Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887

Moctezuma, Victor, Halffter, Gonzalo & Lizardo, Viridiana, 2021, The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche, Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 61 (2), pp. 447-482 : 461-463

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.37520/aemnp.2021.025

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:85434EFF-F859-4BBF-8AB5-F50B9BA08771

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6303360

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B2B878A-8A24-FFAD-FEC9-FAC7ED57FD87

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887
status

 

Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887 View in CoL

( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 27 View Figs 27–28 , 38 View Figs 32–42 , 50 View Figs 43–54 , 61 View Figs 55–62 )

Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887: 61 View in CoL . Type locality: Mexico, Ventanas. Phanaeus furcosus Felsche, 1901: 155 . Unjustified emendation.

Type material examined. MEXICO. L ECTOTYPE (designated by EDMONDS 1994, examined from photographs; Fig. 21 View Figs 19–21 ):♂, Ventanas ( BMNH: NHMUK 013903639).

Non-type material examined. MEXICO: AG UASCAL I ENTES: 1 ♀, Calvillo, Mesa El Roble ( IEXA). G UANA J UATO: 1 ♀, Cueramaro ( IEXA). J AL I SCO: 3 ♀♀, Agua del Obispo ( GHVM); 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, Ajijic ( GHVM); 1 ♂ 4 ♀♀, Amatitlán ( IEXA); 1 ♀, Chapala ( IEXA); 2 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, La Calera ( IEXA); 3 ♂♂ 11 ♀♀, Mezquitán ( IEXA); 3 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, Ponctitlán ( IEXA); 1 ♀: San Miguel de Hidalgo ( IEXA); 10 ♂♂ 12 ♀♀, Trans. Carretera Guadalajara-Colotlán ( GHVM: 7 ♂♂ 7 ♀♀; VMPM: 3 ♂♂ 5 ♀♀); 1 ♀, Zapopan ( IEXA). M I CHOACÁN: 1 ♂, Coalcomán ( GHVM); 1 ♂, without specific locality ( GHVM). N AYAR I T: 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, El Venado ( IEXA); 1 ♂ 5 ♀♀, Tepic, La Cantera ( IEXA); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, San Blas ( IEXA: 1 ♀, GHVM: 1 ♂); 1 ♂, San José Mojarras, Santa María del Río ( IEXA) 3 ♂♂ 4 ♀♀, Villa Hidalgo ( IEXA); 1 ♂, without specific locality ( GHVM). S I NALOA: 4 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, Copala ( GHVM); 1 ♀, Corte Alto ( IEXA); 1 ♂ 3 ♀♀, El Zapotillo ( IEXA); 1 ♀, Escuinapa ( GHVM); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Loberas ( IEXA); 1 ♀, Mazatlán ( GHVM); 2 ♀♀, 48 km N Mazatlán ( IEXA). S ONORA: 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, 4 km S San Nicolás ( IEXA). Z ACATECAS: 2 ♂♂ 1 ♀, La Manchada ( IEXA: 1 ♂; GHVM: 1 ♂ 1 ♀); 4 ♂♂ 3 ♀♀, San Lorenzo ( GHVM); 5 ♂♂ 14 ♀♀, San Lorenzo de los Mota ( GHVM). U NKNOWN LOCAL I TY: 1 ♂ ( GHVM).

Diagnosis. Metallic green ( Figs 19, 21 View Figs 19–21 ), blue ( Fig. 61 View Figs 55–62 ) or red species ( Fig. 20 View Figs 19–21 ). Sides of pronotal disc granulate ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Pronotal disc rugose to lightly granulorugose ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Posteromedial process of pronotum produced into thick denticle, short and strongly emarginate apically ( Figs 38 View Figs 32–42 , 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Anteromedial portion of pronotal disc with variable number of denticles and tubercles ( Fig. 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Anterolateral margins of pronotal disc with strongly developed tubercles forming complete ridge ( Fig. 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Posterolateral angles of pronotum fairly short, much shorter that posteromedial process ( Figs 38 View Figs 32–42 , 50 View Figs 43–54 ). Elytral striae scabriculous, distinctly impressed, superficially punctate ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 ). Elytral interstriae scabriculous, smooth, superficially punctate, convex ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 ).

