Solanum laxum Spreng., 1824

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 147-155

21. Solanum laxum Spreng. , Syst. Veg. 1: 682. 1824 Figure 54

Solanum jasminoides Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 8: tab. 5. 1841. Type: Cultivated in Great Britain, "from seed sent to Messrs. Young of Epsom from the Glasgow Botanic Garden", probably from southern Brazil (see discussion below), (no specimens cited, lectotype, designated by Symon 1981, pg. 65: Paxton, Paxton’s Mag. Bot. 8: tab. 5. 1841).

Solanum boerhaviifolium Sendtn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 10: 48, fig 11. 1846, as "boerhaviaefolium" Type: Brazil. "in Brasilia australi", F. Sellow s.n. (lectotype, designated here: P [P00324767, Morton neg. 8153]; isolectotype: K [K000590026]).

Solanum jasminoides Paxton var. boerhaviifolium (Sendtn.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 226. 1898. Type: Based on Solanum boerhaviifolium Sendtn.

Solanum jasminoides Paxton var. glaberrimum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 226. 1898. Type: Bolivia. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Río Juntas, 3500-3600 m, O. Kuntze s.n. (lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00172053]).

Solanum jasminoides Paxton var. pilosum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 226. 1898. Type: Bolivia. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Río Juntas, 3500-3600 m, O. Kuntze s.n. (lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00172054]).

Solanum jasminoides Paxton var. pubinerve Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 226. 1898. Type: Bolivia. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Río Juntas [cult?], 3500-3600 m, 13-21 Apr 1892, O. Kuntze s.n. (lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00172055]).

Solanum dietrichiae Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 1130. 1929. Type: Australia, Queensland, Brisbane River, A. Dietrich 2789 (holotype: PR [PR-530859]).

Solanum boerhaviifolium Sendtn. var. calvum C.V. Morton, Revis. Argent. Solanum 66. 1976. Type: Argentina. Misiones: Posadas, Bonpland, 6 Jan 1908, E. Ekman 817 (holotype: US [US-1574743]; isotype: S [S07-16710]).

Type.

Uruguay. Montevideo: Montevideo, F. Sellow s.n. (holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates traced). Uruguay. Montevideo: Montevideo, 1826-1830, J. Anderson s.n. (neotype, designated here: BM [BM000935924]).

Description.

Woody vine, the base sometimes to> 10 cm in diameter, twining by petioles. Stems strongly zig-zag, glabrous or puberulent when young with white simple uniseriate trichomes <0.5 mm long; new growth glabrous to minutely and sparsely puberulent. Bark of older stems green or reddish green or often purplish green when growing in bright sunlight. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple or very occasionally deeply pinnatifid with 1-4 irregular lobes, 1-5 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, ovate or elliptic to narrowly elliptic (occasionally pinnatifid with up to 5 lobes), widest in the basal 1/3, membranous to chartaceous, the upper surfaces glabrous or with a few simple uniseriate trichomes along the midrib, the lower surfaces glabrous or with variously dense tufts of simple uniseriate trichomes to 1 mm long in the vein axils and occasionally extending sparsely to the lamina; primary veins 4-6 pairs, with a strong and obvious intramarginal vein, the midrib often keeled; base truncate, often oblique and asymmetrical; margins entire, if lobed the lobes reaching nearly to the midrib, the basal ones smaller; apex acute to acuminate; petioles 0.4-2.5(+) cm long, glabrous or minutely puberulent in the groove on the adaxial surface, twining. Inflorescences terminal, or later lateral, to 5 or more cm long, to many times branched, but usually only 2-3 times branched, with up to 50 flowers, glabrous; peduncle 0.5-4 cm long, very variable in length depending on the size and age of the inflorescence; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, <0.5 mm in diameter at the base and apex, filiform, nodding or spreading at anthesis, glabrous, articulated at the base from a small sleeve, leaving a small peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 2-6 mm apart. Buds somewhat inflated, ellipsoid, broadest in basal part, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical to somewhat flattened, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, deltate with an elongate tip to 1 mm, often drying black, glabrous or the tip with a few minute trichomes. Corolla 1.8-2.2 cm in diameter, white or pale violet, rotate-stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 way to the base, the lobes 7-9 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, planar or spreading at anthesis, glabrous to minutely pubescent with tiny simple uniseriate trichomes abaxially, these <0.2 mm long, glabrous adaxially. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous or minutely puberulent within; anthers 3.5-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, sagittate at the base, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 7-8 mm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes <0.2 mm long within the anther tube, glabrous where exserted beyond the anthers; stigma a minutely papillate area on the tip of the style, occasionally somewhat bilobed to clavate. Fruit a globose berry, ca. 1 cm in diameter, blackish purple when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.2-1.5 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, not markedly woody, pendent. Seeds 10-20 per berry, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, pale tan, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal. Chromosome number: n=12 ( Moscone 1992, as Solanum boerhaviifolium ).

