Paraglenurus japonicus ( McLachlan, 1867 )

Kim, Jiseung, Ahn, Neung-Ho & Kim, Sora, 2025, A taxonomic review of the family Myrmeleontidae Latreille (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiformia) from the Korean peninsula, highlighting the conservation value of this family, ZooKeys 1262, pp. 97-174 : 97-174

Paraglenurus japonicus ( McLachlan, 1867)

Figs 23, 37 E

Glenurus japonicus McLachlan, 1867: 248. Type locality. Japan

Glenuroides communis Okamoto, 1910: 295. Type locality: Japan: Nakano.

Eoleon japonicus ( McLachlan, 1867): Navás 1921: 66.

Paraglenurus japonicus ( McLachlan, 1867): Miller and Stange 1999: 60.

Paraglenurus littoralis Miller & Stange, 1999: 56. Type locality: Taiwan: Ilan County: Hanben Beach.

Paraglenurus riparius Miller & Stange, 1999: 59. Type locality: Taiwan: Ilan County: Yinshih Bridge.

Specimens examined.

[ JBNU] • 1 ♂, Daegok-ri , Janggye-myeon, Jangsu-gun, Jeonbuk-do, Korea, 14. VII. 2022, J. S. Kim ; • 2 ♀, Sindu-ri , Wonbuk-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, 20. VIII. 2022, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Oeseonmi-ri , Onjeong-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, 27. VII. 2022, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂ 4 ♀, Samjung-ri , Macheon-myeon, Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, 14. VII. 2023, H. Han ; • 1 ♂ 12 ♀, Yulji-ri , Susan-myeon, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, 30. VII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 7 ♂ 9 ♀, Sindu-ri , Wonbuk-myeon, Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea, 31. VII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♀, Seopo-ri , Deokjeok-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea, 13. VIII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 2 ♂ 4 ♀, Gureom-ri , Deokjeok-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea, 14. VIII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 4 ♂ 11 ♀, Gureom-ri , Deokjeok-myeon, Ongjin-gun, Incheon, Korea, 15. VIII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂, Gancheok-ri , Gandong-myeon, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, 23. VIII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂, Gilgok-ri , Maehwa-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, 28. VIII. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂ 3 ♀, Ye-ri , Heuksan-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea, 2. IX. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂, Gilgok-ri , Maehwa-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, 7. IX. 2024, J. S. Kim ; • 1 ♂, Dae-ri , Yeonghae-myeon, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, 20. VII. 2024, H. Han .

Diagnosis.

Compared to other species in the genus Paraglenurus , P. japonicus has the morphological characteristics of the apex of each flagellum being slightly pale yellow starting from the apical ~ 1 / 4 of the antenna, with a usually distinct preapical dark brown marking on the hindwing and an adjacent white marking that is indistinct and oval-shaped.

Description.

Male, adult. Head (Fig. 23 B, C ). Vertex narrow, weakly raised, reddish brown. Frons yellowish brown, with broad dark brown band extending from below vertex to below base of antenna; clypeus yellow, with long black hairs. Antenna dark brown, long, with slightly defined club, densely covered with short black hairs; flagellum comprising ~ 45 flagellomeres, each flagellomere with distal yellow annulation. Mouthparts reddish brown; labrum reddish brown, with hyaline brown hairs; maxillary palpus yellowish brown; labial palpus yellowish brown, spindle-shaped.

Thorax (Fig. 23 C ). Pronotum slender, longer than broad, brown, with long brown hairs. Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown, with yellow portions.

Legs. Coxae yellow, moderately covered with yellow hairs. Femora mostly dark brown, partly brown; moderately covered with black hairs. Tibiae dark brown; moderately covered with black hairs. Tibial spurs dark brown, slightly long, slightly curved, approximately as long as tarsomere 1. Tarsi yellowish brown, tarsomere 5 slightly longer than tarsomere 1; claws brown.

Wings (Fig. 23 A ). With white and dark brown markings. Forewings veins and crossveins dark brown; presectoral area with 10 or 11 crossveins; RP arising beyond CuA fork; CuP supporting one cell before fusing with 1 A; 2 A fused with 3 A fused; pterostigma white; anterior Banksian lines absent; posterior Banksian lines absent. Hindwing slightly longer and narrower than forewing; presectoral area with one crossvein; RP arising before MP fork; pterostigma white; anterior Banksian lines absent; posterior Banksian lines absent; male without pilula axillaris.

Abdomen (Fig. 23 A ). Shorter than hindwing, dark brown, posterior margin of tergites II – VII bordered with yellow, tergites III – V sometimes with median yellow marking, densely covered with brown hairs.

Genitalia (Fig. 23 D, E, H – K ). Ectoproct semicircular, covered with long black setae. Sternite IX narrow, covered with long black setae. Gonarcus brown, arched. Mediuncus brown, lightly sclerotized, lightly hooked in lateral view. Parameres well sclerotized, reddish brown, triangular in caudal view.

Size. BL: 27.3–38.5 mm; FWL: 29.8–37.3 mm; HWL: 30.1–37.4 mm.

Female, adult. General morphology, except head and terminalia, almost as in male. Head: vertex slightly narrow, strongly raised. Terminalia (Fig. 23 F, G ): tergite VIII wider than tergite IX; tergite IX narrow, triangular in lateral view; ectoproct semicircular in lateral view; lateral gonapophyses semicircular in lateral view, smaller than ectoproct; posterior gonapophyses long, curved, with long black setae; anterior gonapophyses absent; pregenital distinct, plate triangular, presented on membrane below tergite VIII.

Size. BL: 27.5–31.2 mm; FWL: 31.7–39.4 mm; HWL: 31.9–40.9 mm.

Biological notes.

Paraglenurus japonicus is a species that is commonly observed throughout South Korea. It is observed in various environments, from coastal dunes to inland grasslands and mountains (Fig. 37 E ). Adults emerge from July to September in South Korea. Larva are known to be ambush hunters but were not examined during this study; for details on their ecology, refer to Matsumoto et al. (2021).

Distribution.

Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Russia. However, their Paraglenurus japonicus includes multiple species described in past studies; therefore, past distributional records outside Korea and Japan need to be confirmed ( Matsumoto et al. 2021).

Remarks.

Paraglenurus japonicus is a species with large morphological variation in size and the pattern of its wing markings.

Figures

Figure 23. Paraglenurus japonicus (McLachlan, 1867), adult. A. Dorsal habitus, male; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head and thorax, dorsal view; D, E. Male terminalia: D. Lateral view; E. Ventral view; F, G. Female terminalia: F. Lateral view; G. Ventral view; H, I. Male genitalia: H. Dorsal view; I. Lateral view.

Figure 37. Distribution maps. A. Synclisis japonica and Baliga micans; B. Genus Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon bore, Myrmeleon fomicarius, and Myrmeleon immanis); C. Dendroleon pupillaris and Nepsalus jezoensis; D. Genus Distoleon (Distoleon littoralis and Distoleon nigricans); E. Genus Paraglenurus (Paraglenurus albiventris, Paraglenurus japonicus, and Paraglenurus melanostictus); F. Euroleon coreanus and Deutoleon lineatus lineatus; H. Ascalohybris subjacens and Libelloides sibiricus.