VIII short, slightly upcurved and ± reaching to apex of abdomen. Terminalia of ♂♂ ( Figs. 25C–J , 95N–O ): Tergum VIII and IX trapezoidal in dorsal aspect and broader than all preceding segments, VIII widening and IX narrowing towards posterior and somewhat subequal in length; IX with the lateral margins straight ( Figs. 25D, G ). Anal segment flat, longer than IX, conspicuously widened in the posterior half and widest of all segments with the posterior margin indented or weakly emarginate medially; outer posterior angles strongly swollen and obtusely rounded and set with numerous minute denticles ventrally ( Figs. 95N–O ). Epiproct very small and fully concealed by anal segment. Vomer well-developed and sclerotised, very slender, elongate, digitiform and with a single, acute terminal hook ( Figs. 95 N-O). Cerci fairly small, round in cross-section, very weakly incurved and tapered towards a rounded tip; not projecting beyond apex of anal segment. Poculum moderately convex, scoop-shaped to faintly fornicate longitudinally and at best slightly projecting over posterior margin of tergum IX; posterior margin labiate and broadly bidentate or bi-lobed (95N–O). Legs long and slender, profemora as long or longer than mesothorax, mesofemora longer than metathorax, and metatibiae ± reaching (♀♀) or distinctly projecting beyond apex of abdomen (♂♂); tibiae longer than corresponding femora. Profemora with medioventral carina distinct, lamellate in ♀♀ and considerably displaced towards anteroventral carina. Meso- and metafemora ± arcuate in ♀♀, in both sexes with a very minute sub-apical tooth on medioventral carina, otherwise unarmed in ♂♂. In ♀♀ two outer ventral carinae of mesofemora often with a small lobe, tooth or a deflexed bi- or tri-denatae lobe sub-basally. Basitarsi elongate, sub-equal in length (♀♀) or considerably longer than remaining tarsomeres (♂♂). In both sexes with the dorsal carina lamellate and uniformly (♂♂), rounded or triangularly raised (♀♀); more prominent in ♀♀.

Egg ( Figs. 98 O-P). Large (capsule length> 4.0 mm), roundly angular in lateral aspect with the anterodorsal portion convex and roundly angular, the lower half somewhat narrowed and the polar area flattened; oval in cross-section. Capsule surface wholly covered with irregular protuberances, ridges and bulges with areas in between distinctly impressed. Micropylar plate slightly displaced towards the posterior, pear-shaped with the posterior portion widened and notched posteromedially and ± half as long as capsule; outer margin ± inflated. Surface of micropylar plate minutely granulose and flat to weakly convex. Micropylar cup small and bowl-shaped. Median line distinct but short and not reaching to polar area. Operculum almost circular and with a large, hollow capitulum that is formed by lamellate extensions of the outer margin. Height of capitulum variable and up to more than half of capsule length. Colour dark grey or brown with the impressed areas of the capsule darker. Micropylar plate dark brown to black. Capitulum straw, yellowish or orange.

Etymology. The name is a combination of “ globus ” (lat. = globose) and the Greek κραΝΊΟΝ or cranium (= skull) used as an epithet to refer to the strongly globose to almost spherical head. Feminine.

Differentiation. Globocrania gen.n. is morphologically similar and apparently closely related to Phanoclocrania gen. n. and Otocrania Redtenbacher, 1908 but differs from both genera by the genital morphology of ♂♂. All three genera share a ± distinct longitudinal median carina or keel on the ventral surface of the thorax, globose and often prominently armed head, black longitudinal median line or stripe on the pronotum and dorsally raised or lobed basitarsi of both sexes. Males of Globocrania gen. n. however are characteristic for the long anal segment, that is strongly widened in the posterior portion and the widest of all abdominal segments, the very slender and digitiform vomer and small, rather flat and scoop-shaped apically bidentate or bilobate poculum ( Figs. 95N–O ). Females differ from those of both genera by the distinctly dentate or spinose meso- and metapleurae ( Figs. 24D–F ) as well as the two longitudinal, parallel rows of tubercles on the meso- and metasternum ( Figs. 86A–B ). For a more detailed differentiation from these two genera see table 8 below.

