Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863

Fuller, E. & Platia, G., 2006, A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina), Zootaxa 1217 (1), pp. 1-76 : 7-17

Ctenoplus Candèze

Ctenoplus Candèze 1863: 463 ; type species, Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze , by monotypy. Ctenoplus, Candèze 1891: 209 ; Schwarz 1907: 295; Schenkling 1927: 490; Fleutiaux 1940a: 20.

Diagnosis

Synaptine elaterids with a relatively shallow dorsal periocular pit that interrupts the margin of the antennal socket ( Fig. 1 , dp), the bursa copulatrix bearing a wide band of free spines around the base of the spermathecal duct, and the bursal plates bearing short nonmarginal spines ( Figs. 86a, b ). Other synaptines have a different configuration of pits on the periocular cuticle (see modifications to key of Hayek (1990) below), and either lack the wide band of free spines of the bursa or have long non­marginal spines on the bursal plates.

Description

Body cylindrical, elongate, variously tapered posteriorly. Cuticle smooth and shiny except rugose on mesepimeron. Setae appressed on hypomeron, metasternum and abdominal sterna, semierect to erect on rest of body. Collectively length from ca. 6 to 15 mm; sexual dimorphism in size not apparent.

Head ( Fig. 1 ). Frons evenly convex from vertex to frontal margin; anterior margin thickened, slightly protruding, elevated above labrum by less than diameter of frontal punctures; supra­antennal carina curving ventrally to intersect anterior margin at point about 1/4 length of labrum from lateral margin, carina rounded; punctures simple; setae directed towards lateral and anterior margin; anterior tentorial pits adjacent to and mesad antennal socket, vertical and slit­like in most species (subcircular in others); margin of antennal socket carinate dorsally, subacute, carina separate from supra­antennal carina; antennal socket bordered ventrally by ventral periocular pit of various size and shape ( Fig. 1 , vp), margin of head carinate anteroventrad pit, acute; dorsal periocular pit ( Fig. 1 , dp) conical, relatively shallow, interrupting margin of antennal socket mesally; gena projecting anterad mandibular condyles, grooved submarginally at least ventrad eye. Eyes variable in size within each species, slightly indented at supra­antennal carina. Antenna ( Figs. 15–30 ): segment 1 extending to midline of eye, triangular in cross section, posterior surface concave following contour of eye and carinate dorsally and ventrally, anterior surface convex and subacute at least distally in most species; lateral carina of antennomeres absent; segments 2 and 3 subglobular to subelongate, subequal in size in most species; antennomere 11 lanceolate. Mouthparts: labrum suboval in outline, punctures and setae as in frons, setae golden in colour, cuticle microrugose and dull in most species; left mandible unmodified in most species, subapical tooth present; right mandible grooved for reception of left mandible, groove extending posteriorly to about mid­level of semicircular dorsal expansion at base of mandible, posterior margin of groove vertical, subapical tooth of mandible present; cuticle of mandibles as in labrum; setae directed anteriorly, translucent, golden; basistipes with single long seta; palpi with terminal segment sublanceolate. Apex of cervical sclerites recurved mesally.

