Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav., 1799

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 177-181

27. Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav. , Fl. Peruv. 2: 33, tab. 163. 1799 Figure 67

Solanum calygnaphalum Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 2: 31. 1799. Type: Peru. Junín and Huánuco: Tarma and Acomayo, H. Ruiz & J. Pavón s.n. (neotype, designated by Knapp 2008c, pg. 312: MA [MA-747146]).

Solanum gnaphaloides Pers., Syn. 1: 223. 1805, nom. nov. superfl. Type: Based on Solanum calygnaphalum Ruiz & Pav.

Witheringia angustifolia Dunal, Solan. Syn. 2. 1816. Type: Ecuador. Cotopaxi: Mt. Cotopaxi, A. Humboldt & A. Bonpland 3069 (holotype: P-Bonpl. [P00136351, Morton neg. 8171]).

Solanum heteranthera Willd., Syst. Veg. ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 663. 1819. Type: Ecuador. Cotopaxi: Cotopaxi, Jul 1802, A. Humboldt & A. Bonpland s.n. (holotype: B-W [B-W-4347, F neg. 2893, IDC microfiche 271-315.298:III.5]).

Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav. var. angustifolium Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 93. 1852. Type: Bolivia. Sin. loc., A. D’Orbigny 1536 (holotype: P [P00366857]; isotypes: G [G00343475, Morton neg. 8618]).

Solanum rhamnoides Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 100. 1852. Type: Bolivia. Palea [Palca?], A. D’Orbigny 293 (holotype: P [P00507312]).

Solanum cotopaxense Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 139. 1852. Type: Based on Witheringia angustifolia Dunal

Solanum theresiae Zahlbr., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 13: 83. 1902. Type: Bolivia. La Paz: La Paz, Oct 1898, Prinzessin Therese von Bayern s.n. (holotype: M [M0166048, F neg. 6547]).

Type.

Peru. Junín: Tarma, May, June, H. Ruiz & J. Pavón s.n. (lectotype, designated by Knapp 2008c, pg. 320: MA [MA-747147]; isolectotypes: F [F-844722, frag.], G, MA [MA-747146, F neg. 29726]), P [P00366843, P00366844]).

Description.

Shrubs or small trees, 1-4 m tall. Stems densely pubescent with fine, grey, dendritic trichomes, these soon deciduous; leaf scars somewhat raised; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with fine, grey, dendritic trichomes. Bark of older stems grey, glabrous. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, 6-9 (12) cm long, 1.5-2.5 (5) cm wide, narrowly elliptic, larger and broader in plants growing in shade (see discussion), often shiny above, both surfaces glabrous to densely pubescent with fine dendritic trichomes, these denser along the veins, with most specimens glabrous to sparsely dendritic pubescent; primary veins 12-15 pairs, prominent and parallel; base acute, somewhat winged on to the petiole; margins entire, not revolute; apex acute; petiole 1-1.5 cm long. Inflorescences terminal, later appearing lateral from overtopping of the shoots, 3-7 cm long, pyramidal, branching 8-10 times, with 10-20 flowers, sparsely to densely dendritic pubescent; peduncle 0.5-1.5 cm long, the branching often beginning just distally to the last leaf; pedicels 0.7-1.2 cm long, tapering from a basal diameter of 0.5 mm to an apical diameter of 1 mm, densely pubescent with fine, grey, dendritic trichomes, deflexed or horizontal at anthesis, articulated at the base and inserted in a sleeve ca. 0.5 mm long; pedicel scars closely spaced and clustered near the inflorescence branch tips. Buds globose, later elliptical, strongly exserted from the calyx tube. Flowers all perfect, 4-5-merous. Calyx tube 1-2.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 1-3 mm long, deltate to long-triangular, densely pubescent abaxially with fine dendritic trichomes, pubescent with fine dendritic trichomes in the upper 1/2 adaxially. Corolla 1.5-2.4 cm in diameter, violet or occasionally white, stellate and slightly cupped, lobed 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 9-12 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, planar at anthesis, densely pubescent abaxially with fine dendritic trichomes, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the midvein adaxially, the trichomes denser at the tips of the lobes. Filament tube absent; free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, glabrous; anthers 2.5-3 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, loosely connivent, poricidal at the tips, the pores becoming slit-like upon drying. Ovary glabrous or with a few dendritic trichomes near the apex, glabrate in fruit; style 6-8 mm long, sparsely to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes at the base or along the entire length; stigma capitate to clavate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.7-1 cm in diameter, greenish black when immature and becoming bright red at maturity, with thin pericarp, the calyx lobes to 4 mm long and somewhat accrescent and woody in fruit; fruiting pedicels 1.2-1.5 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, woody, deflexed. Seeds ca. 20 per berry, 2-2.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, reddish-brown, flattened lenticular, the surfaces minutely pitted. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

( Figure 68 ). From central Ecuador to Bolivia, 3000-4000(-4500) m.