Distribution

( Figure 55 ). Native to southeastern Brazil from the states of Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul to the mouth of the Río de la Plata in Argentina and Uruguay, and into Paraguay, from nearly sea level to above 500 m elevation. Widely cultivated worldwide in both temperate and subtropical zones, often escaped and naturalised.

Ecology.

Growing as a native in Atlantic rainforest, Araucaria forests, gallery forests and open forest margins. Solanum laxum is escaped and naturalised throughout the tropics and subtropics in suitable habitat, it has a wide tolerance of light freezing (as evidenced by its common cultivation in Great Britain).

Common names.

Cultivated plants from Colombia: manto de la virgin, manto de la reina (Duque-Jaramillo 3006); Ecuador: martiño enrededera (Steyermark 53983); UK and USA: potato vine.

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum laxum was long known in cultivation as Solanum jasminoides (see Figure 56 ), but the former name has priority and is slowly becoming accepted in botanical (see Mentz and Oliveira 2004) and horticultural circles (see Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Plant Finder, http://apps.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/index.asp). The original source of material cultivated in Great Britain was southern Brazil, and in England the plant overwinters well even in very cold winters (hardy to USDA zone 8), where it dies back from frost, but quickly resprouts. In cultivation vines of Solanum laxum grow very large; a vine growing up the south-facing wall of the Chelsea Physic Garden in London is over 10 cm in diameter at the base.

Solanum laxum is similar, and probably closely related, to the sympatric Solanum viscosissimum with which it shares rotate-stellate corollas, pubescent styles and purplish black berries. It differs from that species in its almost always simple leaves and in the tufts of trichomes in the vein axils of the leaf undersurfaces; Solanum viscosissimum usually has at least some deeply pinnatifid leaves and has long, glandular trichomes evenly spread over the leaf surfaces. Flowers of Solanum laxum are usually white, but can have a purplish tinge, especially when growing in strong light. Solanum laxum could also potentially be confused with Solanum flaccidum , also sympatric, which differs in its larger purple or violet flowers with anthers borne on unequal filaments and in its more evenly distributed pubescence on leaf surfaces and stems. A few collections (e.g., Stuckert 11592, G) have deeply pinnatifid leaves, but can be distinguished from other similar species such as Solanum seaforthianum (also common in cultivation) by the conspicuous tufts of trichomes in the vein axils on the leaf undersides. These pinnatifid leaves are probably juvenile, and are very occasionally found on stems mixed with simple leaves (e.g., Osten 8265) as is common in other species of the Dulcamaroid clade.

Although the tufts of trichomes in the vein axils of the leaf undersides are a good diagnostic character for Solanum laxum , some populations and individuals appear to lack pubescence of any sort. These plants have been called var. calvum, and they differ from other populations only in pubescence density; there are usually a few trichomes, but they can be difficult to see without a microscope. This variation is common in the Dulcamaroid clade, and in many other non-spiny solanums.

The Sellow collection used by Sprengel to describe Solanum laxum was destroyed in Berlin; I have found no Sellow collections of Solanum laxum from Uruguay. Many of Sellow’s collections were sent to Berlin, and plants were grown there from seeds sent from Uruguay in 1823 ( Krausch 2002). The plant used by Sprengel may have been one grown in the Botanic Garden in Berlin rather than a herbarium specimen collected in Uruguay. I have selected as a lectotype for Solanum laxum a specimen (BM000935924, the only one I have seen in several hundred collections examined) collected in Montevideo, Uruguay attributed to James Anderson, the botanist aboard HMS Adventure. The ship, captained by Philip Parker King, surveyed the complex area around the Straits of Magellan from 1826 to 1830, but little information as to the orgins of the plants from the voyage exists (see entry for King on JSTOR Plants, http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000063285). This specimen, although a unicate and not collected by Sellow, is almost contemporary with Sellow’s time in Uruguay and matches in the protologue in having glabrous leaves.

