Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze

Fuller, E. & Platia, G., 2006, A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina), Zootaxa 1217 (1), pp. 1-76 : 19-26

Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze

Figures 15 , 31 , 60 , 66 , 86 , 107

Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze 1863: 463 , pl. 6, fig. 2; one specimen, sex not stated; type locality: " Java ".

Ctenoplus javanus (misspelling), Candèze 1891: 209; Schwarz 1907: 295.

Ctenoplus javanensis, Schenkling 1927: 490 .

Diagnosis

Medium­sized Ctenoplus with bidentate elytral apices ( Fig. 60 ), pronotum longer than wide ( Fig. 31 ) and head and pronotum red­brown. This species is similar to C. sumatrensis n.sp., but can be distinguished by pronotal shape; in C. javanensis , the pronotum is longer than wide ( Fig. 31 ), whereas in C. sumatrensis , the pronotum is subquadrate ( Fig. 32 ).

Description

Head, thorax and most of ventral surface reddish­brown; elytra varying from entirely reddish­brown like prothorax to almost entirely piceous; ventrite 5 varying from reddishbrown to blackish­brown; legs and epipleura brownish­yellow; setae whitish­yellow. Length: 7.5– 9.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.

Head. Punctures varying from almost contiguous to separated by slightly more than their own diameters; setae long, erect, as long as longest setae on antennae, as fine as setae on antennae; frontal punctures deep, circular. Antenna ( Fig. 15 ) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angle by about length of antennomere 11 in female, slightly exceeding apex of pronotal hind angle in male; most antennal setae on each article as long as antennomere 2, with 5–10 setae each as long as antennomere 4 on each article.

Prothorax. Pronotum ( Fig. 31 ) with sides varying from slightly convergent anteriorly to parallel; punctures small, deep, sparse: separated by 1–2X own diameters, simple; setae as on head. Hypomeron: punctures circular, simple, deep, about same size as lateral pronotal punctures, separated by 0.5–1.5X own diameter; posterior 1/5 glabrous; setae long, fine. Prosternum evenly convex; anterior lobe punctures coarse as on hypomeron, almost contiguous; prosternal punctures grading in size from those of anterior lobe anteriorly to minute on prosternal spine; setae as on hypomeron; prosternal spine: Vshaped; straight in anterior­posterior plane; dorsal apex carinate laterally, carina extending anteriorly about 1/2 length of spine; ventrolateral carinae remaining separate to ventral apex, extending slightly anterad anterior margin of procoxal cavities.

Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, midline carinate, anterior margin slightly emarginate, posterior margin broadly rounded; punctures shallow, small, simple, separated by up to 3X own diameter. Mesosternum: margins of cavity raised above metasternum and mesosternum in posterior 1/2, horizontal, thickened. Mesepisternum: anterior 1/2 to 3/4 with shallow, almost contiguous, simple punctures, posterior 1/4 to 1/2 glabrous. Elytra: posterior margin of epipleuron at level of metacoxal plate almost vertical; apex of elytron ( Fig. 60 ) emarginate, bidentate; strial punctures up to 1.5X size of pronotal punctures; interval punctures small, sparse, in vaguely posterolaterally­directed diagonal rows.

Metathorax. Metasternum with carina posterad mesocoxae ca. 3–5X basal width; punctures as in mesepisternum, variable in size, separated by less than 1/2 own diameters.

Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small ventral lobe; claws with 5 long subapical tines, longest tine subequal to level of apex of apical tine.

