Otocrania aurita ( Burmeister, 1838 )
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5444.1.1 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5DE4A9DD-99F7-4E23-AD50-58DC491BB75E |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FD87D9-FFDF-D8E7-FF55-F250284FE297 |
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Plazi |
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scientific name |
Otocrania aurita ( Burmeister, 1838 ) |
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Otocrania aurita ( Burmeister, 1838) View in CoL
( Figs. 43–44 View FIGURE 43 View FIGURE 44 , 86C View FIGURE 86 )
Bacteria aurita Burmeister, 1838: 565 View in CoL .
Phibalosoma auritum, Saussure, 1872: 174 .
Otocrania aurita, Redtenbacher, 1908: 424 View in CoL . [Description of ♂]
Otte & Brock, 2005: 241.
Zompro, 2005: 254. [Designation of lectotype]
Araujo & Garaffoni, 2012b: 236.
Brock & Büscher, 2022: 513.
= Otocrania imbé Piza, 1939: 445 View in CoL , fig. 1 (♀). syn. n.
Otte & Brock, 2005: 242.
Zompro & Domenico, 2005: 257.
Araujo & Garaffoni, 2012b: 235.
Brock & Büscher, 2022: 513.
= Otocrania mutica Redtenbacher, 1908: 424 View in CoL . syn. n.
Brock, 1998b: 8.
Otte & Brock, 2005: 242.
Brock & Büscher, 2022: 513.
= Acanthoderus View in CoL ? phyllocephalus Westwood, 1859: 58. [New name for Bacteria aurita Burmeister, 1838 View in CoL ]
= Phibalosoma phyllocephalum Westwood, 1859: 73 View in CoL , pl. 33: 1 (♀). [Unnecessary replacement name for Bacteria aurita Burmeister, 1838 View in CoL — junior objective homonym]
Redtenbacher, 1908: 424. [As a synonym of O. aurita View in CoL ]
Brock, 1998c: 26. [Invalid designation of LT]
Otte & Brock, 2005: 242. [As a synonym of O. aurita ]
Zompro, 2005: 254.
Brock & Büscher, 2022: 513. [As a synonym of O. aurita ]
Phibalosoma phyllocephala, Stål, 1875: 82 .
Abrachia phyllocephala, Kirby, 1904: 352 .
Further material examined [3 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, 3 nymphs]:
BRAZIL: 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Bahia , ex coll. Sommer; det. Redtenb. Otocrania aurita ; 7640 [ NHMW, No. 821]; 1 ♀: Coll. Br. v. W., Brasilien, ex coll. Fischer; det. Redtenb. Otocrania aurita , 581. ♀ [ NHMW, No. 821]; 1 ♂: Espirito-Santo, Brasil., ex coll. Fruhstorfer; Collectio Br. v. W.; det. Redtenb. Otocrania aurita ; 24.483; Otocrania aurita Burm. [ NHMW, No. 821]; 2 ♀♀: Bahia , Brésil; Otocrania aurita Burm. [ MHNG]; 1 ♀: Bahia ; Bahia, M. Westermann 1858 ; E coll. (1839–73) W.W. Saunders, Purchased and pres. ’73 by Mrs F.W. Hope; Type Orth: 616; Phibalosoma phyllocephalum Westwood, Hope Dept. Oxford [ OUMNH, No. 616]; 3 ♀♀: Bahia, Westermann ; Bahia Phibalosoma phyllocephalum [ ZMUC]; 1 ♀: Brazil, Pres. by Sannyer Atkin, B.M. 1928–175.; Phibalosoma phyllocephalum Westwood [ NHMUK]; 1 ♀: Bahia, A. F. Speyer vend., v. Brunn ded. 24.X.1894; Phibalosoma phyllocephalum W. [ ZMUH]; 1 ♂: Espiritro-Santo, Brasil., ex coll. Fruhstorfer; H. Fruhstorfer vend. 20.VIII.1900; PHA 125 Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH]; 1 ♀ (nymph n4): Espirito Santo (Brasil.). J. Michaelis vend. 22.IV:1898.; 98; PHA 126 Zoologisches Museum Hamburg [ ZMUH]; 1 ♂: Espirito-Santo, Brasil., ex coll. Fruhstorfer [ ZMPA]; 2 ♀♀ (nymph n4): Brasilia, Espirito Santo, 1912–1924, leg. C.A. Schmöger [ NMEG].
