Abarema Pittier, Arb. Arbust. Orden Legum.: 56. 1927.

Bruneau, Anne, de Queiroz, Luciano Paganucci, Ringelberg, Jens J., Borges, Leonardo M., Bortoluzzi, Roseli Lopes da Costa, Brown, Gillian K., Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S., Clark, Ruth P., Conceicao, Adilva de Souza, Cota, Matheus Martins Teixeira, Demeulenaere, Else, de Stefano, Rodrigo Duno, Ebinger, John E., Ferm, Julia, Fonseca-Cortes, Andres, Gagnon, Edeline, Grether, Rosaura, Guerra, Ethiene, Haston, Elspeth, Herendeen, Patrick S., Hernandez, Hector M., Hopkins, Helen C. F., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Hughes, Colin E., Ickert-Bond, Stefanie M., Iganci, Joao, Koenen, Erik J. M., Lewis, Gwilym P., de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Lima, Alexandre Gibau, Luckow, Melissa, Marazzi, Brigitte, Maslin, Bruce R., Morales, Matias, Morim, Marli Pires, Murphy, Daniel J., O'Donnell, Shawn A., Oliveira, Filipe Gomes, Oliveira, Ana Carla da Silva, Rando, Juliana Gastaldello, Ribeiro, Petala Gomes, Ribeiro, Carolina Lima, Santos, Felipe da Silva, Seigler, David S., da Silva, Guilherme Sousa, Simon, Marcelo F., Soares, Marcos Vinicius Batista & Terra, Vanessa, 2024, Advances in Legume Systematics 14. Classification of Caesalpinioideae. Part 2: Higher-level classification, PhytoKeys 240, pp. 1-552 : 1

Abarema Pittier, Arb. Arbust. Orden Legum.: 56. 1927.

Figs 265 , 266 , 268 , 270

Pithecellobium sect. Abaremotemon Benth., London J. Bot. 3: 203. 1844. Lectotype (designated by Britton & Killip, 1936): Pithecellobium auaremotemo Mart. [= Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes]

Type.

Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes [≡ Mimosa cochliocarpos Gomes]

Description.

Unarmed shrubs and trees (Fig. 268A ); bark reddish, branches pubescent, pulverulent, with conspicuous lenticels. Stipules triangular, greenish brown, usually caducous. Leaves bipinnate, alternate; extrafloral nectaries sessile, patelliform, between all pairs of pinnae; petiole, rachis, and pinnae with a ferruginous pubescent, pulverulent indumentum, canaliculate; pinnae 1-5 pairs, opposite; leaflets 2-6 pairs, sessile, opposite, chartaceous or membranous. Inflorescence units axillary, homomorphic, capitate (Fig. 265D ), peduncle with a ferruginous pubescent, pulverulent indumentum. Flowers sessile, 5-merous, green; calyx gamosepalous, campanulate; corolla gamopetalous, campanulate or infundibuliform; androecium with more than 10 stamens, exserted from the corolla, filaments partially fused into a tube, anthers rimose; pollen in 16, 24 or 32-celled polyads; ovary subsessile. Fruit a legume, dehiscing through both margins, spiralled, epicarp brown, with a ferruginous pulverulent indumentum, endocarp brown-orange (Fig. 266G, H ). Seeds obovoid, bicoloured white and dark bluish (Fig. 266H ), with U-shaped pleurogram in the upper half of the seed.

Chromosome number.

Unknown.

Included species and geographic distribution.

Two species, A. cochliacarpos and A. diamantina E. Guerra, Iganci & M.P. Morim, endemic to Brazil, along the Atlantic Forest, in coastal south-east and north-east Brazil, from São Paulo to Ceará states. In north-east Brazil the genus also occurs in the Caatinga, in inland Bahia state (Fig. 270 ).

Ecology.

Sandy soil in Caatinga (Bahia state) with caatinga and cerrado vegetation elements (carrasco), ombrophilous forest, semi-deciduous forest and coastal scrub (restinga) ( Guerra et al. 2023).

Etymology.

From Tupi-Guarani “abaré” - priest; “motimbora” - make smoke ( Chiaradia 2008).

Human uses.

Abarema cochliacarpos , usually known as “barbatimão” in north-east Brazil, is rich in phenolic secondary compounds. The bark is used in infusions to treat ulcers, sores, gastritis, inflammation, leukorrhea, and vaginal discharge ( Santos et al. 2022). Tannins extracted from the bark are used as an astringent to expedite wound healing, and the high-quality, light-colored wood of the tree is ground into a powder and applied to ulcers. Its ashes are used in the manufacturing of soap.

Notes.