Prothorax. Pronotum ( Figs. 31–43 ) convex, somewhat flattened along midline; lateral margins subparallel to slightly convex, anterolateral angle curved mesally at ca. 45° angle; anterior margin slightly convex around midline; sublateral longitudinal incisions present ( Fig. 41 , bf), forming subquadrate notch on posterior margin of pronotum and extended anteriorly as shallow U­shaped groove, notch and groove bordered laterally by acute carina, carina straight to slightly curved, 4–5X as long as notch, carina converging anteriorly on carina of hind angles; hind angles with dorsal surface flat but angled ventrolaterally in most species, posterior margin at apex obliquely truncate, posterolateral angle acute to bluntly pointed with tuft of lateral subapical setae, mesal margin of apex in dorsal aspect approaching 90°, posterior margin between inner angle of hind angles and sublateral longitudinal incision straight, angled at ca. 45°, carina of hind angles close to lateral margin, extending anteriorly about 1/3 length of pronotum, carina acute, thin; carina of hind angles and pronotal lateral carina remaining separate at apex of hind angle, slightly diverging anteriorly in lateral aspect; pronotal lateral carina in dorsal aspect obscured by carina of hind angles and overhanging pronotum in most species, carina directed anteroventrally from hind angles in lateral aspect, weakly curved in most species, meeting anterior margin of pronotum at same point as hypomeral submarginal carina; setae subequal in length and thickness to frontoclypeal setae, in most species anterior and lateral setae directed posteriorly, posteromesal setae directed mesally in somewhat whorled pattern. Hypomeron sinuate longitudinally with crests at anterior margin, just anterad level of procoxae and apex of hind angles; anteromesal angle concave ( Fig. 9 , hc), mesal margin carinate and acute around concavity, carina fading out at marginal smooth border, marginal smooth border forming mesal margin ( Fig. 9 , mb), border converging on posterior margin posterad level of procoxae and meeting posterior margin just laterad midpoint; mesal border bordered laterally by shallow groove; smooth border with linear row of punctures of various number; posterolateral angle variously projecting posterad posterior margin of hypomeron; setae directed away from procoxae: anterior setae directed anterolaterally, mesal setae directed laterally, posterior setae directed posterolaterally; procoxal cavities partially closed laterally by subquadrate to subtriangular projection of hypomeron. Prosternum: convex; anterior lobe convex anteriorly, anterior and lateral margins thickened, lobe directed anteroventrally, somewhat produced anteriorly at midline; raised margin of anterior lobe continuing along lateral margin ( Fig. 9 , lb), ending just anterad procoxal cavities, margin impunctate, bordered by submarginal groove; margin of procoxal cavity raised, thickened, darkly pigmented; prosternal spine ( Figs. 9 , 50 –58): elongate in ventral and lateral aspects, ventrolateral margin carinate and rounded, ventral apex ( Fig. 9 , va) smooth, shiny, subacute to acute; posterior margin concave; dorsal apex ( Fig. 9 , da) more posterior than ventral apex, rugose, rounded apically, setose; dorsal margin directed posterodorsally, stepped at level of ventral apex; lateral margins with conspicuous ventral submarginal groove, groove rugose, setose at least anteriorly, setae somewhat finer but same length as pronotal setae.

Mesothorax. Mesonotum with pair of longitudinal, slightly divergent grooves laterad level of scutellum, grooves bordered laterally by acute carina, cuticle between grooves concave, glabrous; anteromesal margin vertical, setae as in pronotum. Scutellum shieldshaped, angled anteroventrally; lateral margins subparallel, posterior margin broadly rounded to subtruncate, anterior margin variously convex and on same plane as anterior margin of elytra in most species, anterior margin darkly pigmented and thickened; setae as long as pronotal setae, directed posteriorly. Mesosternum ( Figs. 10 , 48) with posterior 1/4 variously raised and thickened between mesocoxae and raised ventrad metasternum; ventral surface between mesocoxae various: horizontal, convex or sloping anteriorly in lateral aspect; mesosternum separated from metasternum by transverse groove; posterior margin of mesosternum between mesocoxae various: concave to convex in ventral aspect; mesosternal cavity: margins subparallel, almost vertical in ventral aspect, posterior margin U­shaped, lateral margins immediately anterad mesocoxa raised, carinate, declivous, beaded, slope of declivity various, lateral margins not raised in anterior 1/2; anterior articulating surface (sensu Gurjeva 1974) ventral ( Figs. 10 , 48, as); “lateral wings” (sensu Gurjeva 1974) with elongate posterolaterally directed tear­drop shaped depression ( Figs. 10 , 48, d), anterior margin of depression almost vertical, posterior margin sloping; mesosternum forming anterior margin of mesocoxal cavity; posterolateral angle of mesosternum glabrous; suture between mesosternum and mesepisternum excavated from anterior margin of sclerite to level of lateral depression of mesosternum; setae same length as prosternal setae, directed posteriorly. Mesepisternum ( Figs. 10 , 48) not forming part of margin of mesocoxal cavity; anterolateral margin with deep broadly U­shaped diagonal groove ( Figs. 10 , 48, ag) in most species, anterior margin of groove thickened, rounded, anteromesal margin striate, posterior margin of groove carinate in most species; posterior and posteromesal margin glabrous, amount of glabrous cuticle various; setae, cuticle and punctures as on mesosternum. Mesepimeron ( Figs. 10 , 48) forming lateral margin of mesocoxal cavity, junction between mesepimeron and posterolateral angle of mesosternum narrow; sclerite narrower than mesocoxa mesally, abruptly widened laterally, wider than mesocoxa laterally; anterolateral angle produced, projection about as long as basal width, apex bluntly rounded ( Figs. 10 , 48, lp); punctures and setae as on mesosternum. Elytra: punctatostriate; anterior margin angulate in most species (Figs. 64, 65); humeral angle and anterior margin of epipleura grooved for reception of pronotal hind angles, anterior surface of elytra adjacent to pronotal hind angles with short oblique carina; elytra excavated around anterior 2/3 of scutellum; elytra overhanging epipleural margin at apex of elytra; ventral surface of elytra with apical, submarginal carina meeting sutural margin, diverging from lateral margin at about level of middle of abdominal ventrite 5; sutural margin carinate except near scutellum, sutural interval angled dorsolaterally; sutural interneur shallowly impressed, other interneurs not or shallowly impressed; intervals flat; epipleura subrectangular, posterior margin arched dorsally at level of metacoxal plate, dorsal margin carinate, ventral margin with distinctly punctate submarginal stria; elytral setae same length and thickness as pronotal setae, directed posteriorly.