Description. Since this genus is monotypic, the detailed generic description provided above sufficiently describes the type-species. Therefore, the following brief diagnoses mostly restrict to describing the colourations of both sexes.
♀♀ ( Figs. 43A–B View FIGURE 43 ): Colour of body and legs ranging from pale drab over mid brown to greyish dark brown; abdomen flecked with numerous irregularly dispersed small black spots. Pronotum with a broad dark brown to black longitudinal median stripe, which sometimes is also continued on the posterior portion of the head. All thoracic spines with the apex black. Lobes of the meso- and metafemora with dark brown mottling. Antennae black except for scapus and pedicellus.
♂♂ ( Fig. 44A View FIGURE 44 ): General colour greyish mid brown, the abdomen dark brown (due to preservation). Legs with irregular dark brown mottling. Head ochre with the posterior portion of the vertex and lower portions of the genae dark brown. Between the eyes with a transverse black stripe. Eyes reddish mid brown; projecting hemispherical and their length contained just a little more than once in that of genae ( Fig. 44D View FIGURE 44 ). Pronotum with a bold blackish longitudinal median stripe. Posterior portion of mesopleurae pale cream. Anterior margin of tegmina and the basal section of anterior margin of alae broadly whitish; these otherwise greyish mid brown with irregular darker brown mottling. Anal segment drab and abdominal terga VIII–IX with a very broad drab longitudinal median stripe; lateral margins of VIII drab. Poculum with two conspicuous black median markings ( Fig. 44J View FIGURE 44 ). Antennae blackish brown. Variability. Females in particular show considerable variability concerning to the size and shape of the cephalad horns, armature of the mesonotum, size of the posterior spine of the metanotum, length of the subgenital plate and armature of the legs. The mesonotum usually bears 2–6 very slender spines but in some specimens is entirely unarmed (e. g. ♀♀ in MHNG). The ventral appendages of the mesofemora range in size from moderately sized teeth to large foliaceous lobes. These appendages are mostly present also on the metafemora (e. g. ♀♀ in NHMW), but single specimens have them poorly developed or completely lacking (e. g. ♀♀ in MHNG). The immature specimens examined have all the body and leg armature much more pronounced and stronger developed than the adult insects. The three ♂♂ examined show noteworthy variability concerning to the armature of the extremities, the example in the collection of ZMUH having the sub-basal and apical lobes on the two outer ventral carinae of the meso- and metafemora much more strongly developed than the specimens in NHMW and ZMPA.
Table 25: Measurements [mm] of Otocrania aurita ( Burmeister, 1838)
* according to Toledo-Piza (1939: 445)
Comments. The intraspecific variability of ♀♀ has resulted in the description of two synonymic species. O. mutica Redtenbacher, 1908 was stated to differ from O. aurita by the smooth mesonotum and unarmed metafemora, but both features clearly lie within the range of variation of O. aurita , hence O. mutica is here synonymised (syn. n.). Examination of the holotype ♀ of O. imbé Toledo-Piza, 1939 in ESALQ has shown the distinguishing features mentioned, i.e. the more delicate metanotal spine and unarmed metafemora, to be merely variations of the morphology of O. aurita , hence also O. imbé becomes a juniour synonym of O. aurita (syn. n.).
Westwood (1859: 73) unnecessarily introduced Phibalosoma phyllocephalum as a replacement name for Bacteria aurita Burmeister, 1838 , why Ph. phyllocephalum must be regarded a junior objective homonym of Burmeister’s species. Brock (1998c: 26) designated the ♀ in OUMNH as the lectotype of Phibalosoma phyllocephalum Westwood, 1859 . This lectotype designation however is invalid, since a replacement name takes on the same type material as the taxon it nominally replaces. As the ♀ in OUMNH is not part of the type-series of Bacteria aurita Burmeister , it cannot be regarded a type specimen. In order to guarantee stability of Burmeister’s species and confirming the homonymy of Ph. phyllocephalum the ♀ in MNHU is here designated as the lectotype of Bacteria aurita and automatically also becomes the lectotype of Westwood’s Phibalosoma phyllocephalum . Redtenbacher (1908: 424) briefly diagnosed the ♂ based on a specimen in the collection of NHMW. Based on this and two additional examples in the collections on ZMUH and ZMPA the ♂ is here more comprehensively described in the generic description given above and based on the specimen in NHMW illustrated for the first time.
