Warramaba flavolineata, Kearney, 2018

Kearney, Michael R., 2018, The matchstick grasshopper genus Warramaba (Morabidae: Morabinae): a description of four new species and a photographic guide to the group, Zootaxa 4482 (2), pp. 201-244 : 212-215

Warramaba flavolineata sp. nov.

Holotype ( Fig. 2c ): ♂, Reg. No. ANIC 7253, in Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra; bearing THE fOLLOwING LAbELS: (1) ‘NEw YAmARNA HOmESTEAD, 17 mI. S Of MINNIE CREEk, NR. VIRGINIA R. W.A. 31.I.1967 M. J. D. WHITE’; (2) ‘K. H. L. KEY GENITALIA PREP. /383’; (3) ‘PROPOSED fOR HOLOTYPE’; (4) ‘P169’; (5) ‘ANIC DATAbASE NO. 14 007253’.

Paratypes: PARATYPE 1 ♂ (1) ‘NEw YAmARNA HOmESTEAD, 17 mI. S Of MINNIE CREEk, NR. VIRGINIA R. W.A. 31.I.1967 M. J. D. WHITE’; (2) ‘ GENITALIA PREP OG1602 K. H. L. KEY’; (3) ‘P169’; (4) ‘ ANIC DATAbASE NO. 14 007252’. ; Paratype 2 ♂ (1) ‘ New Yamarna Homestead, 17 mi. S of Minnie Creek , nr. Virginia R. W.A. 31.i.1967 M. J. D. White’; (2) ‘ ANIC Database No. 14 007251’. ; Paratype 3 ♂ (1) ‘ New Yamarna Homestead , 17 mi. S of MINNIE CREEk, NR. VIRGINIA R. W.A. 31.I.1967 M. J. D. WHITE’; (2) ‘M.J.D. WHITE CYTOL. PREP. 5035’; (3) ‘ ANIC DATAbASE NO. 14 007250’.

Description: SEE TAbLE 1 fOR mORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Of THE HOLOTYPE, AND FIGURE 6 fOR PHOTOGRAPHS Of LIvE SPECImENS AND GENITALIA. THE REmAINDER Of THIS SECTION IS TRANSCRIbED fROm KEY’S NOTES AT THE ANIC, ALSO TO bE fOUND IN M. J. D. WHITE ARCHIvES (ITEm 8-8):

THE PHALLIC COmPLEX Of THE HOLOTYPE IS PARTLY INfLATED, AND Of THE ONLY ADULT mALE PARATYPE vERY TENERAL. HENCE THE NORmAL SHAPE AND/OR mUTUAL RELATIONS Of SOmE STRUCTURES CANNOT bE RELIAbLY DETERmINED.