Metathorax. Wings and metanotum not examined. Metasternum convex, somewhat flattened around midline, sloping anterodorsally along anterior margin, median longitudinal groove various: extending 2/3 distance to mesosternum from posterior margin, or absent, posterior end of midline produced into equilateral triangle between metacoxal plates; metasternum with broad anterior and lateral marginal ridge and narrow submarginal groove in most species, both ridge and groove becoming obsolete just anterad posterior margin, ridge almost as wide as metepipleuron; ridge bearing posterolaterallydirected acute carina of various length adjacent to mesocoxae; metasternum between mesocoxae as wide as mesocoxa; setae same length as on mesosternum, directed posteriorly. Metepimeron subrectangular, narrow, tapered and weakly rounded posteriorly, depressed adjacent to posterolateral angle of mesepimeron; setae as in adjacent metasternum.

Legs. Prothoracic legs: procoxae globular, cuticle microrugose, setae as on prosternum, punctures minute; protrochanter without obvious modifications, subtriangular, length ca. 3/4 width of coxa, anterior surface concave, same curvature as procoxae, cuticle microrugose, setae as on prosternum, directed distally; profemur elongate elliptical, extending from posteromesal to posterolateral margin of hypomeron, anterior surface grooved for reception of protibia, cuticle in groove microrugose, glabrous except proximally, punctures minute, arranged in vaguely diagonal rows, widely separated, setae as on prosternum, directed anterolaterally; protibia elongate, subequal in length to posterior margin of femur, weakly curved posteriorly at apex, two stout, conspicuous tibial spurs present, anterior margin with row of shorter, stouter setae along distal 2/3, apical fringe of stout setae present, punctures minute, relatively widely spaced, setae as on prosternum, directed distally; protarsus about 2/3 length of protibia, tarsomeres 1–3 with posterodistal fringe of stout setae, fringe becoming thinner on tarsomeres 2–3; ventral margin of tarsomeres 1–4 with dense fringe of setae; tarsomere 5 longest, tarsomeres 1–4 decreasing in length, tarsomere 1 twice length of tarsomere 2, tarsomere 2 slightly longer than tarsomere 3, tarsomeres 3 and 4 subequal in length, tarsomere 5 subequal in length to tarsomeres 2+3+4 dorsally; tarsomere 4 with distal end oblique, with variously conspicuous ventral lobe in most species ( Fig. 7, 8 ), lobe rounded, setose, only slightly wider than tarsomere in most species; tarsomere 5 curved dorsally, flattened distally on dorsal surface, tarsomere 5 inserted dorsally on tarsomere 4, claws pectinate ( Figs. 5, 6 ), number and shape of tines various; setae same length as tibial setae, directed distally, semi­erect. Mesothoracic leg as in prothoracic leg except: slightly longer, mesocoxa oblong, mesotrochantin concealed, coxal punctures and setae unmodified, rugose cuticle restricted to groove for reception of mesotrochanter; mesofemur more robust: anterior and posterior margins more convex; mesotibia with dorsal and ventral row of anterior stout setae; tarsomeres 1 and 5 subequal in length, tarsomere 1 slightly more than twice length of tarsomere 2, tarsomeres 2 and 3 subequal in length, tarsomere 4 about 1/2 length of tarsomere 3. Metathoracic leg as in mesothoracic leg except: metacoxa: posterior margin weakly sinuate, troughs of wave at point of trochanteral insertion and near midpoint; coxa mesad trochanteral insertion produced slightly posterad trochanteral condyle, apex directed posterolaterally, bluntly rounded, coxa laterally about 2/3 maximum mesal width, lateral 1/2 about 2X as wide as posterior width of metepimeron; punctures minute, separated by about own diameters; setae as on metasternum; trochanter oval, distal end broadly in contact with femur; setae and punctures as on metacoxa; metafemur elongate, less elliptical than pro­ and mesofemur; setae as on mesosternum; metatibia with stout outer setae on distal 1/2, tarsi as in mesotarsi except 1/2 again as long; tarsomere 1 longest, subequal in length to tarsomeres 2+3; tarsomeres 2 and 5 subequal in length; tarsomere 3 twice length of tarsomere 4.