The first mention of Abarema is attributed to Pisonis (1658) where he described ' De Abaremo temo arbore, ejusque facultatibus ', a pre-Linnean name not considered as validly published, referring to A. cochliacarpus . The genus Abarema was established by Pittier (1927), based on Pithecellobium sect. Abaremotemon ( Bentham 1844). Barneby and Grimes (1996) defined the Abarema alliance as comprising the genera Hydrochorea Barneby & J.W. Grimes, Balizia Barneby & J.W. Grimes and Abarema . A molecular phylogenetic study of the Abarema alliance demonstrated that the genus Abarema as circumscribed by Barneby and Grimes (1996) was polyphyletic ( Iganci et al. 2016), with the type species, A. cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes, placed separately from other Abarema species, and the remaining species of Abarema s.l. grouping in two clades, separated by Hydrochorea Barneby & J.W. Grimes (Soares MVB et al. 2022).

Abarema cochliacarpos is widely distributed throughout the geographic range of the genus, and has a high degree of morphological variation across its distribution ( Guerra et al. 2019). Abarema diamantina has a restricted distribution. The two species can be distinguished by the flowers with staminal tube exserted from the corolla in A. diamantina (vs. inserted in A. cochliacarpos ) and the seeds with a foveolate testa in A. diamantina (vs. smooth in A. cochliacarpos ) ( Guerra et al. 2016).

Taxonomic references.

Barneby and Grimes (1996); Guerra et al. (2019, 2023); Iganci et al. (2016); Soares et al. (2022).

Figures

Figure 265. Foliage, inflorescence and fruits in Inga clade A, B Blanchetiodendron blanchetii (Benth.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes A flowering branch showing the capitate inflorescences clustered in efoliate pseudoracemes B detail of the heteromorphic capitate inflorescence C Leucochloron limae Barneby & J. W. Grimes leafless branch showing homomorphic capitate inflorescences and follicle fruits D Abarema diamantina E. Guerra, Iganci & M. P. Morim with axillary homomorphic capitate inflorescences E, F Robrichia schomburgkii (Benth.) A. R. M. Luz & E. R. Souza E young branch with the characteristic rusty pubescent indumentum F detail of a homomorphic capitate inflorescences G Osodendron altissimum (Hook. f.) E. J. M. Koenen detail of a homomorphic capitate inflorescence H, I Macrosamanea amplissima (Ducke) Barneby & J. W. Grimes H flowering branch with a homomorphic capitate inflorescence I bracts with showy extrafloral nectaries and visiting ants. Photo credit: A, B, D D Cardoso C GP Lewis E G Perez Huertas F F Oviedo-Brenes G E Bidaut H, I J Iganci.

Figure 266. Fruit diversity in Inga clade A young pod of Blanchetiodendron blanchetii (Benth.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes B, C Leucochloron incuriale (Vell.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes B dehisced follicular fruits exposing the seeds (C) D lomentiform fruit of Osodendron altissimum (Hook. f.) E. J. M. Koenen E indehiscent and internally septate pod of Osodendron leptophyllum (Harms) E. J. M. Koenen F auriculiform indehiscent pod of Robrichia schomburgkii (Benth.) A. R. M. Luz & E. R. Souza G young fruit of Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J. W. Grimes H dehisced twisted pod of Abarema diamantina E. Guerra, Iganci & M. P. Morim exposing the reddish endocarp and bicoloured seeds I dehisced follicle of Macrosamanea amplissima (Ducke) Barneby & J. W. Grimes J Young fruits of Zygia brenesii (Standl.) L. Rico K dehisced pods of Zygia cognata (Schltdl.) Britton & Rose L-O Indehiscent pods of Inga, with fleshy and sweety sarcotesta around the seeds L Inga grazielae (Vinha) T. D. Penn. M Inga capitata Desv. N Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. O Inga edulis Mart. Photo credits A, H LP Queiroz B NA Escobar C J Vieira D D Harris E P Latham, www. africanplants. senckenberg. de F LCampbell G, M, N RT Queiroz http: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / I J Iganci J F Chinchila Romero K S de Jesus Calva L, O D Cardoso.

Figure 268. Habitat and habit diversity in Inga clade A Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J. W. Grimes, arborescent shrub in sandy coastal scrub B Robrichia schomburgkii (Benth.) A. R. M. Luz & E. R. Souza, buttressed emergent tree in rainforests C Leucochloron incuriale (Vell.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes, tree with thick corky bark in semi-deciduous forests D Inga bifoliolata D. B. O. S. Cardoso & Amorim, scandent treelet of rainforest understory E Zygia juruana (Harms) L. Rico treelet of the Amazonian inundated forests (igapo) F Osodendron dinklagei (Harms) E. J. M. Koenen, giant tree from the Guinean forests in West tropical Africa. Photo credits A RT Queiroz https: // rubens-plantasdobrasil. blogspot. com / B G Perez Huertas C F Ventura D, E D Cardoso F W Hawthorne.

Figure 270. Distribution of Abarema based on quality-controlled digitised herbarium records. See Suppl. material 1 for the source of occurrence data.