5.18. Genus Otocraniella Zompro, 2004
( Figs. 45 View FIGURE 45 , 83K View FIGURE 83 , 94D View FIGURE 94 , 103E View FIGURE 103 )
Type species: Otocraniella flagelloantennata Zompro, 2004: 137 View in CoL , by original designation.
Otocraniella Zompro, 2004b: 137 View in CoL , fig. 3 (♂).
Zompro & Domenico, 2005: 257.
Otte & Brock, 2005: 242.
Hennemann & Conle, 2010: 103.
Araújo & Garraffoni, 2012b: 235.
Brock & Büscher, 2022: 547.
Heteronemia, Araújo & Garraffoni, 2012a: 139 View in CoL , figs. 2–10 (♂, ♀, egg).
Description. ♀, ♂ ( Fig. 45 View FIGURE 45 ): Fairly large (body length (including poculum/subgenital plate) ♂♂ 148– 0–163.6 mm, ♀♀ 177.0 mm) and very slender Cladomorphini , ♂♂ apterous and with a long apical appendix of the poculum. In ♀♀ head and thorax densely granulose and tubercular, thorax in ♂♂ only with scattered but very prominent black spiniform tubercles (very few on metanotum although). Colour plain ochre to light brown and often with a greyish wash. Head of ♀♀ globose, slightly longer than wide (broadest at eyes) with vertex moderately convex and armed with a distinct pair of conical spines, a further but smaller pair near posterior margin. In ♂♂ notably longer than wide with the vertex much flattened and only with a posterior pair of obtuse tubercles and a very few small granules in posterior portion. Antennae robust and densely setose; reaching to abdominal segment III (♂♂) or posterior margin of metanotum (♀♀). Scapus strongly deflexed laterally, in ♀♀ roundly quadrate in dorsal aspect, in ♂♂ 1,6x longer than wide, less deflexed and somewhat narrowed apically. Pedicellus notably shorter than scapus, antennomere III almost twice the lenth of pedicellus; both elliptical in cross-section. Antennomere IV very short and succeeding ones gradually increasing in length. Pronotum about as wide as but a little longer than head, rectangular and notably longer than wide, the posterior portion gently widened in ♀♀. Mesothorax very elongate, slender and of uniform diameter, in ♂♂ 7x and in ♀♀ 5.3x longer than prothorax. In both sexes mesonotum with a fine medio-longitudinal carina and with a conspicuously enlarged pair of tubercles pre-medially. Metanotum with an obtuse tubercle posteromedially; 2.5x longer than wide in ♀♀ and almost 4x longer than wide in ♂♂. Meso- and metasternum not keeled ( Fig. 83K View FIGURE 83 ). Metanotum about 1.6x longer than metanotum and smooth in ♂♂ and 1.3x longer thgan metanotum and granulose in ♀♀. Abdominal segment II shorter than median segment. II–VII roughly uniform in width, II–V gradually increasing and VI–VII decreasing in length; in ♂♂ II–V about equal in length. Terga each with a slight posteromedian tubercle (♂♂) or small scale-like projection (♀♀), otherwise smooth in ♂♂ and very sparsely and minutely granulose in ♀♀. Sterna simple, smooth. Praeopercular organ of ♀♀ moderate and represented by two spiniform projections at posterior margin of sternum VII. Terminalia of ♀♀: Terga VII–X combined about as long VII. VIII constricted medially. Anal segment slightly longer than IX, moderately tectate and narrowed towards the apex, posterior margin with a shallow median indention. Cerci very small and round in cross-section. Gonapophyses VIII much elongate, filiform, straight and projecting considerably beyond apex of anal segment. Subgenital plate very long, slender, gentlly downward directed and strongly keeled longitudinally with the apex obtuse; projecting beyond apex of abdomen by almost twice the length of combined length of terga VIII–X. Terminalia of ♂♂ ( Figs. 45B–C View FIGURE 45 , 94D View FIGURE 94 ): Combined length of terga VIII–X about equal to length of tergum VII. VIII trapezoidal and strongly widened towards the posterior. Anal segment a little shorter than IX and narrowed towards the apex, obtusely convex longitudinally and the posterior margin swollen and indented medially; outer ventral portions minutely denticulate. Vomer very large and reaching to posterior margin of anal segment; shape elongately triangular with the apical portion mach narrowed and the single terminal hook strongly upcurved ( Fig. 94D View FIGURE 94 ). Cerci fairly elongate, round in cross-section and projecting beyond apex of anal segment. Poculum bulgy and with a very long, spatulate apical appendix, that projects beyond the apex of the abdomen by ± the combined length of terga VII–X. Legs all long and slender, unarmed except for a small pre-medial tooth on the posterdorsal carina of the mesotibiae of ♀♀. All carinae of mid and hind legs minutely granulose; the medioventral carina of meso- and metafemora moderately distinct, granulose. Trasi slender, basitarsi slightly longer than following three tarsomeres combined.