Comments. Members of this new genus have previously been placed either in Otocrania Redtenbacher, 1908 or Bostra Stål, 1875 (= Phanocloidea Zompro, 2002 ). Unfortunately, there has been some confusion with the authority of this new genus, that was caused by the preliminary use of the name by Conle et al. (2011: 59). Brock & Büscher (2022: 512) therefore listed the genus as “ Globocrania Hennemann & Conle, 2022 ” but unfortunately there has been massive delay of the present work, which now formally describes Globocrania as a new genus. Hence, the authority should be referenced to this current publication.

Distribution ( Fig. 102B ). The four known species of this genus are restricted to the Atlantic Forest (Portuguese Mata Atlântica) along the Atlantic coast of Brazil between the states of Bahía in the north and São Paulo in the south. Biogeographically, this corresponds to the Paraná subregion of the Neotropical Region, comprising the three biogeographic provinces termed Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Paraná Forest and Araucaria angustifolia Forest (see Morrone, 2006: 472, 480, fig. 2).

Table 8: Comparison of Globocrania gen. n., Phanoclocrania gen. n. and Otocrania Redtenbacher, 1908

......Continued on the next page

Table 8: (continued)

Species included:

Figures

FIGURE 4. Terminalia of ♂♂: A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Phanocles mutica (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [coll. FH]; C. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) [coll. FH]; D. Xylodus adumbratus Saussure, 1859 [ZMUH]; E. Bacteria ferula (Berthold, 1827) [Diapheromerini: “Bacteroformia”; the white arrow indicates how stigmae VIII are shifted away from the anterior margin of abdominal segment VIII.

FIGURE 20. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001: A. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀ (Bolivia, Prov. Sara), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; B. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♂ (Bolivia, Prov. Sara, Yungas de la Paz), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; C. G. nuptialis (Carl, 1913) ♂ HT [MHNG]; D. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; E. G. marcapatae sp. n. ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [NHMW]; F. G. colombiae (Hebard, 1919) ♂, habitus lateral view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez].

FIGURE 21. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001: A. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (E-Peru, Dept. Loreto, Iquitos/Nauta, C.E. El Dorado), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; B. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Brazil, Est. Amazonas, Santo Antonio do Iça), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; C. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Peru, Dept. Loreto, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; D. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, habitus lateral view [NHMUK]; E. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Peru, Dept. Loreto, Iquitos/Nauta, C.E. El Dorado), intero-lateral view of basal portion of right mesofemur showing the bidentate lobe [MNHN]; F. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Brazil, Est. Amazonas, Santo Antonio do Iça), intero-lateral view of basal portion of right mesofemur showing the bidentate lobe [MNHU]; G. G. cornuta sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsolateral view of head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum [MNHN]; H. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsolateral view of head and pronotum [ANSP]; J. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, lateral view of head and pronotum [MNHU]; K. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head,and pronotum [NHMUK]; L. G. marcapatae sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head and pronotum [MNHU]; M. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, dorsolateral view of head, pronotum and anterior portion of mesonotum [MNHU].

FIGURE 22. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001: A. G. cornuta sp. n. ♀ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [NHMUK]; B. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP]; C. G. fallax (Giglio-Tos, 1910) ♂ (Ecuador, Prov. Morona-Santiago, Tucumbatza), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; D. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, lateral view of terminalia [MNHU]; E. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, dorsal view of terminalia [MNHU]; F. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀, ventral view of terminalia [MNHU]; G. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view of terminalia [ANSP]; H. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view of terminalia [ANSP]; J. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT, ventral view of terminalia [ANSP]; K. G. cornuta sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of terminalia [MNHN] (Arrow indicated the distinctive posteromedian swelling of abdominal tergum VI); L. G. cornuta sp. n. ♀ HT, dorsal view of terminalia [MNHN]; M. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀, lateral view of terminalia [ANSP]; N. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀, dorsal view of terminalia [MNHN]; O. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865) ♀, ventral view of terminalia [MNHN].