An un-numbered Sellow collection from Brazil at B ("Brasilia australi"was used by Sendtner (1846) in describing Solanum boerhavifolium ; this is probably no longer extant. Another Sellow specimen at P (P00324767) donated by Berlin, and annotated "S. bôrhaaviaefolium Sendt." in Sendtner’s hand, is selected as the lectotype. It bears a number “250” in a different handwriting. Another Sellow sheet from B at P (P00324768) is sterile and does not have the specific name written in Sendtner’s handwriting, but may be a duplicate; a sheet at K (K000590026, also with the species name in Sendtner’s hand, but labelled on the sheet “Klotsch”) is probably also be a duplicate, but in the absence of specific locality information or collection number it is impossible to tell.

The origin of the plants described as Solanum jasminoides is discussed by Harley (1970), who speculates that the plants grown in the Young Nursery in Epsom, Surrey, were originally from Sir William Hooker, who received material from Brazil collected by Tweedie. A specimen at Kew collected in 1832 in Rio Grande do Sul (K000545751, labelled “Parana”) by Tweedie is thought by Harley (1970) to probably be the origin of both the Kew and the Epsom material; Tweedie collected both specimens and seeds for Hooker. I am not sufficiently convinced of this chain of custody to use the K sheet as epitype material.

The epithet boerhaviifolium was spelled “boerhaviaefolium” by Sendtner (1846) and although the name honours Hermann Boerhaave, the original spelling with a single ‘a’ is retained, following Article 60.1 of the Code ( McNeill et al. 2012).

Specimens examined [native range].