Abdomen. Terga variously sclerotized, spiracles on segments 2–6 enclosed on tergum or not depending on species; spiracle of segment 8 free. Ventrites convex, convexity decreasing posteriorly; ventrites 1–4 transverse, posterolateral angle produced into rounded lobe overlying next ventrite; ventrite 5 only slightly convex, subtriangular, length:width ratio various, apex rounded, free margins curved dorsally, punctures slightly larger than other ventrites, somewhat tear­drop shaped; anterolateral punctures on ventrite 1 larger than on other ventrites. Male genitalia: Sternum 9 shoe­sole shaped, constricted in “shoe instep” just anterad midline, narrowed in apical third, posterior margin thicker and more darkly pigmented, apex with broad, shallow notch, with a pair of stout lateral posteromesally directed setae. Tergum 9 with lateral lobes narrow and bearing long apical setae, anterior margin with wide rugose band, Y­shaped suture between terga 9 and 10 extending to anterior rugose band. Tergum 10 subrectangular, anterior margin broadly rounded. Phallobase ( Fig. 66 , ph) twisted dorsally, in dorsal aspect genitalia curved to left in most species, anterior and lateral margins of phallobase more heavily sclerotized than rest of phallobase; parameres ( Fig. 66 , pa) with 2 dorsal subapical setae and 1 ventral subapical seta in most species; in ventral aspect parameres almost contiguous anteriorly or widely separated anteriorly ( Fig. 71b ) depending on species; median lobe elongate, much longer than median struts ( Fig. 66 , ms) in most species. Female genitalia: Tergum 8 subtriangular, anterior margin concave, dorsolateral margin of aperture for ovipositor produced, forming unpigmented glabrous, subpentagonal apex of tergum 8, dorsolateral projections lightly pigmented; setae arranged in irregular subcrescentic pattern; setae grading in length from anterior to posterior, longest setae along posterior margin, longest setae with about 1/2 length extending beyond posterior margin; punctures subcircular, shallow, separated by 2–3X own diameter, posterior punctures slightly larger than anterior punctures; cuticle microrugose. Sternum 8 subtriangular, smaller and narrower than tergum, anterior margin truncate; apex, length of setae and spacing of punctures as in tergum; cuticle microrugose; anterolateral extensions of sternum 8 restricted to laterally curved part of apodemes, extensions wider than long, lightly pigmented; apodemes of segment 8 rod­like, separated in posterior 1/3, abruptly divergent at sternum 8; anterior end of apodemes slightly recurved. Segment 8 spiracle large, conspicuous, subcircular; posterior spiracular sclerite curved anteromesally; anterolateral margin of tergum 8 curved ventrally to enclose spiracle anteriorly, spiracle almost contiguous with anterolateral margin of tergum. Sternum 9 and tergum 10 not visible. Coxites evenly sloping from phallobase to ventral suture, narrowing to about ½ basal width between middorsal and subapical setae; coxites largely membranous, pigmentation restricted to dorsal and anterior bar sclerites; bar sclerites thin and rod­like in most species; coxites with scattered long setae laterally and short apical tuft, lateral tuft represented by single seta; styli elongate, virtually apical on coxites, styli with 2–3 apical setae, longest setae subequal in length to stylus; bacculi subequal in length to segment 8 apodemes, rod­like, expanded and recurved anteriorly. Colleterial glands arising ventrolaterally posterad tubular extension, glands elongate, lying ventrally in situ, glands as long as or longer than unexpanded bursa; bursa copulatrix with one pair of subsymmetrical plates ( Fig. 86a , bp) and large band of anteriorly­directed spines ( Fig. 86a , bs) posterolaterad plates; plates either subreniform ( Figs. 98–105 ) or with margin along long axis of bursa copulatrix greatly attenuated posteriorly ( Figs. 86b , 89–94, 96, 97 ); plates bearing numerous short stout spines on inner surface and long narrow spines along anterior margin; tubular extension various, bearing proximally­directed spines of various size and shape, and either with basal sac­like spermatheca ( Fig. 86a , di) or spermatheca absent.