Ecology.

Moist microhabitats in puna (high elevation grassland) and montane cloud forests; along streams and at the edges of forest patches.

Common names:

Peru: yurah nuñumia, ñuñumia, nunumaya, ñuñuccai, ñuñunquia, rapace, huisacassa, campucassa, cahuincho, catruincho, illauru, tacachilla. Bolivia: chinchichinchi, nuñumaya, takachilla (see Knapp 1989).

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Solanum nitidum is a common component of high elevation areas in Peru and Bolivia, and it is also commonly grown in household gardens for its medicinal properties. It is most closely related (assessed using morphology, see Knapp 1989) to Solanum muenscheri of Guatemala and S Mexico, differing from that species in its red berries and its Andean distribution. Pubescence is quite variable in Solanum nitidum , but many intermediates exist and there appears to be no geographical component to the variation.

Broad repand leaves are found in young plants of Solanum nitidum , and leaf shape is quite variable across the species range. Polymorphism for flower colour exists in Solanum nitidum , with some populations consisting of only plants with white flowers, while others are of mixed white and purple flowered plants. White-flowered plants are much rarer than those with purple flowers. This colour polymorphism is common in the spiny solanums and does occur throughout the genus.

Solanum nitidum is commonly grown in household gardens in highland communities for its medicinal properties as well as for its attractive purple flowers. The most widespread vernacular names are variations of ñuñumaya: ‘ñuñu’ = breast or teat in Quechua. The term ñuñumiya as an entry in one Quechua dictionary ( Cusihuamán 1976) refers to [transl.] ‘ñoñomia, shrub with grape-like berries, but that are very bitter’. Herrera (1941) records the use of the bitter berries as an emetic and sudorific in the treatment of various diseases, and the use of the juice of the berries being smeared on the breasts of women wanting to wean their children (probably the origin of the common name in Quechua). In Puno (label data from Mullins 7), the bright red berries are used as a dye. Ruiz and Pavón record the use of poultices of the leaves to open wounds and draw out splinters ( ‘espinas’) and infections (a suppurating agent). In Bolivia, the boiled berries are used as an insecticidal wash against ticks and fleas for both humans and domestic animals (label data from Alvárez 84) and are also used in the treatment of a variety of contagious skin diseases. Crushed leaves are also used as a compress for skin conditions. Most of these uses and treatments depend upon the extreme bitterness of the berries; this is probably due to their high alkaloid content.

Solanum nitidum was chosen over the simultaneously published Solanum calygnaphalum Ruiz & Pav. by J.F. Macbride (1962) in his treatment of Solanaceae for the Flora of Peru and his choice is followed here.

Many monographers in Solanum (including me) have stated that holotypes or lectotypes for Ruiz and Pavón names were in the Madrid herbarium (MA), but without specifying a particular sheet. This is relatively straightforward in some cases, but in others multiple sheets in the Ruiz and Pavón herbarium at MA means that these type designations are not sufficiently precise. Knapp (1989) lectotypified Solanum nitidum and Solanum calygnaphalum citing only single sheets in MA; this was rectified in 2008 by citation of the particular sheet ( Knapp 2008c).

Witheringia angustifolia and Solanum heteranthera are likely to be based on two duplicates of the same Humboldt and Bonpland collection from Cotopaxi in Ecuador. There are no duplicates of "Bonpland 3069" in B-W, and the near simultaneous publication of names based on Humboldt and Bonpland’s collections was common (see Knapp 2007b).

Specimens examined.

Bolivia. Cochabamba: Aguas Calientes Station, about half-way between Oruro and Cochabamba, 3506 m, 31 Jan 1949, Brooke 5177 (BM, F); Arque, Bombeo, along the highway from Cochabamba to Oruro and La Paz, 3860 m, 7 May 2001, Nee et al. 51755 (BM); Ayopaya, Kami on road from Pongo to Independencia. Alt. 3900 m, 10 Mar 2000, Wood 15976 (K); La Paz: Murillo, entre Ovejuyo y Huni, 3990 m, 16 Aug 2007, Aedo et al. 14739 (MA); Omasuyos, Chejepampa, 4060 m, 17 Aug 2007, Aedo et al. 14783 (MA); La Paz, in a basin 1,500 ft. below the Altiplano plateau, 3841 m, 13 Dec 1948, Brooke 5039 (BM, F); Saavedra, Curva, above village of Charazani, 3900 m, Apr 1978, Carter 158 (F); Pedro Domingo Murillo, La Paz, zona de la autopista, camino detras de la fabrica Forno, 3700 m, 26 Feb 1982, García 151 (F); near La Paz, San Pedro, 3700 m, May 1855, Mandon 414 (BM, LE); Omasuyos, Titicaca, eastern part of village of Huatajata, near Lago Titicaca, 3820 m, 16 May 2001, et al. 51818 (BM); La Paz, 3500 m, 19 May 1925, Pennell 14213 (F); near La Paz, 3048 m, Apr 1885, Rusby 797 (BM, LE); Lake Titicaca, Copacabana, 1 km east of Copacabana, 3810 m, 24 Nov 1981, Thomas 38-3 (K); La Paz, 19 Aug 1901, Williams 2354 (BM); Eliodoro Camacho, 10-15 km N of Ancorraimes on road to Escoma. Alt. 3800 m, 13 Jun 2000, Wood & Wendleburger 16441 (K); Inquisivi, Camino de Quime a La Paz a unos 5-6 km arriba de Quime, 3719 m, 17 Mar 2003, Wood & Ortuño 19422 (K, LPB); Potosí: San Diego, 3800 m, Aug 1932, Cordeus 182 (CORD); Cornelio Saavedra, c. 3 km W of Karachi Pampa on road to Sucre, 4000 m, 16 Nov 1998, Wood 14238 (K).

Ecuador. Azuay: Cantón Cuenca, Parque Nacional Cajas, road Cuencas-Sayausí-Molleturo, beyond the pass, km 47.8, 3720 m, 3 Jan 2000, Jørgensen et al. 2067 (BM); Cantón Cuenca, Area Recreacional Cajas, carretera Cuenca-Sayausi-Tres Cruces, entre Sayausi y Quinoas, 3650 m, 16 Aug 1987, Zak 2466 (F); carretera Cuenca-Sayausi-Area recreacional Cajas-Tres Cruces, entre el paso y Miguir, 3400 m, 16 Aug 1987, Zak 2469 (F, S); Páramo de Soldados, at highest point of road W of Soldados, 3700 m, 3 Mar 1985, Øllgaard et al. 58555 (BM); Chimborazo: Alao, Cordillera Oriental, 3200 m, 5 Feb 1944, Acosta Solís 7172 (F); 13 km from the meeting of Carretera Whymper and Carretera Guaranda-Riobamba, 3700 m, 18 Feb 1983, Brandbyge & Holm-Nielsen 42071 (BM); Riobamba, limite sur de la Reserva Faunistica Chimborazo, Parroquia San Juan, ceraca a la comunidad Santa Lucía, sector Cachipamba, 3400 m, 18 Jul 1992, Cerón & Gallo 19514 (BM); Cotopaxi: Hacienda Sumbagua, 3700 m, 14 Nov 1939, Haught 2934 (F); Cotopaxi, W of town, 3500 m, 19 Apr 1942, Haught 3250 (F); Pichincha: Illiniza, 2 Feb 1968, Schwabe s.n. (B); Tungarahua: Cantón Ambato, Ambato, Río Ambato valley W of Ambato, 1 Nov 1952, Fagerlind & Wibom 959 (S); Cantón Mocha, Mocha, Alrededores del Pueblo, 2900 m, 30 Sep 1995, Villacres 282 (F).

Peru. Ancash: Bolognesi, Popca, Llamac y Pallca, 3350 m, 18 Jul 1998, Cano et al. 8513 (USM); Bolognesi, Chiquián, 3890 m, 19 Apr 1949, Ferreyra 5837 (USM); Yungay, Laguna Llanganuco, 3500 m, 2 May 1961, Ferreyra 14349 (USM); Yungay, Laguna Llanganuco, vicinity, road from Yungay to Yauya, 3500 m, 10 Jul 1982, Gentry et al. 37394 (MO, USM); Cordillera Blanca, Quebrada Honda, small valley between Toqllarju and Pallkaraju, 4250 m, 8 Jul 1979, Gibby & Barrett 172 (BM); Recuay, Paracmarca, Dist. Marca, 3550 m, 18 Aug 1963, Gómez 144 (USM); Yungay, Laguna Llanganuco, cerca del albergue, 3850 m, 31 Aug 1981, Pérez 94 (USM); Huari, Mallas, 3490 m, 18 May 1995, Salas Zuloaga 90 (USM); Huari, Parque Nacional Huascarán, Huascarán National Park. 4-5 km past Cahuish Tunnel, 4350 m, 23 Dec 1984, Smith & Goodwin 8726 (MO, USM); Carhuaz, Parque Nacional Huascarán, Huascarán National Park, N-side of main valley, Quebrada Honda, 3800 m, 3 Oct 1985, Smith et al. 11623 (MO, USM); Huari, Parque Nacional Huascarán, Quebrada Rurichinchay, between boundary and Quebrada Pachachaca, 3600 m, 11 Jun 1986, Smith et al. 12466 (F, MO, USM); Bolognesi, Acas, 3400 m, 17 Nov 1980, Valencia 961b (USM); Huaylas, Caráz, Cordillera Blanca encima de Caráz, 3200 m, Weberbauer 3252 (MOL); Apurímac: Abancay, Tacmara, Comunidad Tacmara, 3 horas de Distrito de Huanipaca en combi, 3200 m, 2 Apr 2009, Daza et al. 5372 (MOL); entre Abancay y Andahuaylas, km 86-87, 3600 m, 21 Nov 1947, Ferreyra 2792 (USM); Abancay, arriba de Abancay, 3300 m, 5 Aug 1954, Ferreyra 9796 (USM); north of Curahuasi, 3500 m, 5 Nov 2002, Monro et al. 3952 (BM, MOL); Arequipa: Arequipa, 32 km ENE of Arequipa on highway 30, at km 32, 3600 m, 23 Feb 1994, Anderson et al. 7930 (F); Arequipa, Miraflores de Chiguata, 3300 m, 19 Feb 1999, Cáceres & Baldárrago 813 A (USM); La Unión, Cotahuasi, 30 Jun 2002, Cáceres, F., 2857 (USM); Arequipa, Nevado Chachani, ca. 20 km N of Arequipa, 3500 m, 30 Nov 1964, Hutchison & Wright 7233 (F, LE, MO, USM); Arequipa, Simbral, carretear de Chiguata-Juliaca, 3500 m, 30 May 1999, Roque & Betancourt 885 (USM); Pichu Pichu, 3048 m, 6 Jul 1937, Stafford 813 (BM); Chiguata, on Arequipa-Puno road, 4050 m, 23 Oct 1963, Straw 2314 (USM); Ayacucho: Lucanas, Nasca-Puquio road above Nasca (west side of pass), 3500 m, 9 Sep 1957, Hutchison 1243 (BH, BM, LE, MO, USM); Lucanas, San Juan, on road 2 km NW of Puquio, 14 Dec 1962, Iltis et al. 455 (USM); near Ninabamba, 3900 m, 26 May 1973, Mullins 74 (BM); La Mar, Chilcas, arriba de Chilcas, Dist. Chilcas, 3170 m, 20 Jun 2001, Roque & Arana 3099 (USM); Huamanga, Quebrada Marcapampa, Carretera Los Libertadores, pasando la quebrada, 14 km lineales al SO de Vinchos, Dist. Vinchos, 3650 m, 24 Jun 2001, Roque & Arana 3247 (USM); Huamanga, below Totorobamba, 3200 m, May 1910, Weberbauer 5483 (F, F, GH, US); Cusco: Cusco, Huacoto, road from San Jeronimo to Huacoto, small street to east, fields near Huacoto, 4130 m, 13 Sep 2002, Ackermann & Salinas 297 (B, BM, USM); Tambo Machay, road from Cusco to Pisaq near