Argentina. Buenos Aires: Campana, 25 May 1951, Boelcke 4910 (SI); Las Palmas, 11 Sep 1952, Boelcke 6358 (SI); Arroyo Brazo Largo, Delta Paraná, 27 Mar 1937, Burkart 8330 (F, SI); Punta Lara, ribera de la Río de la Plata, 25 Oct 1931, Cabrera 1812 (SI); Buenos Aires, Recoleta, 10 Feb 1912, Dieckmann s.n. (SI); Buenos Aires, Fox 182 (K); Cruz Colorada, 21 Nov 1911, Hicken s.n. (SI); Cuy Colonda, Tigre, 21 Nov 1911, Hicken 24941 (SI); Hurlingham, Pdo. Morón, 23 Oct 1976, Krapovickas 29707 (G); Delta, Arroyo Méndez Grande, 31 Oct 1929, Scala s.n. (F); Delta, Nov 1914, Scala s.n. (SI); Punta Lara, La Plata, 29 Oct 1946, Sparre 14 (K); San Fernando, Stuckert 11592 (G); Barrancas al Sud, 18 Sep 1902, Venturi 177 (S, SI); Corrientes: Santo Tomé, Gobernador Virasoro, 11 Oct 1969, Pedersen 9255 (K); Monte Caseros, Rta. 127 y Arroyo Curuzú Cuatiá, 20 Feb 1979, Schinini et al. 17440 (K); Santo Tomé, Estancia Timbó, 38 km N de Santo Tomé, ruta 40, 5 Nov 1996, Vanni & Maruñak 3731 (GH); Córdoba: Córdoba, Castellanos 74 (SI); Entre Ríos: Concordia, Salto Grande, 21 Sep 1951, Boelcke 4843 (K); Gualeguaychú, 6 Jan 1932, Burkart 4134 (SI); Gualeguaychú, 20 Sep 1961, Burkart 22718 (SI); Concepción del Uruguay, Concepción del Uruguay a Colón, 15 Dec 1963, Burkart 24920 (SI); Feliciano, Paso Yunque, 18 May 1964, Burkart et al. 25452 (SI); La Paz, Paso Yunque, Río Guayquiraró, 13 Apr 1968, Burkart et al. 27072 (SI); Concordia, Salto Grande, 21 Sep 1951, Correa & Bacigalupo s.n. (SI); Gualeguaychú, Río Brazo Largo, Vivero Experimental del Delta, 15 Aug 1946, Krapovickas 3067 (BH, K); Concepcion del Uruguay, Oct 1878, Lorentz s.n. (BM, GH); Uruguay, Arroyo La China, 24 Dec 1941, Nicora 3294 (SI); Concordia, River Ayui on road from Concordia to Salto Grande, 5 Oct 1978, Renvoize et al. 2911 (F, F, K, K); Mendoza: Mendoza, 20 Aug 1913, Sanzin 35 (SI); Misiones: Concepción, Santa María, Oct 1977, Cabrera et al. 28674 (SI); San Pedro, San Pedro, 1 Nov 1958, Gamerro & Toursarkissian 67 (SI); Apostoles Pueblo del Sur, 4 Nov 1944, Ibarrola 1001 (K); Apóstoles, Río Chimiray, 9 Nov 1944, Ibarrola 1137 (A); Posadas, Bonpland, Lillieskold s.n. (F, G., S); Gral. Manuel Belgrano, Bernardo de Irigoyen, 29 Sep 1970, Maruñak 137 (F); El Dorado, 8 Mar 1944, Meyer 6805 (S); Candelaria, Santa Ana, 13 Dec 1945, Montes 1545 (K, S); Apóstoles, Río Chimiray, Ruta Prov. 94, 2 km de Garruchos camino a Azara, 100 m, 10 Oct 1996, Morrone et al. 1108 (SI); Iguazú, 20 km E de Wanda a J.J. Lanusse, 24 Jan 1973, Schinini & Fernández 6053 (G); Candelaria, Santa Ana, rutas 12 y 4, Santa Ana, 22 Aug 1987, Schinini 25460 (F, GH, K); San Ignacio, km 110, 26 Dec 1945, Schwarz 1739 (G); San Ignacio, Colonia Corpus, 20 Oct 1948, Schwarz 6445 (K); Cainguás, Puerto Mineral, 24 Aug 1950, Schwarz 10698 (BH, G); Iguazú, Parque Nacional Iguazú, ruta 101, 13 Oct 1993, Tressens et al. 4439 (BH, GH); Gral. Manuel Belgrano, San Antonio, 4 km NW de San Antonio (Ayo. Rolador), 29 Mar 1996, Tressens et al. 5596 (GH, K); Guaraní, Predio Guaraní, ruta 15 y arroyo afluente del Itá Pirú, a ca. 2 km del limite con Papel Misionero, 3 Nov 1999, Tressens et al. 6465 (F); General San Martín, Arroyo Tabay y ruta 7, 27 Aug 1987, Vanni 734 (F); Iguazú, Ruta Nac. 101, Arroyo Santo Domingo, 5 Mar 1995, Zuloaga et al. 5278 (MO).