Discussion

The concept of Ctenoplus introduced here differs from that of previous authors ( Candèze 1891; Schwarz 1907; Fleutiaux 1940a; Hayek 1990) in that species with ventrally lobed tarsomere 4 are included. The configuration of the periocular pits is unique among the Synaptina. All known females of Ctenoplus species have the combination of a broad band of spines on the bursa and short non­marginal spines on the bursal plates. However, female genitalia of species of Silesis Candèze are poorly known and further refinement of the diagnosis may be required. In S. hilaris Candèze , the type species of Silesis , the bursa bears a narrow line of spines and the bursal plates bear short marginal and non­marginal spines ( Fig. 87 ). In contrast, an unidentified species of Silesis (s.s.) from China has a broad band of spines on the bursa like Ctenoplus , but subequally long marginal and non­marginal spines of the bursal plates. Silesis , as defined by Platia & Schimmel (1991), is probably not a monophyletic group, if the structure of the periocular space has any value as a diagnostic character. In S. hilaris the dorsal periocular pit is a small shallow pit about midway between the dorsal and ventral margins of the periocular space ( Fig. 2 , dp). Silesis musculus Candèze , the type species of Parasilesis Ohira , has deep, well­defined dorsal and ventral periocular pits, similar in appearance to those of Synaptus Eschscholtz ( Fig. 3 , dp, vp), most species of Glyphonyx Candèze examined ( Fig. 4 , dp, vp), and those species of Peripontius Gurjeva examined. This suggests that S. musculus is more closely related to Peripontius , Synaptus and Glyphonyx than to S. hilaris . A third group of species in Silesis (s.l.) lacks any pits on the periocular space. However, relatively few of the described species of Silesis have been examined for this or other characters, and Silesis (s.l.) requires further study.

In order to reflect the revised definition of Ctenoplus presented above, the most recent key to genera of Synaptina ( Hayek 1990, as Adrastus group) is modified at triplet 6 as follows:

Triplet 6

Dorsal periocular pit shallow, irregular in shape, interrupting margin of antennal socket ( Fig. 1 , dp); tarsomere 4 variously lobed ventrally ( Figs. 7, 8 ) ........... Ctenoplus ­ Dorsal and ventral periocular pits relatively deep, circular, not interrupting margin of antennal socket ( Fig. 3 , dp, vp); tarsomere 3 with a membranous lobe extending beneath and beyond tarsomere 4 ....................................................................... Synaptus ­ Periocular pits various: deep and circular ( Fig. 4 , dp, vp), or shallow and not interrupting margin of antennal socket ( Fig. 2 , dp, vp), or absent; tarsomere 4 lobed ventrally in most species .................................................................................................................. 7

Natural history

Little is known about the biology of the species of Ctenoplus . Larvae have not been associated, and for most adult specimens examined in this study, habitat data are not recorded.

