Trypanosoma

Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb & Abd-Alla, Adly Mm, 2023, Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota, Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62), pp. 1-14 : 5

Prevalence of single and multiple Trypanosoma infections

The screening of the flies indicated the presence of different taxa of Trypanosoma , including Tc ( Trypanosoma congolense type: Savanah, Kilifi, Forest), Tv ( Trypanosoma vivax ), and Tz ( Trypanozoon sp. : Trypanosoma brucei brucei , Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Trypanosoma evansi ). The overall prevalence of single or multiple Trypanosoma infections among all tested flies was 69.97% (457/653). The prevalence of Trypanosoma varied significantly between countries (Χ 2 = 37.18, df = 1, and p <0.001) and locations (Χ 2 = 452.21, df = 7, and p <0.001). In Ghana, the prevalence was significantly higher than in Burkina Faso, at 86.38% and 20.76%, respectively ( Table 2 and Fig. 3 ). In Ghana, the prevalence varied significantly with location (Χ 2 = 125.43, df = 5, and p <0.001), with a prevalence of 100% in some locations such as Sissili Bridge, Fumbissi, Kumpole, and Grogro ( Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 3 ).

The most frequently found trypanosomes were Tz and Tv, with a prevalence of 30.2% and 22.42%, respectively. However, only Tz varied significantly with country (Χ 2 = 7.54, df = 1, and p = 0.006) and location (Χ 2 = 185.82, df = 7, and p <0.001). Trypanosoma congolense was found in the two locations in Burkina Faso (Comoe at 2.37% and Folonzo at 2.00%), and only in one location in Ghana (Walewale (2.87%)). Its prevalence varied significantly with country (Χ 2 = 6.426, df = 1, and p = 0.01) and location (Χ 2 = 34.97, df = 7, and p <0.001).

The TvTz multiple infection was the most prevalent in the samples (11.22%). In Ghana, no TcTv double infections were found, while in Burkina Faso, no triple infections TcTvTz were found. The prevalence of the double infections varied only according with location (Χ 2 = 245.15, df = 7, and p <0.001) ( Fig. 3 and TcTz Supplementary Table 3 ).

Figures

Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence.