Solanum viscosissimum Sendtn. in Mart., 1846

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 307-310

44. Solanum viscosissimum Sendtn. in Mart. , Fl. Bras. 10: 14. 1846 Figure 106

Solanum amplexicaule Sendtn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 10: 14. 1846. Type: Brazil. Minas Gerais: Itambé, J. Pohl s.n. [3627] (lectotype, designated here: W [W-0001951]; isolectotypes: M [M0171805, Morton neg. 8701], W [W-0001950]).

Solanum jasminifolium Sendtn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 10: 13. 1846. Type: Brazil. Minas Gerais: M. Morro, Villa Rica [Ouro Preto], C. Martius 821 (lectotype, designated here: M [M0171829, F neg. 6536]).

Solanum cornigerum Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 75. 1852. Type: Brazil. Rio Janeiro: Novo Friburgo, Nov 1842, P. Claussen 137 (holotype: P [P00325621, Morton neg. 8166]).

Solanum heteromorphum Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 80. 1852. Type: Brazil. Bahia: Tamandua, J. Blanchet 3828 (lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144822, F negs. 6517, 6743; IDC microfiche 800-61.2067:III.5]; isolectotypes: G [G00070170, G00070171, G00301658], P [P00355664; P00355665, Morton neg. 8222]).

Solanum amplexicaule Sendtn. var. pubescens Glaz., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58 (Mem. 3f): 491. 1911. Type: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Novo Friburgo, 18 Sep 1890, A. Glaziou 18409 (lectotype, designated here: P [P00319628]; isolectotype: P [P00319629]).

Type.

Brazil. "Brasilia australis", F. Sellow s.n. (holotype: B [F neg. 3191], destroyed; no duplicates found). Brazil. Santa Catarina: Mun. Ponte Serrado, near Ponte Serrada, 94 km west of Joaçaba, ca. 26°52'S, 52°05'W, 700-900 m, 15 Dec 1964, L.B. Smith & R.M. Klein 14004 (neotype: HBR [HBR-31751]; isotypes: GH [GH00310386], NY [NY00669393], P [P000384880], US [US-2492240], WIS).

Description.

Woody vine with twining petioles, occasionally growing as an erect subshrub or herb. Stems strongly angled, sparsely to densely pubescent with transparent, simple uniseriate glandular-tipped trichomes of varying lengths, 0.5-2 mm long, most commonly 1-1.5 mm long, the glands unicellular; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent like the stems. Bark of older stems greenish brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple to pinnatifid to deeply pinnate with up to 9 pairs of lobes, the lobes often not paired, (1-)5-8(-10) cm long, (0.5-)2.5-5.5(-9) cm wide, narrowly ovate or elliptic in outline, usually widest in the basal half in simple leaves, coriaceous or membranous, decreasing in size apically on the stems, the upper surfaces sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes to 2 mm long, these transparent and usually glandular, the lower surfaces glabrous (Rio de Janeiro) to pubescent with similar trichomes; primary veins 5-7 pairs, usually drying yellowish green; base cordate or truncate; margins entire and revolute or variously lobed, the lobes shallow to deep, the basal sinuses usually deeper, the edges of the margins usually ciliate with a fringe of simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; apex acute to acuminate; petioles from 0.2 cm long in distal simple leaves and these distal leaves often clasping the stem, to 5 cm long in larger leaves, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the upper leaf surfaces, the longer petioles twining. Inflorescences terminal, later lateral, (1-)3-8(-14 +) cm long, simple to 4 times branched, with up to 25 flowers, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate glandular trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle (0.5-)1.5-5(-11) cm long; pedicels 1.2-1.5 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, filiform, nodding at anthesis, glabrous to pubescent with transparent simple uniseriate trichomes to 2 mm like those of the stems, these often glandular, articulated at the base from a tiny sleeve, leaving a minute peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 3-9 mm apart. Buds globose when young and included in the calyx tube, later ellipsoid and the corolla strongly exserted. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1.5-2 mm long, conical, the lobes 1.5-2 mm long, deltate to narrowly deltate, the sinuses splitting irregularly so the lobes irregular in shape and size, the tips elongate, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes to 1.5 mm, these often glandular, the tips with a tuft of minute simple trichomes. Corolla 1.5-1.8 cm in diameter, white or violet, rotate-stellate, lobed 1/2 to 1/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 5-8 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, planar at anthesis, glabrous or with a few simple white trichomes scattered on the abaxial surface, densely papillate on the tips and margins. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 5-8 mm long, glabrous or puberulent in the basal half with tiny 1-celled simple trichomes ca. 0.2 mm long; stigma minutely capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 1-1.1 cm in diameter, purplish black when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1-1.7 cm, ca. 1 mm in diameter, thicker towards the apex, somewhat woody, pendent. Seeds ca. 10 per berry, 3-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, reddish brown, the surfaces minutely reticulate, the testal cells pentagonal, the lateral cell walls elongate and the seeds appearing pubescent in mature berries. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 107 ). Endemic to Brazil, from the Federal District south to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, from 500-1200 m.

