Entoloma paulense Karstedt & Capelari

Karstedt, Fernanda, Bergemann, Sarah E., Gates, Genevieve, Ratkowsky, David, Cunha, Kelmer Martins & Capelari, Marina, 2024, Species of Entoloma (Entolomataceae) with cuboidal basidiospores from Brazil, Phytotaxa 654 (1), pp. 1-76 : 54

Entoloma paulense Karstedt & Capelari , sp. nov.

Figs. 25 , 36g –h

MB 838598

Etymology:— Paulense refers to the species being found in the city of São Paulo.

Diagnosis:— Entoloma paulense is characterized by the combination of its blue basidiome, entirely sky blue when young, that when old or injured becomes olive-green, by cuboidal basidiospores or even a few basidiospores with one side very reduced or with two faces joined in an angle of 180 º that resembles a prism ( Fig. 10c–f of Karstedt & Capelari 2013), by clavate, broadly clavate, ventricose or irregular cheilocystidia ( Fig. 25d , recorded here with a more variable form than in Karstedt & Capelari 2013), for the pseudocystidia that are present ( Fig. 25c ) and for their pigmented refractive hyphae.

Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: São Paulo, Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, near the Mycology Research Center building, 28 January 2009, F. Karstedt FK1151 (Holotype, SP; isotype, K) .

Description:—The morphological description of this species appears in Karstedt & Capelari (2013), as Inocephalus virescens (Sacc.) Largent & Abell-Davis (2011:232)

Habitat:—Gregarious with little dispersion, in soil amid grass, in the domain of the Atlantic Forest biome.

Distribution:— São Paulo, Brazil, the type locality.

Additional material examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo : São Paulo, Fontes do Ipiranga State Park, near the Mycology Research Center building, 5 December 2006, F. Karstedt FK0821 (SP) .

Comments:—The collections now identified as Entoloma paulense were initially treated as E. virescens ( Karstedt & Capelari 2013, as Inocephalus virescens ). The morphological characteristics of the E. virescens isotype and the descriptions of the materials identified as E. virescens (Horak 1976a, Noordeloos & Hausknecht 2007, Largent & Abell-Davis 2011) overlap with those of E. paulense . However, phylogenetic analysis ( Fig. 3 ) showed that the collections named as E. virescens occurring in Australia (Largent & Abell-Davis 2012, as I. virescens ), in La Reunion (Noordeloos & Hausknecht 2007, as E. virescens (Sacc.) E. Horak ex Courtec. (1986:131)) and Guyana (collection MCA2479, cited in the Baroni et al. 2011, as I. ‘virescens’) are distinct from E. paulense .

Entoloma virescens was recorded from the state of Ceará ( Alves & Nascimento 2012, as E. virescens ) and according to the morphological description differs from E. paulense only in terms of the color that turns blue-green to entirely green-grey instead of green-olive or olivaceus ochre. It was not possible to confirm whether the material collected in Ceará represents E. paulense , as most of the microscopic structures had collapsed. In addition, there are more collections identified as E. virescens collected in South America (MCA2479, TJB9703, FK0821 and FK1151, Fig. 3 ) that were given the same name for having similar morphology but are likely to be at least three species. A larger sampling study is necessary to elucidate the morphological and geographical delimitation of the species of the E. virescens complex.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the species of Entolomataceae with cuboid basidiospores and related species based on the combined genes (nLSU, mtSSU, rpb2 and tef1). Bootstrap values (> 70%) from the maximum likelihood analysis are indicated above the branches. The species studied here are shown in boldface. AU: Australia, AT: Austria, BZ: Belize, BR: Brazil, CN: China, GY: Guyana, IN: India, MY: Malaysia, NZ: New Zealand, PG: Papua New Guinea, PR: Puerto Rico, RE: La Reunion, UK: Russia, SC: Seychelles, US: United States, VN: Vietnam. Dashed vertical line: have similarity in the morphology but no molecular support.

FIGURE 10. Microphotography of basidiospores in electron microscopy: a–c. Entoloma acutipallidum (11RMT078); d–f. E. amazonicum (FK1815); g–i. E. arenicola (FK1811); j–m. E. capes (FK2096), n–p. E. caxiuanense (FK1871). Scale: 5 µm.

FIGURE 25. Entoloma paulense (FK1151): a. basidiospores; b. basidia; c. cheilocystidia; d. pseudocystidia; e. pileipellis. Scales: a–d: 10 µm, e: 20 µm.

FIGURE 36. Basidiomas: a–c. Entoloma smurfetti: a. FK1709; b. FK1717; c. FK1741; d–f. E. manausense: d. FK2066; e. FK2083; f. ACM500; g–h. E. paulense: g. FK0821; h. FK1151. Photos: a–e, g–h: F. Karstedt; f: A.C. Magnago. Scale: 1 cm.