FIGURE 23. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001 terminalia of ♂♂: A. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), lateral view [MNHU]; B. G. unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907), dorsal view [MNHU]; C. G. nuptialis (Carl, 1913) ♂ HT, lateral view [MHNG]; D. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, lateral view [MNHU]; E. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, dorsal view [MNHU]; F. G. ruficollis sp. n. ♂ HT, ventral view [MNHU]; G. G. colombiae (Hebard, 1919), lateral view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; H. G. colombiae (Hebard, 1919), ventral view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; J. G. colombiae (Hebard, 1919), dorsal view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; K. G. colombiae (Hebard, 1919), anal segment and poculum in caudal view [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; L. G. marcapatae sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view [MNHU]; M. G. marcapatae sp. n. ♂ PT, latero-caudal view of tip of abdomen [MNHU]; N. G. fallax (Giglio-Tos, 1910), lateral view [MNHN]; O. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; P. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, dorsal view [NHMUK]; Q. G. cornuta sp. n. ♂ PT, ventral view [NHMUK]; R. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865), lateral view [MNHN]; S. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865), dorsal view [MNHN]; T. G. cyrtocnemis (Bates, 1865), ventral view [MNHN].

FIGURE 24. Globocrania gen. n.: A. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Bazil, Minas), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; B. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908, habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; C. G. tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ penultimate instar HT, habitus dorsal view [ZMUH]; D. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀, ventral view of thorax [ESALQ]; E. G. tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ penultimate instar HT, ventral view of thorax [ZMUH]; F. G. tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ penultimate instar HT, dorsal view of metathorax and median segment [ZMUH].

FIGURE 25. Globocrania gen. n.: A. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [UMO]; B. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂, habitus dorsolateral view [MNHU]; C. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂ HT of Pseudobacteria longipes Piza, 1938, ventral view of terminalia [MZSUP] (Arrow indicates the notched and bi-dentate apex of the poculum); D. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂, lateral view of terminalia [MNUH]; E. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂, dorsal view of terminalia [MNUH]; F. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂, ventral view of terminalia [MNUH]; G. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P.), lateral view of terminalia [CEIOC]; H. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P.), dorsal view of terminalia [CEIOC]; J. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P.), ventral view of terminalia [CEIOC].

FIGURE 26. Globocrania gen. n.: A. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Bazil, Minas), head and prothorax in lateral view [MNHN]; B. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♂ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P.), head and prothorax in lateral view [CEIOC]; C. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908, lateral view of terminalia [MNHU]; D. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908, dorsal view of terminalia [MNHU]; E. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908, ventral view of terminalia [MNHU]; F. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908, ventrolateral view of head (right cephalic horn with tip artificially down-folded) [MNHU]; G. G. emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♂ dorsal view of head and prothorax [MNHU]; H. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀, lateral view of terminalia [CEIOC]; J. G. culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀ (Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P.), ventral view of terminalia [CEIOC].