Ecology.

Growing in forests and along forest margins, in the northern part of the range also found in cerrados (Distrito Federal).

Common names:

Brazil. Santa Catarina: joá cipó melado, juá (Smith and Downs 1966).

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum viscosissimum is one of the most variable South American members of the Dulcamaroid clade in terms of leaf shape and pubescence. The many synonyms reflect this variation, and three of these were simultaneously published. Leaf shape varies from simple to almost completely pinnate both between plants and within plants. Leaves on the main growing stems tend to be more pinnatifid, while those of axillary, inflorescence-bearing shoots are usually simple and often have very short petioles so they clasp the stem. Collections with only the tips of shoots (such as Sellow s.n., a syntype of Solanum amplexicaule ) can look radically different from more complete collections made of stems of varying ages. In addition to extreme variation in leaf shape and dissection, plants of Solanum viscosissimum vary in the degree of pubescence, with plants from the Rio de Janeiro area being almost glabrous and those from the more southerly part of the range (including the type of Solanum viscosissimum ) being more densely pubescent with glandular trichomes. The trichomes of all plants, however, are of the same type - long (to 2 mm), simple and uniseriate, often with a 1-celled glandular tip. Solanum viscosissimum is unusual in Solanum in having the upper surfaces of the leaves consistently more pubescent than the lower surfaces. In southern Brazil Solanum viscosissimum is apparently shrubby (L.A. Mentz, pers. comm.), while more northerly populations are uniformly vining. Further molecular study at the population level may reveal differences in these two extremes.

Solanum viscosissimum could potentially be confused with Solanum flaccidum and Solanum laxum , with both of which it grows sympatrically. It differs from Solanum flaccidum in usually having at least some pinnate leaves, its smaller flowers with equal filaments, and in its pubescence of long glandular rather than shorter, non-glandular trichomes that are denser on the upper than lower leaf surfaces. Solanum viscosissimum is similar to Solanum laxum in its small, chartaceous leaves that are usually widest in the lower third, but those of Solanum laxum have short simple trichomes confined to the vein axils or the trichomes are entirely absent, while the trichomes of Solanum viscosissimum are evenly distributed over the leaf surfaces. Calyx lobes in Solanum viscosissimum are long triangular, while those of Solanum laxum are more deltate with a pronounced apical projection.

The names Solanum viscosissimum , Solanum jasminifolium and Solanum amplexicaule were published one after the other in Sendtner’s treatment of Solanum for the Flora Brasilensis ( Sendtner 1846), so no one name has particular priority over the other. I have chosen to use Solanum viscosissimum for this taxon rather than any of the others as it was used in the flora of Santa Catarina state (Smith and Downs 1966) and has been recently used in a treatment of Solanum from the southern region of Brazil ( Mentz and Oliveira 2004). If what I am treating as geographical differences in a widespread Solanum viscosissimum are later judged to be important at the specific level, the more northern material should be referred to as Solanum jasminifolium .

Many of the epithets associated with Solanum viscosissimum are represented by several syntype sheets in the herbaria cited in the original protologues, or are of uncertain provenance. No material traceable to Martius has been found for Solanum viscosissimum itself (fide Mentz and Oliveira 2004 and personal searches) so the name has been neotypified here with material that matches the protologue and is from a southern Brazilian herbarium (HBR) with duplicates that are widely distributed. Solanum amplexicaule was described using two collections, one from "Brasilia australis" of Sellow and the other from Itambé collected by J. Pohl. I have lectotypified this with the more complete of two sheets of Pohl 3627 from Itambé held in W [W-0001951], both of which are annotated as " Solanum amplexicaule Sendt."in Sendtner’s hand.

I have found only one duplicate of Martius 821, the collection used to describe Solanum jasminifolium , and have here selected it as a lectotype (M0166829), as there is no evidence that only one specimen was examined. It has a label in Sendtner’s hand, but no locality information.

Apparent duplicates of Glaziou 18409 (the type collection of Solanum amplexicaule var. pubescens) at K (K000196343) and F (F-997974) have different collecting dates to the sheets in P, and are therefore not considered type material here.

Specimens examined.