ruins, 19 Apr 1983, Bohs 2145 (F, USM); Urubamba, Ollantaytambo, Valle de Patacancha, 3500 m, May 1987, Carter 2 (USM); Urubamba, Chincheros, road from Chinchero albergue to Ashnapuquio through community of Q’erepata, 3800 m, 19 Jan 1982, Davis et al. 1602 (F, USM); Urubamba, Mantanay, 3350 m, 7 Sep 2002, Farfán et al. 276 (BM, MO); Cusco, Qorao, Dist. Qorao, abra de Qorao, Bosque Seco Espinoso, 3817 m, 21 Mar 2003, Galiano et al. 4753 (MO); Quispicanchis, Paucartambo valley, Hacienda Ccapana, 3600 m, Apr 1926, Herrera 1070 (BM, MA); Urubamba, Maras, 3400 m, 5 May 1983, Hoogte & Roersch 1045 (F); Mollaca, at Paso de Huillque, watershed between (at head of valley of) Anta and Limatambo, 3420 m, 23 Dec 1962, Iltis & Ugent 777 (BM, F); Chumbivilcas, Velille, Miraflores, ca. 8 km de Velille, en el camino hacia Santo Tomás, 3700 m, 16 Apr 1987, Núñez V. & Delgado V. 7918 (F, MO, USM); Coraupampa, between Cusco and Pisac, 3400 m, 30 Apr 1925, Pennell 13709 (F); ca. 5 km N of Cusco on road to Pisac, 3400 m, 19 May 1977, Solomon 2978 (F, MO, USM); Canas, Langui, Dist. Langui, Langui-Layo, 3976 m, 8 May 2003, Valenzuela et al. 1988 (BM, MO); Huancavelica: Huaytará, Carretera los Libertadores, km 130, pasando la puente Yuraccasa, 3800 m, 26 Jun 2001, Roque & Arana 3316 (USM); Huancavelica, 3798 m, 24 Mar 1945, Soukup 2772 (F); Tayacaja, Pampas, 3250 m, 4 Jan 1939, Stork & Horton 10241 (F); Huancavelica, 1 km N of town, 3700 m, 9 Mar 1939, Stork & Horton 10833 (F); Huancavelica, Alauma, entre Conaica y Laria, 3400 m, 17 Mar 1952, Tovar 786 (USM); Yauli, alrededores, 3500 m, 13 May 1958, Tovar 3011 (USM); Tayacaja, Llamacancha, borde de camino de herredura, camino hasta Pampas, 28 Nov 1992, Yarupaitán 368 (USM); Huánuco: Huánuco, Chuchos, 3200 m, 7 Sep 1980, Huapalla 3668 (USM); Mito, 2743 m, 8 Jul 1922, Macbride & Featherstone 1670 (F); Huamalíes, Punchao, 3600 m, 27 Mar 1999, Ortiz Adrián 19 (USM); Huánuco, 32 km from Huanuco on Huanuco-La Union road, 2940 m, 25 Jul 1982, Smith et al. 2182 (MO); Huánuco, Shishmay, 3000 m, 15 Sep 1937, Woytkowski 117 (F); Junín: Huancayo, 1923, Chávez s.n. (USM); between Acopalca and Huari, NE of Huancayo, 4024 m, 19 Aug 1977, Duncan et al. 2736 (BM); Tarma, entre Tarma y La Oroya, 3300 m, 29 Jun 1948, Ferreyra 3796 (USM); Huancayo, El Tambo, ribera del Río Shulcas, 3217 m, Jan 1962, García s.n. (USM); Jauja, Yauli, 3650 m, 16 Aug 1979, Hastorf 34 (USM); Huancayo, Pampa Cruz, 21.5 km S of Huancayo, 1 km N of Pampa Cruz, 3550 m, 28 Feb 1964, Hutchison & Tovar 4191 (F, MO); Junín, Ulcumayo, 1 km E of town along river, 3600 m, 30 Jun 1981, Johns 81-25 (F, USM); Tarma, San Pedro de Cajas, below town at junction of river and road, 3700 m, 5 Aug 1981, Johns & Pearsall 81-92 (F, USM); Huancayo, 12 Feb 1927, Juzepczuk 10708 (LE); Ocopa, 3300 m, 25 Apr 1929, Killip & Smith 22002 (F); Jauja, Concepción, Valle del Mantaro, 3300 m, Mar 1947, Ochoa 78 (USM); Tarma, Tarma, alrededores de Tarma y Huancayo, 2800 m, 4 Sep 1986, Reynel 2125 (MOL); La Libertad: Santiago de Chuco, Los