Phallus . OvERALL LENGTH CAUDAD fROm APICES Of CAUDAL PROjECTIONS Of EPIPHALLUS 1.05 mm IN PARATYPE; mAXImAL bREADTH 0.91 mm IN HOLOTYPE. SHAfT STRONGLY COmPRESSED DORSOvENTRALLY, SmOOTH AND SCLEROTISED DORSAD ON EACH SIDE Of A mEmbRANOUS, ImPRESSED, mEDIO-LONGITUDINAL REGION, wHICH bROADENS CEPHALAD TOwARDS EPIPHALLUS, mEmbRANOUS LATERAD AND vENTRAD, wITH SENSILLA DORSAD, LATERAD AND vENTRAD; IN DORSAL vIEw wITH LATERAL mARGINS vERY SHORT, SOmEwHAT CONvEX, SUbPARALLEL, PARTLY mEmbRANOUS, ROUNDING CAUDAD INTO CAUDAL mARGIN Of DORSAL fOLD; IN PROfILE wITH DORSAL OUTLINE CONvEX IN CEPHALIC 1/2, NEARLY STRAIGHT CAUDAL 1/2; IN CAUDAL vIEw wITH DORSAL OUTLINE mESAD mEmbRANOUS AND DEEPLY AND NARROwLY ImPRESSED, SCLEROTISED AND STRONGLY AND EvENLY CONvEX ON EACH SIDE. DORSAL fOLD IN DORSAL vIEw OvERLAPPING bASES Of vALvES, ITS CAUDAL mARGIN CONSIDERAbLY PROjECTING, EXTENDING THE ENTIRE wIDTH Of SHAfT AND CONTINUOUS LATERAD wITH LATERAL mARGINS Of SHAfT, mESAD mEmbRANOUS AND mORE OR LESS INvOLvED wITH LONGITUDINAL fOLDS Of DORSAL SURfACE, ON EACH SIDE mORE OR LESS CONvEX, PARTLY SCLEROTISED, RUNNING mESOCAUDAD; IN LATERAL vIEw wITH CAUDAL mARGIN RUNNING vENTROCEPHALAD; IN CAUDAL vIEw wITH vENTRAL mARGIN DIPPING UNEvENLY mESAD, OvERALL CONCAvE ON EACH SIDE; DISTANCE fROm CAUDAL PROjECTIONS Of EPIPHALLUS TO CAUDAL mARGIN Of fOLD mESAD 0.2 mm IN PARATYPE, I.E. c. 2/5 Of OvERALL LENGTH. DORSAL POCkET NOT SEPARATELY RECOGNISAbLE (PRObAbLY INCORPORATED wITH vENTRAL POCkET); IN THE RESTING CONDITION A COmPLEX Of mEmbRANOUS LObES, APPARENTLY INCLUDING HOmOLOGUES Of THE mESAL, CAUDAL, AND LATERAL SAC-LObES Of P 12 1 5, ARISES ON THE INNER fACE Of THE DORSAL wALL, OR Of THE vENTRAL POCkET, SOmE Of wHICH mAY PROjECT CAUDAD SLIGHTLY bEYOND THE DORSAL fOLD. VALvES SCLEROTIzED, UNIRAmOUS, LONGITUDINAL, LATERALLY COmPRESSED, SUbHORIzONTAL; IN DORSAL vIEw ARISING AT LATEROCAUDAL SHOULDERS Of SHAfT, NARROwING CAUDAD, LATERAL mARGINS STRONGLY CONCAvE, mESAL mARGINS CONvEX, mESAL fACE mEmbRANOUS AND CONCAvE IN TRANSvERSE SECTION, ITS vENTROmESAL EDGE LARGELY vISIbLE, APEX wITH A fALCATE, LATEROCAUDAD-CURvING TERmINAL SPINE, A CURvED SUbAPICAL TOOTH DIRECTED ALmOST LATERAD, AND A NUmbER Of SmALLER TEETH OR TUbERCLES ON LATERAL mARGIN; IN LATERAL vIEw wITH THE GREATER PART SUbTRIANGULAR, mAXImAL bREADTH GREATER THAN IN DORSAL vIEw, DORSAL mARGIN SmOOTH mERGING fROm bENEATH DORSAL fOLD AND RUNNING SLIGHTLY SIGmOIDALLY, bUT OvERALL CONCAvELY vENTROCAUDAD, vENTRAL mARGIN mORE OR LESS SIGmOID, RISING DORSOCAUDAD, AND bEARING A fEw SmALL TUbERCLES IN DISTAL 1/2, APEX STRONGLY NARROwED, vETROCEPHALIC bOUNDARY DEEPLY CONCAvE AND SEPARATING A NARROw vENTRAL STEm fROm A SLIGHTLY wIDER CEPHALIC STEm; IN CAUDAL vIEw wITH DORSAL mARGINS OvERALL SIGmOID AND SUbHORIzONTAL, STRONGLY CONvEX AT THE DORSOLATERAL SHOULDER ImmEDIATELY bENEATH LATERAL EXTREmITIES Of DORSAL fOLD, THEREAfTER CONCAvE. VENTRAL fOLD LARGE, ARISING fROm EXTREmITIES Of vENTRAL STEmS Of vALvES, NOT fALLING fAR SHORT Of APICES Of vALvES AND IN DORSAL vIEw vISIbLE mUCH bEYOND THE vALvES LATERAD. VENTRAL SACS THINLY mEmbRANOUS, fINELY SHAGREENOUS, LONGITUDINAL, ARISING NEAR bASE Of mESAL fACE Of vALvES, IN DORSAL vIEw SUbLINGUIfORm, RUNNING mORE OR LESS CAUDAD IN THE CONCAvITY Of THE mESAL fACE, NOT vISIbLE IN LATERAL vIEw. NO CEPHALIC RING, NO SHEATH. PHALLOTREmE DEEPLY INvAGINATED IN A CAPACIOUS, OvERALL SUbLINGUIfORm vENTRAL POCkET Of SHAfT, wHICH IN THE RESTING CONDITION mAY EXTEND CEPHALAD bEYOND CAUDAL mARGINS Of EPIPHALLUS, bEARING NUmEROUS SENSILLA IN mESAL REGION Of ITS DORSOLATERAL wALL, ITS LATERAL mARGINS IN DORSAL vIEw mORE OR LESS CONvERGING CEPHALAD; THE STRUCTURE Of THE PHALLOTREmE ITSELf CANNOT bE SATISfACTORILY DISCERNED THROUGH THE DORSAL wALL: wHAT APPEARS TO bE THE PHALLOTREmE OPENING IS fLANkED bY CURvED, SCLEROTISED, SHAGREENOUS LATERAL ARmS, wHICH jOIN CEPHALAD TOwARDS CEPHALIC EXTREmITY Of vENTRAL POCkET, THE wHOLE mORE OR LESS ENCLOSED IN A SUbCIRCULAR, SHAGREENOUS, wEAkLY SCLEROTISED RING, wHICH LARGELY fILLS CEPHALIC 1/2 Of vENTRAL POCkET.