Brazil. Bahia: Abaíra, Mata do Barbado, 1600 m, 2 Jan 1992, Harley et al. 50631 (K); Minas Gerais: Sin. loc, Asampaio 374 (US); Paraná: Serrinha, 14 Oct 1909, Dusén 8549 (F, F, GH, K, S); Calmon, 12 Mar 1910, Dusén 9284 (S); Barigui, 890 m, 29 Oct 1914, Dusén 15756 (F, GH, K); Laranjeiras do Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul, 16 Feb 1963, Hatschbach 9724 (US); Laranjeiras do Sul, Virmond, 12 Apr 1965, Hatschbach 12539 (K); General Carneiro, Cab. Iratim, 11 Feb 1966, Hatschbach et al. 13704 (US); Bituruna, Rio Jangada, 17 Oct 1966, Hatschbach 14962 (F, US); Tapejara, 26 Aug 1967, Hatschbach 16991 (F); Mun. Curitiba, Guabirotuba, 14 Dec 1978, Hatschbach 41897 (F); Novas Tebas, rod. PR-460, proximo do trevo para Nova Tebas, 26 Aug 2001, Hatschbach et al. 72322 (SI); Curitiba, 900 m, 7 Sep 1914, Jönsson 894 a (F, GH, K); São José dos Pinhais, Ponte Sinco, 3 Nov 1972, Kuniyoshi 3309 (US); just N of Campo Novo, 600 m, 5 Nov 1966, Lindeman & Haas 2837 (KLaranjeiras do Sul, 16 Nov 1963, Pereira & Hatschbach 7922 (US); Curitiba, Campina de Siqueira, Rio Baragui, 30 Sep 1967, Stellfeld 1690 (US); sin. loc, Tweedie s.n. (K); Rio Grande do Sul: Neu-Württemberg, 450 m, 20 Aug 1904, Bornmüller 135 (A, G, GH); Centro de Lozer e Recrecão Santa Rita-Farroupilha, 12 Sep 1978, Bueno 1026 (MA); Marcelino Ramos, estrada prox. Rio Uruguai, 370 m, 6 Oct 1995, Butzke et al. 7743 (F); Pelotas, I.A. Sul, mato do Horto Botânico do I. Agr, 4 Jun 1954, Costa Sacco 147 (US); Pelotas, Pedreira Sta. Cecilia, 20 May 1959, Costa Sacco 1231 (F); São José, Farroupilha, 21 Oct 1984, Dal Pont 493 (US); Farroupilha, Sao Roque, 25 Aug 1985, Dal Pont 1091 (US); Flores da Cunha, Linea 60, 29 Jul 1984, Grazziotin 191 (US); Fazenda Faxinal, Arroio dos Ratos, 31 Oct 1979, Hagelund 13164 (F); Fazenda Mauqueira das Pedras, Arroio dos Ratos, 25 Sep 1984, Hagelund 15346 (F); São Marcos, Formigueiro, 800 m, 27 Oct 1999, Kegler 305 (G, US); Caixas do Sul, São Luiz, 3a Legua, 780 m, 11 Mar 2000, Kegler 843 (US); Quinta, 5 Nov 1901, Malme 225 (S); Santo Ângelo, prope Cachoeira, 2 Feb 1892, Malme 534b (S); Guaíba, Fazenda São Maximiano, BR-116, km 307, 30 Sep 1990, Matzenbacher 61 (F); São Jerônimo, Pólo Carboquímico, mata de Ingá, 18 Oct 1982, Neves 137 (F); Vacaria, 14 km de Vacaria, rumo Bom Jesus, 25 Oct 1963, Pabst 6320 (F); Pinheiro Machado, Coxilho Pedras Altas, 11 Nov 1976, Pedersen 11442 (A, K x2, MO); Rio dos Sinos, 8 May 1949, Rambo 44283 (K, US); São Francisco de Paula, 18 Dec 1949, Rambo 44854 (G); Vila Manresa, prope Porto Alegre, 18 Sep 1955, Rambo 57339 (B, S); Canoas, 9 Oct 1897, Reineck & Czermak 89 (E, GOET); Pantano Grande, 1 Oct 1988, Rossato 4586 (US); Colônia de Santo Ângelo, Sep 1899, Schwarzer s.n. (S); Caixas do Sul, Sta. Justina, 780 m, 27 Nov 1999, Scur 190 (US); San Pedro, Montenegro, 550 m, 1 Sep 1949, Sehnem 3843 (B, US); Pessegueiro, Camaquã, 12 Oct 1983, Sobral, M., 2418 (F); Mina Volta Grande, Lavras do Sul, 5 Oct 1984, Sobral 3115 (F); Amaral Ferrador, Encruzilhada do Sul, Sep 1985, Sobral 4206 (F, K); Esmeralda, E. Aracuní, Jan 1984, Stehmann 307 (F); Rio Grande, woods of the Uruguay, Tweedie s.n. (K); São Francisco de Paula, RS-235, 850 m, 20 Sep 1999, Wasum 128 (B, MO, US); Flores da Cunha, Linea 100, 29 Jul 1984, Wasum 232 (US); Caixas do Sul, Estrada São Virgilio, 26 Aug 1984, Wasum 259 (US); São Roque, Farroupina, 25 Aug 1985, Wasum 1080 (G, K); Fazenda Taleira, Caçapava do Sul, 21 Sep 1986, Wasum 2081 (US); Nova Prata, 30 May 1987, Wasum 3069 (US); Bento Gonçalves, estrada para Guaporé, 750 m, 24 Aug 1998, Wasum et al. 12747 (US); Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, 13 Mar 1924, Bailey & Bailey 1312 (BH); Santa Catarina: Marombas, Curitibanos, 900 m, 6 Dec 1962, Klein 3290 (US); Campos Novos, 1000 m, 29 Oct 1963, Klein 4209 (US); Lajes, Passo do Socorro, 700 m, 31 Oct 1963, Klein 4373 (US); Lajes, Passo do Socorro, 700 m, 31 Oct 1963, Klein 4378 (US); Bom Retiro, Campo dos Padres, Bom Retiro, 1800 m, 20 Dec 1948, Reitz 3614 (S); Bom Retiro, 950 m, 26 Oct 1957, Reitz & Klein 5484a (F, GH, US); São Joaquim, Serra do Oratorio, Bom Jardim, 1400 m, 23 Oct 1958, Reitz & Klein 7420 (US); São Joaquim, Fazenda de Laranja, Bom Jardim, 1400 m, 13 Dec 1958, Reitz & Klein 7859 (US); Ponte Alta do Sul, Curitibanos, 900 m, 24 Oct 1962, Reitz & Klein 13352 (G, K, US); Campos Novos, 1000 m, 20 Dec 1962, Reitz & Klein 14339 (US); Bom Retiro, Campo dos Padres, between Fazenda Campo dos Padres and Fazenda Santo Antonio, 1450 m, 21 Nov 1956, Smith & Klein 7796 (K, S, US); Lajes, bank of Rio Canoas, N of Lajes, 800 m, Smith et al. 8244 (LE, US); Caçador, 8 km north of Caçador, 950 m, 21 Dec 1956, Smith & Reitz 8954 (US); Porto União, Rio Negro, west of Porto União, 750 m, 4 Feb 1957, Smith & Klein 10791 (US); Irani, Campo de Irani, 700 m, 13 Oct 1964, Smith & Reitz 12469 (US); São Miguel d’Oeste, Canela Gaúcha, 8 km northwest of São Miguel d’Oeste, 700 m, 20 Oct 1964, Smith & Reitz 12754 (GH, US); Xanxerê, Xanxerê, by quarry and Rio Xanerê, 800 m, 16 Dec 1964, Smith & Klein 14027 (US); São Paulo: São Paulo, 15 Feb 1924, Bailey & Bailey 929 (BH); São Paulo, 11 May 1942, Bento & Pickel 1192 (US); Apiahy, Puggiari s.n. (P); Campinas, Fazenda Santa Eliza, Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, Secção de Floricultura, 7 Jun 1969, Texeira 228 (A).