Variation. Minor male. Similar to major males, except for reduction of secondary sexual characters (i.e., cephalic horn, pronotal processes and posterolateral angles). Female. Similar to male, except for head showing trituberculate carina; pronotal sculpture granulate to rugose posteriorly; pronotum with anteromedial black macula, and anteromedial carina followed by posterior concavity ( Fig. 61 View Figs 55–62 ).

Three typical colour phases are showed by this species (namely P. furiosus , Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 50 View Figs 43–54 , 61 View Figs 55–62 ), but it is frequent to found combinations between these colours. EDMONDS (1994) suggested that the colouration of P. furiosus varies geographically.According to him, the green phase ( Figs 19, 21 View Figs 19–21 ) is fixed in the majority of the populations from Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Michoacán. On the other hand, the blue phase ( Fig. 61 View Figs 55–62 ) is scarce in Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit and western Jalisco; but it becomes common in northern Jalisco and Michoacán. The specimens revised in the present study do not support the geographic variation of colour proposed by EDMONDS (1994). The red chromatic phase ( Fig. 20 View Figs 19–21 ) is fairly common in Jalisco, Zacatecas and Nayarit, but it was omitted by him. Moreover, red ( Fig. 20 View Figs 19–21 ) and green specimens ( Figs 19, 21 View Figs 19–21 ) are found in similar proportions in the aforementioned Mexican states. Additionally, there are some populations of the Pacific slope of Mexico where the blue phase ( Fig. 61 View Figs 55–62 ) almost completely dominates. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that a geographic cline for colour variation is not recognized nor proposed by us.

Comments. ARNAUD (2002) suggested that P. furiosus included two subspecies, the nominotypic one ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 27 View Figs 27–28 , 38 View Figs 32–42 , 50 View Figs 43–54 , 61 View Figs 55–62 ) and P. furiosus pseudofurcosus ( Figs 22–23 View Figs 22–23 , 39 View Figs 32–42 , 51 View Figs 43–54 , 62 View Figs 55–62 ). EDMONDS (1994) and EDMONDS & ZÍDEK (2012) treated P. furiosus as a monotypic species instead, regarding the populations that ARNAUD (2002) had classified in P. furiosus pseudofurcosus as an odd disjunct population of P. tridens tridens . But despite this classification, EDMONDS & ZÍDEK (2012) confusingly cited P. pseudofurcosus as a junior subjective synonym of P. tridens instead of P. furiosus ( Figs 1–5 View Figs 1–5 , 32 View Figs 32–42 , 43 View Figs 43–54 , 55 View Figs 55–62 , 63 View Fig ); this was likely a lapse. Our conclusion, however, is that P. pseudofurcosus is neither a subspecies of P. furiosus nor a synonym of either P. furiosus or P. tridens , but a fully independent species (see comments below). Phanaeus furiosus , in turn, is indeed a monotypic species (i.e., a taxonomically “homogeneous” species that does not comprise different subspecies according to ZACHOS 2016) as suggested by EDMONDS (1994) and EDMONDS & ZÍDEK (2012). In spite of its several chromatic phases ( Figs 19–21 View Figs 19–21 , 50 View Figs 43–54 , 61 View Figs 55–62 ), P. furiosus is a fairly distinctive species that has the posteromedial process of pronotum in major males produced into a thick denticle, short and strongly emarginate apically ( Figs 38 View Figs 32–42 , 50 View Figs 43–54 ).

Distribution. Mexico: Durango, Guanajuato, northern to central Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora and Zacatecas. This is the most widely distributed species within the P. tridens species group ( Fig. 66 View Fig ).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Scarabaeidae

Genus

Phanaeus

Loc

Phanaeus furiosus Bates, 1887

Moctezuma, Victor, Halffter, Gonzalo & Lizardo, Viridiana 2021
2021
Loc

Phanaeus furiosus

FELSCHE C. 1901: 155
BATES H. W. 1887: 61
1887
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