Eggs. Medium-sized (overall length 3.9 mm; according to Araújo & Garraffoni, 2012b: 235), capsule ovoid longer than high or wide, slightly compressed laterally and oval in cross-section. Lateral surfaces flattened. Polar-area rounded. Capsule surface smooth and dull. Micropylar plate elongate (length 3.2 mm) and almost parallel-sided, about 0.7x the length of capsule length. Micropylar cup small and at posterior end of plate, median line distinct and almost reaching to posterior pole of egg. Operculum elliptical and with a hollow and raised, roundly convex to conical network. Colour of opercular structures and micropylar plate differing from that of capsule; the latter basically grey and irregularly flecked with brown.
Differentiation. This distinctive genus is apparently very close to Cladomorphus Gray, 1835 , with which it shares the densely granulose and tubercular body surface of ♀♀ and conspicuous, elongate appendix of the poculum of ♂♂. Both sexes can be differentiated from Cladomorphus by the much slenderer shape (♀♀ in particular), less convex vertex and almost entirely unarmed legs. Females may also be separated by the much longer and slenderer subgenital plate and less distinct praeopercular organ, while ♂♂ readily differ from those of Cladomorphus by the lack of wings and the flattened head, which lacks a pair of cephalad horns or swellings ( Fig. 45A View FIGURE 45 ). In morphology the eggs are basically identical to those of Cladomorphus and merely differ by the considerably smaller size.
Comments. Already Hennemann & Conle (2010: 103) have pointed out that the holotype of Otocraniella flagelloantennata ( Fig. 45A View FIGURE 45 ) is a ♂ and not a ♀ as erroneously stated by Zompro (2004b: 137, fig. 3). This misinterpretation of the sex has resulted in a fairly obscure taxonomic placement of the genus as an intermediate between Otocrania and Cladomorphus . The striking shape of the poculum is identical to that seen in ♂♂ of Cladomorphus , but Zompro (2004b: 137) erroneously interpreted the long, tube-like apical extension of the poculum as an elongated ♀ subgenital plate, hence failed in recognizing the true systematic position and close relations to Cladomorphus . The only feature that Zompro (2004b: 137) mentioned for distinguishing Otocraniella from Cladomorphus is the relatively longer profemora of Otocraniella . However, since the holotype is a ♂ and not a ♀, this feature no longer holds true. Also, in Cladomorphus the profemora of ♂♂ are longer than the mesothorax. The previously unknown ♀ and egg were described and illustrated by Araujo & Garraffoni (2012a: 137, figs. 2–10) as “ Heteronemia sp. ”.
Distribution ( Fig. 103E View FIGURE 103 ). Eastern Brazil (Minas Geraïs).
Species included:
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Genus |
Otocrania aurita ( Burmeister, 1838 )
| Hennemann, Frank H. & Conle, Oskar V. 2024 |
Heteronemia, Araújo & Garraffoni, 2012a: 139
| Araujo, F. F. & Garraffoni, A. R. S. 2012: 139 |
Otocraniella
| Zompro, O. 2004: 137 |
Otocrania aurita, Redtenbacher, 1908: 424
| Redtenbacher, J. 1908: 424 |
Otocrania mutica
| Redtenbacher, J. 1908: 424 |
Abrachia phyllocephala
| Kirby, W. F. 1904: 352 |
Acanthoderus
| Westwood, J. O. 1859: 58 |
Phibalosoma phyllocephalum Westwood, 1859: 73
| Westwood, J. O. 1859: 73 |
Bacteria aurita
| Burmeister, H. 1838: 565 |