Paraguay. Alto Paraná: Colonia 13 Tujutí, 31 km al N de Hernandarias, 14 Oct 1984, Brunner et al. 911 (G); Reserva Itabó e Itaipú Binacional, 16 Oct 1984, Brunner et al. 925 (G); sin. loc, 1910, Fiebrig 5731 (G, GH, US); Reserva Biológica Limoy, cerca del Río Limoy y embalse de Represa Raipú en el Río Paraná, 15 Oct 1996, Schinini et al. 31413 (G); Caazapá: San Agustín, 16 Apr 1984, Hahn 2286 (BH); Canindeyú: San Estanislao, Yerbales, Sierra de Maracayú, in regione vicine San Estanislao, Aug, Hassler 4131 (G, GH, K, S); Ipehuí, Sierra de Mbaracayú, Nov 1896, Hassler 5342 (G); Jejui-mí, a 23 km al E de Ygatimi, rumbo norte, 18 Apr 1996, Jiménez & Marín 0183 (BM); Jejui-mí, a 23 km al E de Ygatimí, sendero principal, 4 Dec 1996, Jiménez 1742 (BM); Cordillera: Caacupé, Aug 1914, Chodat 22 (G); Cerros de Tobatí, 14 Jan 1903, Fiebrig 740 (E, F, G); Guairá: Villarrica, Dec 1931, Jörgensen 3667 (A, F, S, US); Colonia Independencia, Arroyo Guazú, camino a San Gervasio, 26 Mar 1993, Schinini et al. 27997 (G); Cordillera de Ybytyruzú, road to Cantera Jhú, 8 km S of Coronel Oviedo, 16 Oct 1989, Zardini 14976 (G); Itapúa: después de General Delgado, 11 km antes de Coronel Bogado, 16 Sep 1980, Fernández-Casas & Molero 3692 (MA); Encarnación, Sep 1915, Rojas 1392 (G); Misiones: San Ignacio, Oct 1914, Chodat 23 (G); Paraguarí: Parque Nacional Ybycuí, 5 Feb 1984, Hahn 1952 (BH); Sapucai, Dec, Hassler 1608 (G); Macizo Acahay, 5 Sep 1988, Zardini & Florentin 7036 (G); San Pedro: Colonia Nueva Germania, Trinidad-Asunción, Dec 1916, Rojas 10475 (SI); Primavera, 14 Jan 1959, Woolston 1056 (K, S, US).