Figures

FIGURES 1–10. 1–4, head capsule, lateral. 5–6, tarsal claw. 7–8, tarsus. 9, venter of prothorax. Fig. 10: venter of mesothorax, lateral. 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, Ctenoplus balli n. sp.; 2, Silesis hilaris Cand.; 3, Synaptus filiformis (L.); 4, Glyphonyx sp.; 6, 8, Ctenoplus rufoantennatus n. sp. Abbreviations: a, antennal socket; ag, anterior groove of mesepisternum; as, anterior articulating surface of mesosternum; bm, beaded margin of mesosternal cavity; c, mesocoxa; d, lateral depression of mesosternum; da, dorsal apex of prosternal spine; dp, dorsal periocular pit; g, gena; hc, anteromesal concavity of hypomeron; l, ventral lobe of tarsomere 4; lb, lateral border of prosternum; lp, anterolateral projection of mesepimeron; mb, mesal border of hypomeron; mc, mandibular condyle; mm, mesepimeron; ms, mesepisternum; pr, projection of mesal border of hypomeron; sc, supra­antennal carina; tp, anterior tentorial pit; va, ventral apex of prosternal spine; vp, ventral periocular pit.

FIGURES 86–88. Female genitalia of Ctenoplus and Silesis species. 86, C. javanensis Cand., a, dorsolateral, b, ventrolateral; 87, S. hilaris Cand.; 88, S. fulvus Fleut., a, ventrolateral, b, dorsolateral. Abbreviations: bp, spiny plates on bursa copulatrix; di, spermatheca; re, reservoir of spermathecal gland; sd, tubular extension. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 15–30. Antenna of Ctenoplus species. 15, C. javanensis Cand.; 16, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 17, C. sanguinolentus (Cand.); 18, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 19, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 20, C. indicus n. sp.; 21, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 22, C. siamensis n. sp.; 23, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 24, C. castaneus (Fleut.); 25, C. coomani Fleut.; 26, C. divergens n. sp.; 27, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 28, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 29, C. cateianus n. sp.; 30, C. dorsalis n. sp. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 31–43. Pronotal outline of Ctenoplus species, dorsal. 31, C. javanensis Cand.; 32, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 33, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 34, C. indicus n. sp.; 35, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 36, C. castaneus (Fleut.); 37, C. coomani Fleut.; 38, C. divergens n. sp., a: male, b: female; 39, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 40, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 41, C. gigas n. sp.; 42, C. cateianus n. sp.; 43, C. dorsalis n. sp. Abbreviation: bf, sublateral longitudinal incision. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 50–57. Prosternal spine of Ctenoplus and Silesis species. 50–57, lateral; 58, 59, ventral. 50, C. sanguinolentus (Cand.); 51, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 52a, b, C. coomani Fleut.; 53, C. balli n. sp.; 54, C. gigas n. sp.; 55, C. divergens n. sp.; 56, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 57, C. dorsalis n. sp.; 58, C. brunneus Fleut.; 59, S. fulvus Fleut.; Abbreviations: da, dorsal apex; va, ventral apex. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 66–85. Male genitalia of Ctenoplus species, dorsal aspect unless otherwise specified. 66, C. javanensis Cand.; 67, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 68, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 69, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 70, C. indicus n. sp.; 71, C. collaris Cand., a, dorsal, b, ventral; 72, C. pseudocollaris n. sp.; 73, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 74, C. siamensis n. sp.; 75, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 76, C. castaneus (Fleut.), a, dorsal, b, lateral; 77, C. coomani Fleut.; 78, C. divergens n. sp.; 79, C. alutaceus n. sp., a, dorsal, b, lateral; 80, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 81, C. balli n. sp.; 82, C. girardianus n. sp.; 83, C. gigas n. sp.; 84, C. cateianus n. sp.; 85, C. deceptus n. sp. Abbreviations: st, median struts; pa, parameres; ph, phallobase. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 98–106. Female genitalia of Ctenoplus species. 98, C. coomani Fleut.; 99, C. brunneus Fleut.; 100, C. divergens n. sp.; 101, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 102, C. balli n. sp.; 103, C. girardianus n. sp.; 104, C. gigas n. sp.; 105, C. cateianus n. sp.; 106, C. deceptus n. sp. Abbreviations: sd, tubular extension. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 89–97. Female genitalia of Ctenoplus species. 89, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 90, C. sanguinolentus Cand.; 91, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 92, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 93, C. indicus n. sp.; 94, C. collaris (Cand.); 95, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 96, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 97, C. castaneus (Fleut.). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.