FIGURE 85. Mesosternum: A. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) ♀ [coll. OC]; B. Globocalynda ruficollis sp. n. ♀ PT [ANSP]; C. Globocalynda unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ♀ Prov. Sara, Bolivia [MNHU]; D. Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 ♀ Volcán Baru, Chiriqui, Panamá [coll. FH]; E. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) ♀ Surubres nr. San Mateo, Costa Rica [ANSP]; F. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) ♀ Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico [ANSP]; G. Lanceobostra deplanata (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [NHMUK]; H. Lanceobostra freygessneri (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [MHNG]; J. Lanceobostra similis (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [NHMUK]; K. Ocreatophasma elegans gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]; L. Ocreatophasma modestum gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]; M. Ocreatophasma fragile gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [MNHN]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 86. Mesosternum: A. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) ♀ [MNHN]; B. Globocrania emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908 [MNHU]; C. Otocrania aurita (Burmeister, 1838) ♂ [NHMW]; D. Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT [coll. FH]; E. Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT [coll. FH]; F. Parotocrania acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT [NHMUK]; G. Parotocrania dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Guiérrez, 2011) ♀ [MNHN]; H. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT [coll. FH]; J. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT [coll. FH]; K. Phanoclocrania dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) ♀ [ANSP]; L. Phanoclocrania dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) ♂ [MNCN]; M. Phanocloidea magistralis (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♀ HT [NHMUK]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 90. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀: A. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; B. Cladomorpus rubus (Saussure, 1861) [ANSP]; C. Hirtuleius caudatus HT [MNHN]; D. Hirtuleiodes peruanus gen. n., sp. n. HT [MNHN]; E. Hirtuleiodes granuliceps (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) PT [MNCN]; F. Globocrania emesa (Westwood, 1859) ♀ HT of Bostra imperialis Redtenbacher, 1908 [MNHU]; G. Ocreatophasma elegans gen. n., sp. n. HT [MNHN]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 95. Vomer of ♂♂ (ventral view): A. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 [ANSP]; B. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; C. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; D. Lanceobostra ornata sp. n. HT [ANSP]; E. Lanceobostra jaliscensis Rehn, 1904 [ANSP]; F. Lanceobostra guatemalensis (Redtenbacher, 1908) [ANSP]; G. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) [coll. OC]; H. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) LT of Bostra jugalis (Rehn, 1905) [ANSP]; J. Phanoclocrania speciosa Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutierréz]; K. Phanoclocrania dorsuaria (Stål, 1875) [ZMUH]; L. Parotocrania panamae gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. OC]; M. Parotocrania regina (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011 [CEBUC, © Yeisson Gutierréz]; N. Globocrania emesa (Westwood, 1859) HT of Pseudobacteria longipes Piza, 1938 [MZUSP]; O. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) [CEIOC]. Not in scale.

FIGURE 98. Eggs: A. Andeocalynda decorata Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; B. Andeocalynda tenuis Hennemann & Conle, 2020 [coll. FH]; C. Calynda bicuspis Stål, 1875 [coll. FH]; D. Calynda coronata Carl, 1913 [coll. FH]; E. Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n. PT [coll. FH]; F. Bostriana boliviana (Piza, 1939) [coll. FH]; G. Globocalynda unilobata (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) ex abdomen PLT of Globocalynda simplex (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) [NHMW, © 2019 Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection / H. Bruckner]; H. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 [coll. FH]; J. Cladomorphus tuberculatus (Piza, 1936) [coll. FH]; K. Jeremia gymnota Günther, 1930 [ZSMC]; L. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, Monteverde [coll. FH]; M. Alienobostra remiformis (Rehn, 1904) Costa Rica, San Mateo [ANSP]; N. Lanceobostra aetolus (Westwood, 1859) [ANSP]; O. Globocrania culmus (Bates, 1865) [MZUSP, © Pedro Ivo Chiquetto-Machado]; P. Globocrania tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908) Brazil, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia N.P. [coll. FH]. [Scale = 1 mm]

FIGURE 102. Maps showing the known distributions of the genera A. Globocalynda Zompro, 2001, B. Globocrania gen. n., C. Hirtuleiodes gen. n., D. Hirtuleius Stål, 1875, E. Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908 and F. Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007.

FIGURE 125. Live insects of Globocrania gen. n. tabida (Redtenbacher, 1908): A. ♀ brown colour form at Itatiaia National Park, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; B. Closeup of metathorax of same specimen as in figure A; C. ♀ green colour form at Itatiaia National Park, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (© Pedro Alvaro)