Hymenoptera
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.6620/ZS.2022.61-57 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1E1F87DD-FF9C-FFD6-9939-2A7A9F62FD08 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Hymenoptera |
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( Hymenoptera : Cynipoidea : Cynipidae : Ceroptresini )
4,335 individuals (mean = 88.5, range 1–1,683) reared from 49 gall types ( Table S1).
Summary of Natural History: The genus Ceroptres are oak-associated putative inquilines (or kleptoparasitic gall-modifiers; Ronquist 1994), but the biology of members of this genus is not as well studied as many Synergus , therefore their role requires further investigation. Originally in the same tribe as Synergus , they have been moved to their own tribe, the Ceroptresini , reflecting their likely independent evolution of inquilinism ( Nylander 2004; Ács et al. 2010). Ceroptres have a Holarctic distribution with most named species from the Nearctic ( Pénzes et al. 2012; Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2019), though it is probable that more species remain to be described from the Eastern Palearctic (Wang et al. 2012). Note that our “ Ceroptres ” does not distinguish between Ceroptres sensu stricto and the recently described and currently monotypic genus Buffingtonella ( Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2019) .
Relationship to galler phylogeny: Ceroptres were associated with gall inducers across the Nearctic gall wasp phylogeny ( Ward et al. 2022), and are also known from Palearctic galls, including the most basal on the tree ( Fig. 2a View Fig ). Ceroptres were not reared from some large gall wasp clades, including 1) the Amphibolips Reinhard galls, 2) a clade of Andricus and Callirhytis Förster bud and leaf galls, and 3) a clade of primarily Pacific coast galls (though no Ceroptres were reared from any Pacific coast galls). Ceroptres were also never reared from any of the more than 13,000 Belonocnema Mayr galls collected from across the southeastern U.S.A.
Biogeography and oak tree section: Ceroptres were reared much more commonly from galls collected in the Eastern half of the United States than in the Southwest or the Pacific coast ( Fig. 2b View Fig ). We reared no Ceroptres from any Pacific coast gall types, though at least two species are known from California ( McCracken and Egbert 1922). Galls from all three focal oak sections produced Ceroptres , with the smallest proportion from Section Quercus ( Fig. 2c View Fig ). Ceroptres are also known from oaks in section Cerris in the Palearctic and section Protobalanus in California ( Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2019).
Tree organ and gall size: Ceroptres emerged from galls on leaves, stems, buds, acorns and petioles, but not from flower galls ( Fig. 2d View Fig ). A greater fraction of large (> 20 mm) gall types produced Ceroptres than small or medium sized galls ( Fig. 2e View Fig ).
a) b)
1
2
3
4
6
8
5
7
10
11
12
9
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
28
c)
303233343531
Q 27 55
36
37403839
L 13 17
41
424744434546
V
48
49
50
51
53
52
d)
56
57
55
54
25 10
58
59
(66) (26)
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61
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63
67
64
66
65
3 1
68
69
(12) (4)
70
71
72
73
74
78
77
75
76
6 0
79
80
(10) (4)
81
82
83
e) f)
Co-occurrence with other natural enemies: Ceroptres had more significant correlations (four) with other gall associates than any other genus ( Fig. 2f View Fig ). Two correlations were positive: Ceroptres co-occurred more often than expected with another inquiline genus, Euceroptres (see below), and with the parasitoid genus Euderus . Euderus have been suggested to specialize on galls without external spines or hairs ( Ward et al. 2019), so it is possible that some species of Ceroptres have similarly restricted host ranges. Significantly less likely to co-occur with Ceroptres were Synergus (P = 0.0026) and Torymus (P = 0.0003) parasitoids (see discussion in those sections).
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