Brazil. Bahia: sin. loc, 1847, Blanchet s.n. (G-DC); Barra do Choça, Barra do Choça, 3-6 km a E, estrada que liga Barra do Choça a Faz. Roda d’Agua (Rio Catolé), 22 Nov 1978, Mori et al. 11311 (US); Distrito Federal: Reserva Ecológica do IBGE. Riacho Roncador, acima da chácara 2, 1100 m, 26 Oct 1995, Aparecida da Silva 2817 (BM); Fazenda Vargem Bonita, Brasilia, 10 Jun 1963, Heringer 9139 (US); Fazenda Vargem Bonita, ca. 10 km south of Brasilia, 19 Jul 1966, Hunt & Ferreira Ramos 6684 (US); Planalto do Brasil, ca. 35 km E of Brasília, 700 m, 21 Aug 1964, Irwin & Soderstrom 5392 (K, WIS); Planalto do Brasil, Chapada da Contagem, ca. 20 km E of Brasilia, 700 m, 14 Sep 1964, Irwin & Soderstrom 6221 (K, WIS); Chapada da Contagem, ca. 10 km E of Brasilia (Planalto do Brasil), 1000 m, 17 Dec 1965, Irwin et al. 11355 (K, MEXU, WIS); Riacho Vicente Pires, ca. 15 km W of Brasilia, 1000 m, 12 Jul 1966, Irwin et al. 18165 (MO); Planalto do Brasil, riacho Vicente Pires, ca. 15 km W of Brasília, 1000 m, 12 Jul 1966, Irwin et al. 18166 (K); Planalto do Brasil, Planaltina, 1000 m, 20 Jul 1966, Irwin et al. 18293 (K); Planaltina, Planalto do Brasil, 20 Jul 1966, Irwin et al. 18293 (F, MO); Córrego Jatobá, 1240 m, 25 Apr 1983, Kirkbride Jr. 5243 (US); Fazenda Agua Limpia (University of Brasilia field station), near Vargen Bonita, c. 18 km SSW of Brasilia TV tower, on Corrego Capitipaga, 7 Aug 1976, Ratter 3430 (F, K); Fazenda Agua Limpia (University of Brasilia field station), near Vargen Bonita, c. 18 km SSW of Brasilia TV tower, cabeceira do Corrego Capitinga, 27 Oct 1976, Ratter 3867 (K); Minas Gerais: Inficionado, Nov 1834, Lund s.n. (G-DC); Serra da Ouro Preto, para Belo Horizonte, 27 Nov 1964, Duarte 8621 (F); Gandarela, 22 Feb 1884, Glaziou 15304 (P); Grão Mogol, Campo de Aviação, 1050 m, 21 Mar 1980, Hatschbach 42853 (F); Serra do Espinhaço, ca. 17 km E of Diamantina, road to Mendanha, 1250 m, 29 Jan 1969, Irwin et al. 22864 (UC, US); Joaquim Felício, 8 km W of Joaquim Felicio, Serra do Cabral, 1200 m, 7 Mar 1970, Irwin et al. 27093 (MEXU, MO, WIS); Ouro Preto, Stacoloni, 28 Dec 1950, Macedo 2767 (US); Serra do Cipó, k 132, 2 Sep 1933, Mello Barreto 7627 (ECON); Santa Luzia, Serra do Cipó, km 132, 2 Sep 1933, Mello Barreto 7825 (F); Diamantina, Serra dos Cristais, 6 Nov 1937, Mello Barreto 9549 (F); Serra de Carassa, 1816, Saint-Hilaire s.n. (P); Serro, Serra de Monjolos, 18 km north of Sêrro, 5 May 1945, Williams & Assis 6810 (US); Paraná: Calmon, 1000 m, 17 Mar 1910, Dusén 9379 (GH, K); Calmon, 1000 m, 17 Mar 1910, Dusén 9379 (L); Campina Grande do Sul, Taquari de Baixo, 18 Oct 1959, Hatschbach 6348 (HBR, L, MBM, US); Rio Grande do Sul: Vila Oliva, pr. Caxias, 7 Feb 1946, Rambo 31238 (B); Passo do Socorro, prope Vacaria, 27 Dec 1951, Rambo 51595 (B); Passo da Guarda, prope Bom Jesus, 15 Jan 1952, Rambo 51897 (US); Passo do Socorro, Vacaria, 800 m, 28 Jan 1951, Sehnem 5757 (B); Rio de Janeiro: environs de Rio de Janeiro et D’Ouro Preto, 1883, Glaziou 15304 (K); Rio de Janeiro, 1891, Glaziou 18409 (K); Nova Friburgo, 1 Sep 1890, Glaziou 18409 (F); Santa Catarina: Pinhal da Compania, Lauro Müller-Urussanga, 300 m, 23 Aug 1958, Reitz & Klein 7040 (HBR, L, UC); Pinhal da Compania, Lauro Müller-Urussanga, 300 m, 21 Feb 1959, Reitz & Klein 8510 (HBR, L, US); ad Sao Bento, 25 Jan 1890, Schwacke 6943 (P); São Bento, 18 Jun 1885, Schwacke 25695 (US); Campo Alegre, Campo Alegre, 4 km south on road to Jaraguá do Sul, 900 m, 6 Nov 1956, Smith & Klein 7341 (HBR, US); São Paulo: Campos de Bocaina, Estação Ecológica de Aracuri, Esmeralda, 1600 m, 25 Nov 1950, Brade 20553 (F); sin. loc, Puggiari s.n. (P); Apiahy, sites de Juan Barbosas, en las Arcias, camino del sitio de Lorenzo de Rosa, 8 Jul 1885, Puggiari 3141 (P).

Figures

Figure 106. Solanum viscosissimum Sendtn. (A, G, I drawn from Ratter 3430 B drawn from Ribas et al. 1154 C, H drawn from Irwin et al. 11355 D drawn from Irwin et al. 18165 b E, F drawn from Irwin 6221). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 107. Distribution of Solanum viscosissimum Sendtn.