Abdomen. Terga relatively heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed in tergum on segments 2–6; terga 1–6 conspicuously punctured, punctures decreasing in size, depth and number on posterior terga: punctures on terga 1 and 2 covering most of tergum and almost contiguous, those on 6 restricted to wide central band and separated by 1–3X their own diameters. Ventrite 5 slightly wider than long, dome­shaped, apex truncate with cuticle thin and somewhat ragged in specimens examined; lateral punctures somewhat tear­drop shaped, simple, separated by up to own diameters, punctures on midline much smaller, separated by 1–3X own diameters, more circular, simple; setae coarser than on metasternum; dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with Y­shaped submarginal carina. Male genitalia, Fig. 66 ; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally, separated by about width of median lobe. Female genitalia, Fig. 86 ; sternum 8 with small anterolateral glabrous patch along margin; aperture for ovipositor in intersegmental membrane sclerotized ventrally, sclerotization subtriangular in ventral aspect. Coxites with right angled shoulder at ventral suture. Bursal plates ventral, attenuated posteriorly almost to posterior margin of bursal spines, plates curved around anterior end onto dorsal surface, outer margin of plate curved dorsally forming thin rim; mesal margin of plates with stout projecting spines, spines increasing in length anteriorly; inner surface of plates with short stout spines, posterior spines directed anteriorly, anterior spines directed mesally; dorsal inner surface of bursa with cluster of moderately long, stout spines directed anteriorly, point of attachment of spines suboval, wider than spine; posterior end of ventral cluster of spines linear; tubular extension: arising dorsolaterally at about midpoint of bursa, proximal 1/2 armed with wide band of short spines of same basic shape as spines of bursa; wide band of spines grading into two bands of stouter spines distally, more distal spines with stout bases as in bursal plates, two types grade into each other; base with sac­like spermatheca dorsally; base around insertion of spermatheca without spines, area devoid of spines about same size as spermatheca; spermathecal gland with subreniform reservoir.

Variation. The apparent colour of the folded elytra is influenced by some undetermined factor of the underlying structures. Unfolded elytra are transparent reddishbrown like the head and pronotum, but folded elytra vary from appearing completely reddish­brown, to reddish­brown anteriorly and black posteriorly, to almost completely black. This may be due to the amount of dark pigment in the underlying flight wings, but at present this is uncertain.

Type material

Candèze (1863) described C. javanensis based on one specimen collected on Java. The holotype, a female, is deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, and has been examined. It bears the following labels: “Type; HOLO VZ 1958” [on reverse]/ “ Java.”/

“ Ctenoplus , javanensis, Java Cdz ”./ “Janson Coll., ex Candeze , 1903–20”/ “ Holotype, Ctenoplus , javanensis Cand. 1863 , TYPE SERIES CHECKED, C. M. F. von Hayek 1991” .

Material examined and range

2♂, 2♀. [ INDONESIA]: holotype, [ BMNH] ; 1♂, “ Java, Preanger, Mt. Djampanes , ex coll. Oberthur ”[ CPG] ; 1♂, " Java "/ " Janson coll. 1903­130" [ BMNH] ; 1♀, “ Java, rec: Pasteur , ex coll. E. Candeze ” [ ISNB]. This species has been found only on Java ( Fig. 107 ) .

Ctenoplus sumatrensis n. sp.

Figures 16 , 32 , 67 , 89 , 107

Diagnosis

Small to medium­sized, unicoloured reddish­brown Ctenoplus with notched apices of the elytra and subquadrate pronotum ( Fig. 32 ). C. sumatrensis is similar to C. javanensis Candèze , but in the latter species the pronotum is longer than wide ( Fig. 31 ).

Description

Uniformly reddish brown, legs and antennae yellowish brown, setae yellowish white. Length: 7.0– 8.5 mm; width: 1.5–2.0 mm.

Head. Punctures moderately deep, separated from nearest neighbour by about 1/2 own diameters, punctures slightly larger than those of anterior pronotum; setae relatively long. Antenna ( Fig. 16 ) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angle by about 1/2 length of antennomere 11; sexual dimorphism not apparent; punctures small, widely spaced.