Uruguay. Canelones: Puerto Jackson, Río Santa Lucia, 31 Oct 1948, Anonymous B-5209 (MA); Colonia: Riachuelo, 11 Oct 1936, Cabrera 3845 (, F); Río San Juan, 2 Nov 1962, Torres & Ancibor 1084 (MA); Durazno: Durazno, sobre el Río Negro, Dec 1934, Legrand 331 (F); Florida: Arroyo Maldonado, 29 Sep 1926, Herter 19182 (S); Rivera: Cuñapiru, 182 m, 1928, Wright s.n. (BM); Rocha: Castillos, 10 m, 30 Oct 1914, Herter 1516b (G, GH); Castillos, 50 m, 31 Nov 1931, Herter 1516c (F, GOET); Soriano: John Jackson, Estancia Santa Elena, Nov 1942, Gallinal H. et al. PE-4500 (GH); Tacuarembó: Gruta de los Cuervos, 17 Dec 1907, Berro 4797 (K).

Specimens examined [introduced/cultivated or naturalised]:

China. Hong Kong, Botanic Garden, May 1879, Ford s.n. (K).

Colombia. Antioquia: Rionegro, Dec 1936, Brother Daniel s.n. (F); San Antonio, Nov 1936, Brother Daniel 969 (GH); Cundinamarca: Bogotá, Ciudad Universitaria, 2600 m, 8 Sep 1942, Cuatrecasas 13641 (F, GH, US); Bogotá, hills 1 km S of Suba, 13 km N of center of Bogotá, 2700 m, 12 Jun 1944, Fosberg 21986 (US); La Palma, Murca valley, Cordillera de Heliconia, 10 kilometers south east of Gachalá, 2200 m, 29 Sep 1944, Grant 10300 (US); Páramo de Retiro, Macizo de Bogotá, 27 Jul 1942, Schultes 3173 (US); Santander: Salazar, Jan 1880, Kalbreyer s.n. (SI).

Costa Rica. Sin. loc., 1949, León s.n. (F).

Ecuador. Bolívar: Atio de Telimbela, descenso de Cordillera Occidental, 1500 m, 18 Nov 1943, Acosta-Solís 6867 (F); Chimborazo: Huigra, mostly on Hacienda Licay, 18 Aug 1918, Rose & Rose 22200 (GH, US); Pichincha: La Magdalena, en el jardin de las H.H, 2800 m, 25 Dec 1927, Firmin 304 (US); Cantón Quito, Quito, 6 May 1920, Holmgren 577 (A, US); Tungurahua: Highway Ambato-Baños, town of Pelileo, 2700 m, 9 Aug 2005, Clark et al. 9098 (QCNE, US).

France. Montpellier, "Hort. Monspel.", 1851, Anonymous s.n. (B); Nantes, Jardin Brusseau, de Bresil, 7 Jun 1890, Gadeceau s.n. (BM).

Germany. Breslau, Königl. Botanischer Garten, 120 m, 27 Aug 1910, Baenitz 30303 (B).

Greece. Achaias: Patron, Ano Arachovitika, by Cape Drepanono, ca. 15 km NE of Patras, 20 m, 17 Sep 1996, Nielsen 11614 (B).

India. Assam: Mawphlang, 1829 m, 31 Aug 1952, Koelz 31248 (L); Kodaikanal region: Pulney Hills, 304 m, Anglade s.n. (A); Madras: Loyola College, Jul 1958, Anonymous s.n. (LE); Tamil Nadu: Ooty, 2134 m, 11 Jan 1962, Krishnappa 161 (K); Dindigul, Kodaikanal taluk, Bombay shola, 2100 m, 9 Oct 1989, Matthew et al. 42889 (K).