Epiphallus. DISk SHIELD-SHAPED, bREADTH vS. LENGTH SUbEqUAL, LATERAL mARGINS SLIGHTLY SIGmOID, CONvERGING CEPHALAD, CEPHALIC mARGIN fAIRLY bROAD AND EvENLY CONCAvE, SOmEwHAT POORLY DEfINED. LATERAL PLATES THIN, vERY LOw, SUbvERTICAL; IN DORSAL vIEw SIGmOID, DIvERGING CAUDAD; IN LATERAL vIEw wITH DORSAL mARGIN LOw-CONvEX, vENTRAL mARGIN SImUATE, RISING DORSOCAUDAD IN CAUDAL PORTION, OvERALL HEIGHT AbOvE vENTRAL mARGIN C. 2/7 Of OvERALL LENGTH. CAUDAL PROjECTIONS bROADLY ROUNDED EXTENSIONS Of LATEROCAUDAL EXTREmITIES Of LATERAL PLATES. LOPHI AbSENT.

Variation. THE ONLY STRUCTURES UNAffECTED bY DISTORTION OR INfLATION THAT CAN bE EffECTIvELY COmPARED bETwEEN THE TwO SPECImENS AvAILAbLE ARE THE vALvES. IN PROfILE, THESE HAvE THE DORSAL mARGIN IN GREATER PART CONCAvE IN THE HOLOTYPE AND THE APEX DIRECTED DORSOCAUDAD, wHILE IN THE PARATYPE THE CAUDAL 1/2 Of DORSAL mARGIN IS SOmEwHAT CONvEX AND THE APEX HORIzONTAL. IN THE PARTLY INfLATED HOLOTYPE THE DORSAL fOLD IS bORDERED CAUDAD THROUGHOUT ITS wIDTH bY AN INfLATED mEmbRANOUS EXTRUSION fROm THE INNER fACE Of THE DORSAL wALL, wHICH mESAD TAkES THE fORm Of A LARGE, LONGITUDINAL, SUbHORIzONTAL, INfLATED SAC, bIfURCATE DISTAD, CORRESPONDING TO THE mESAL AND CAUSAL LObES Of P125. THE vENTRAL POCkET EXTENDS ONLY AbOUT HALf wAY fROm CAUDAL mARGIN Of DORSAL fOLD TO THE EPIPHALLUS; ITS LATERAL wALLS ARE EvAGINATED TO fORm STRONGLY PROjECTING, vENTROCAUDAD-DIRECTED, SCLEROTIzED-SHAGREENOUS, INfLATED, mEmbRANOUS LATERAL SACS, wHICH ARE SOmEwHAT bROADER IN LATERAL THAN IN DORSAL vIEw. VALvES IN DORSAL vIEw STRONGLY DESCENDING vENTROCAUDAD. VENTRAL SACS INfLATED, REACHING CAUDAD AbOUT AS fAR AS LATERAL SACS, vISIbLE IN LATERAL vIEw bETwEEN LATERAL SACS AND vALvES, SOmEwHAT bROADER IN THAT vIEw THAN DORSAL OR CAUDAD. PHALLOTREmE IN DORSAL vIEw wITH ITS CAUDAL EXTREmITY UNDERLYING CAUDAL mARGIN Of DORSAL fOLD, IN CAUDAL vIEw PARTLY vISIbLE AT DEPTH, NESTLING wITHIN vENTRAL POCkET.