Prothorax. Pronotum, Fig. 32 : sexual dimorphism not apparent; posterior 1/2 with shallow groove along midline; hind angles varying from subparallel to slightly divergent, apex truncate in dorsal aspect; posterior margin with median projection adjacent to scutellum formed of two pairs of smaller, rounded projections, lateral projections about twice as long as median pair of projections; punctures about as deep as, and about 3/4 size of frontal punctures, separated by 1–2X own diameters on midline, by about own diameters laterally; setae as long as frontal setae, erect, directed posteriorly along anterior margin and midline, curved posteromesally or mesally laterally. Hypomeron: punctures subequal in size and density to lateral pronotal punctures; posterior 1/5–1/4 glabrous; posterolateral angle slightly obliquely truncate in ventral aspect, slightly wider than long; posterior margin more or less straight adjacent to epipleura, concave adjacent to mesepisternum. Prosternum: anterior lobe with punctures larger and more closely spaced than other punctures; punctures about 1/2 size of hypomeral punctures, separated by 1.5–2X own diameters; setae about same size and thickness as hypomeral setae, directed posteriorly; prosternal spine: triangular in ventral aspect, tapered posteriorly, dorsal and ventral margins and lateral margins subparallel, ventral margin horizontal in lateral aspect; in ventral aspect lateral carinae remaining separate to apex, submarginal groove present, extended slightly anterad anterior procoxal margin, groove carinate laterally anterad procoxae.

Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, center line subcarinate anteriorly, posterior margin subtruncate. Elytra subparallel for anterior 2/3, narrowing posteriorly; apex shallowly notched, sutural and lateral angles slightly produced and acute, lateral tooth placed slightly more dorsally than sutural tooth in lateral aspect; strial punctures somewhat oblong, separated by up to own diameters; in most specimens strial punctures surrounded by subquadrate to subcircular patch of transparent cuticle; interval punctures minute, in diagonal rows. Mesosternum: posterior margin between mesocoxae straight, elevated. Mesepisternum: punctures minute, much smaller than hypomeral punctures; up to 1/2 of sclerite glabrous posteriorly; anterior marginal groove without submarginal lateral carina.

Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxae subacute, 4–5X basal width, directed towards midpoint of metacoxal plate; punctures grading from large, shallow, simple, almost contiguous laterally to minute, separated by 2–3X own diameter along midline.

Legs. Profemur with anterior margin of groove bearing minute, dark, stout setae; tarsomere 4 with small ventrodistal lobe, lobe often difficult to distinguish, claws with 4–5 subapical tines.

Abdomen. Terga 2–7 relatively heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6, free on 7; terga 3–6 with lateral carina posterad spiracle; tergum 7 subrectangular, posterior margin with submarginal sclerotized projection medially on internal surface, apex of tergum 7 weakly sclerotized, flap­like, with dense short setae, flap offset from lateral margin by diagonal shoulder, median projection bordered by diagonal bar sclerites; surface of terga 3–6 microrippled longitudinally with scattered punctures. Anteromedian and lateral punctures of ventrite 1 much larger than punctures of other ventrites, almost contiguous anteromedially; punctures on other ventrites about 1/2 size of large punctures on ventrite 1, separated by a little less than own diameters, punctures along midline smaller. Ventrite 5 about as long as basal width, apex somewhat sharply rounded, punctures appear tear­drop shaped apically and laterally, almost contiguous apically; dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with submarginal carina curved mesally and produced posteriorly at midline, not connected to posterior margin of ventrite 5, apex rounded; mesal margin of elytral groove setate; lateral margin of ventrite 5 more heavily sclerotized than apex. Male genitalia, Fig. 67 ; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally; parameres with 2 dorsal setae well separated from apex. Female genitalia, Fig. 89 ; bursal plates symmetrical, mesal margin (left margin in dorsal aspect) greatly attenuated; tubular extension: short, in situ coiled like watch spring dorsad base, overlying sac­like spermatheca; basally with relatively long thin spines like free spines on bursa; basal spines grading into coarser spines of about same length with conspicuous bases on each spine; coarse middle spines grading into shorter but equally coarse spines initially without conspicuous bases then with conspicuous bases; most distal part without spines; spermathecal gland with subreniform reservoir.