Kenya. Laikipia: Nanyuki, FTEA region: K4 Maringo Gawen, 2134 m, 22 Sep 1952, Starseuslli 108 (EA); Nairobi: Nairobi National Museum Grounds, FTEA region K4, 1650 m, 6 Dec 1989, Querie & Wege 81 (EA); Nakuru: Njoro, FTEA region K3, Egerton University, 2256 m, 25 Jun 1976, Gitonga 285 (EA); Nyandarua: South Kinangop, FTEA region K4, 2606 m, 11 Dec 1960, Verdcourt 3026 (EA).

Mexico. Distrito Federal: Coyoacán, Quevedo‘s garden wall, 27 Oct 1930, Reddick 179 (BH); Hidalgo: Tlanchinol, 6 km al sur del Tlanchinol, hacia Apantlaso, 1600 m, 7 Nov 1980, Hernández M. 5331 (MEX); Cuernavaca, 1524 m, 25 Jun 1898, Pringle 6901 (BM, F, G, GOET, LE); Puebla: San Ignacio, 15 Jul 1912, Arsène 10014 (B, MEXU); Veracruz: Tonayán, 1700 m, 29 Dec 1975, Avendaño Reyes 51 (F); Tonayán, entre Monte Real y Pocitos, 1900 m, Nov 1979, Chazaro B. 1251 (F); Cóatepec, 4 Dec 1981, Flügel & Geiseler 6075 (B); Huayacocotla, 2100 m, 22 Jul 1982, Nee & Diggs 25175 (F).

Portugal. Alto Alentejo: Elvas, E.M.P, 16 Oct 1971, Gueua 839 (MA); Madeira: Cabo Girão, 550 m, 29 May 1954, Malato-Beliz 726 (MA).

Russian Federation. St. Petersburg Botanic Garden, Anonymous s.n. (LE).

Spain. Madrid, Jardin Botánico, 20 Sep 1978, Barra s.n. (MA); A Coruña: Ames, Lens, Pazo de Lens, 190 m, 16 Sep 1988, Dacal s.n. (MA); Cadiz: valle de la Miel, sentier pres du moulin, 150 m, 22 Apr 1987, Charpin 20976 (MA); Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Orotava, 400 m, 20 Apr 1966, Faber 116 (B); Tenerife, Anaga, westlich von Caserio la Cumbre, 600 m, 14 Dec 1985, Hagemann 2883 B (B); La Palma, El Paso, Feb 1958, Stoffer s.n. (L); Cantabria: Santillana del Mar, 11 Nov 1983, Loriente s.n. (MA); Catalunya: Barcelona, 19 Jul 1922, Sennen 4895 (BM, MA, SI); Malaga: Torrox, 80 m, 19 Jun 2000, Elorza s.n. (MA); Pontevedra: Coiro, Cangas de Morrazo, 30 Oct 1969, Castroviejo s.n. (MA); Bueu, Seixo, Piñeiro, 8 Aug 1985, Castroviejo 9648 (MA); Figueirido, 8 Apr 1948, Rodríguez s.n. (MA).

Sri Lanka. Central: Nuwara Eliya, 1880 m, 2 Feb 1968, Comanor 904 (K); Nuwara Eliya, Ohiya, 15 May 1975, Cramer 4471 (K); Nuwara Eliya, 2000 m, 28 Jan 1974, Jayasuriya et al. 1458 (US).

United Kingdom. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 1848, Houston s.n. (BM); Chiswick, Oct 1976, Whitefoord s.n. (BM).

United States of America. California: Alameda County, Berkeley, 25 Feb 1980, Fosberg 59460 (US); Berkeley, 27 May 1881, Krause & Krause s.n. (CORD); Oakland, 19 Jul 1877, Savatier s.n. (P).

Figures

Figure 54. Solanum laxum Spreng. (A drawn from Nee 36730 and M. Nee photographs of plant in the field B drawn from Bohs & Nee 3191 C drawn from Hatschbach 22971 D drawn from Steyermark 53983 E-I drawn from plants cultivated in London). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 55. Distribution of Solanum laxum Spreng.

Figure 56. Lectotype of Solanum jasminoides Paxt. (Paxton 1841: tab. 5) Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Botany Library.