Quinuales, al norte de Quiruvilca, 3775 m, 24 Mar 1994, Leiva G. & Leiva 1081 (BM, F); Huamachuco, Los Quinales , carretera Yanasara-Huaguil, 3800 m, 24 Jun 1958, López 1398A (USM); Pataz, Chirimachaj, 3450 m, 24 Feb 1986, Young 3002 (MOL, USM); Lima: Huarochiri, Huachupampa, 3500 m, 28 Aug 1993, Albán & Yarupaitán 8078 (USM); Yauyos, Laraos, Beltrán 388 (USM); Huarochiri, Kolpaykunko, cerca a San Lorenzo, Dist. de Langa, 3660 m, 15 Apr 1968, Cerrate et al. 4846 (USM); Huarochiri, Chicla, km 113, 3800 m, 30 Jul 1972, Cerrate 5335 (USM); Lima, along highway between Lima and La Oroya, western slope of Cordillera Occidental, 3 km E of Bellavista, 5.4 km E of Aucla, vicinity of km marker 113, 3950 m, 10 Jun 1998, Croat & Sizemore 82018 (BM x2, MO, USM); Cajatambo, Oyon, May 1948, Ferreyra 3536 (USM); Huarochiri, Chicla, 3850 m, 30 Apr 1995, Llatas Q. et al. 3735 (USM); Huarochirí, R side of Central Valley 117 km from Lima, Dist. of San Mateo, 3567 m, 22 May 1960, Saunders 490 (BM, F); Canta, Huamantinga, 3400 m, 8 May 1974, Vilcapoma 119 -2 (USM); Canta, Lachaqui, 3700 m, 21 Dec 1972, Vilcapoma 119 (USM); Moquegua: Moquegua, Cocotea, 3500 m, 5 Sep 1997, Albán & Malca 10081 (USM); Mariscal Nieto, Cuajone, just above mine, 3700 m, 15 Feb 1983, Dillon & Matekaitis 3374 (BH, F, USM); General Sánchez Cerro, Tassa, faldas del cerro Ccalo-ccalo, Dist. Ubinas, 3530 m, 14 Sep 2005, Montesinos 558 (USM); General Sánchez Cerro, Yunga, sendero del puente colgante, 3560 m, 14 Sep 2005, Montesinos 567 (USM); Pasco: entre Huariaca y Cerro de Pasco, 3800 m, 25 Jun 1953, Ferreyra 9501 (USM); 95 km from Huánuco on road to Cerro de Pasco, 3590 m, 15 Jul 1982, Gentry et al. 37500 (F, MO, USM); Yanamachay, bajando de Cerro de Pasco hacia Quinua, 3900 m, 1 Apr 1948, Ochoa 328 (CORD); Pasco, road from Colquijirca to La Quinua, 26 km NE of Colquijirca, 3680 m, 5 Dec 1981, Plowman & Rury 11074 (BH, F, USM); La Quinua, 3450 m, Dec 1986, Rivas et al. s.n. (USM); 22 km N of Cerro de Pasco on road to Huánuco, 30 Sep 1984, Whalen 843 (BH, USM); Puno: Sicuani, 3550 m, 15 May 1920, Herrera 19 (SI); Huancané, Moho, 3900 m, 2 Mar 1982, Hoogte & Roersch 2091 (F); Puno, Lago Titicaca, 4000 m, 13 Jul 1954, Manheim 71 (F); Lampa, Lamparequen, 4130 m, 6 Jun 2009, Montesinos & Pinto 2670 (USM); Titicaca, Lake Hotel, 22 Jan 1975, Schwabe s.n. (B); Puno, 4000 m, Jul 1936, Soukup 360 (F); Sicuani, Yauri to Cuzco, near Sicuani, 3000 m, 14 Jul 1967, Tessene & Vargas s.n. (USM); cerros de Puno, 3800 m, 12 Dec 1961, Tovar 3522 (USM); Puno, 10 km SW on road to Llave, 3822 m, 13 May 1963, Ugent & Ugent 5256 (USM); Tacna: Tarata, Poma, carretera Tarata-Puno, 3400 m, 25 Mar 1998, Cano 8062 (USM); Tarata, Estique Palma, 3200 m, 26 Sep 1980, Müller 3688 (USM).

Figures

Figure 67. Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav. (A-B drawn from D. N. Smith 1622). Reproduced from Knapp (1989) with permission of the Natural History Museum Botany Library. Illustration by Margaret Tebbs.

Figure 68. Distribution of Solanum nitidum Ruiz & Pav.