Material examined and range

7♂, 10♀. [ INDONESIA:] Holotype male , Allotype female, “Mentawei, Si Oban, IV–VIII 94, Modigliani”/ “ Coll. Kraatz ” [ DEIC] . Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype [ ISNB] ; 5♂, 7♀, “W. Sumatra, Siberut Isl., Maura Siberut, 1.9.1992 " [ ERFC, CCW, CPG, CSV]; 1♂, same data except 30.8.1992 / “ Indonesia 1992, leg. Barries & Cate ” [ CCW]. This species is known from the Mentawei Islands south of Sumatra ( Fig. 107 ) .

Etymology

The species epithet is derived from ‘sumatr­’ + ‘­ensis’, denoting Sumatra, the origin of known specimens.

Natural history Specimens with complete data were collected between 30 August and 1 September.

Figures

FIGURE 107. Distribution of Ctenoplus species.

FIGURES 15–30. Antenna of Ctenoplus species. 15, C. javanensis Cand.; 16, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 17, C. sanguinolentus (Cand.); 18, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 19, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 20, C. indicus n. sp.; 21, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 22, C. siamensis n. sp.; 23, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 24, C. castaneus (Fleut.); 25, C. coomani Fleut.; 26, C. divergens n. sp.; 27, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 28, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 29, C. cateianus n. sp.; 30, C. dorsalis n. sp. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 31–43. Pronotal outline of Ctenoplus species, dorsal. 31, C. javanensis Cand.; 32, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 33, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 34, C. indicus n. sp.; 35, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 36, C. castaneus (Fleut.); 37, C. coomani Fleut.; 38, C. divergens n. sp., a: male, b: female; 39, C. alutaceus n. sp.; 40, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 41, C. gigas n. sp.; 42, C. cateianus n. sp.; 43, C. dorsalis n. sp. Abbreviation: bf, sublateral longitudinal incision. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 60–63. apex of elytra of Ctenoplus species, dorsal. 64, 65: left elytron of Ctenoplus species, dorsal. 60, C. javanensis Cand.; 61, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 62, C. collaris Cand.; 63, C. siamensis n. sp.; 64, C. balli n. sp.; 65, C. girardianus n. sp. Scale bar = 60–63: 0.5 mm; 64, 65: 1 mm.

FIGURES 66–85. Male genitalia of Ctenoplus species, dorsal aspect unless otherwise specified. 66, C. javanensis Cand.; 67, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 68, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 69, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 70, C. indicus n. sp.; 71, C. collaris Cand., a, dorsal, b, ventral; 72, C. pseudocollaris n. sp.; 73, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 74, C. siamensis n. sp.; 75, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 76, C. castaneus (Fleut.), a, dorsal, b, lateral; 77, C. coomani Fleut.; 78, C. divergens n. sp.; 79, C. alutaceus n. sp., a, dorsal, b, lateral; 80, C. semialutaceus n. sp.; 81, C. balli n. sp.; 82, C. girardianus n. sp.; 83, C. gigas n. sp.; 84, C. cateianus n. sp.; 85, C. deceptus n. sp. Abbreviations: st, median struts; pa, parameres; ph, phallobase. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 86–88. Female genitalia of Ctenoplus and Silesis species. 86, C. javanensis Cand., a, dorsolateral, b, ventrolateral; 87, S. hilaris Cand.; 88, S. fulvus Fleut., a, ventrolateral, b, dorsolateral. Abbreviations: bp, spiny plates on bursa copulatrix; di, spermatheca; re, reservoir of spermathecal gland; sd, tubular extension. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 89–97. Female genitalia of Ctenoplus species. 89, C. sumatrensis n. sp.; 90, C. sanguinolentus Cand.; 91, C. sanguinolentoides n. sp.; 92, C. nitidipennis Schwarz; 93, C. indicus n. sp.; 94, C. collaris (Cand.); 95, C. neosiamensis n. sp.; 96, C. rufoantennatus n. sp.; 97, C. castaneus (Fleut.). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.