Colouration: THE bASE COLOURATION vARIES fROm bRIGHT GREEN IN SOUTHERN POPULATIONS TO PALER LAvENDER-GREEN IN THE NORTH, wHICH APPEARS TO bE RELATED TO fOOD PLANT PHYLLODE COLOURATION. IT HAS A bRIGHT YELLOw TO ORANGE mEDIAN fACIAL STRIPE AND ORANGE OR RED PATCHES ON EITHER SIDE Of THE THORACIC TERGITES (STRONGEST ON THE THIRD TERGITE, AND SOmETImES fAINT TO AbSENT ON THE fIRST AND SECOND TERGITES).

Diagnosis: Warramaba flavolineata sp. nov. IS THE STOUTEST mEmbER Of THE GENUS. IT HAS A UNIqUE kARYOTYPE wITH 2 n ♂/♀ = 16 AND AN XY SEX CHROmOSOmE mECHANISm. IT CAN bE DISTINGUISHED mORPHOLOGICALLY fROm OTHER mEmbERS Of THE GENUS bY A COmbINATION Of THE RELATIvE PROPORTIONS Of THE SUbGENITAL PLATE AND COLOURATION, AS DESCRIbED IN THE kEY bELOw. IN ADDITION, THE PHALLUS (fROm KEY’S NOTES) “DIffERS fROm W. picta / P152 PRINCIPALLY IN THE vALvES IN THE LATERAL vIEw bEING SOmEwHAT DESCENDING, wITH THE DORSAL mARGIN CONCAvE; IN THE SOmEwHAT LARGER TERmINAL SPINE Of vALvE IN DORSAL vIEw, RELATIvE TO THE SOmEwHAT SmALLER SUbAPICAL TOOTH; AND IN THE APPARENTLY SmALLER vENTRAL SACS, wHICH ARE NOT vISIbLE IN LATERAL vIEw IN THE RESTING CONDITION AND ARE NOT OvERLAIN bY A LObE DERIvED fROm mESAL fACE Of vALvE”.

Distribution and seasonal cycle: IT HAS A TRIANGULAR DISTRIbUTION ( FIG. 1A & G ) wITH A SOUTHERN LImIT jUST NORTH Of KALGOORLIE AT (30.55°S), EXTENDING NORTH-wEST TO THE vICINITY Of SANDSTONE (27.9°S, 119.6°E), AND PENETRATING INLAND TO THE NORTHEAST ALONG THE GREAT CENTRAL ROAD AS fAR AS TERHAN ROCk HOLE NEAR TjUkAYRILA ROADHOUSE (27.04°S, 124.80°E). THE INLAND LImIT Of THIS SPECIES’ DISTRIbUTION IS POORLY kNOwN AND IT mAY PENETRATE fURTHER wEST ALONG THE bORDER bETwEEN SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND THE NORTHERN TERRITORY (KEARNEY AND MOUSSALLI 2003). IT APPEARS TO HAvE ONLY ONE GENERATION PER YEAR THROUGHOUT ITS RANGE, wITH ADULTS PRESENT IN mID TO LATE SUmmER. SOUTHERN POPULATIONS HAvE AN ObLIGATE DIAPAUSE bROkEN bY COLD (KEARNEY, UNPUbLISHED). ADULTS AND NYmPHS HAvE NOT bEEN ObSERvED IN THE wINTER.

Material examined: 1 fEmALE 1 mALE, MT. FOURACRE, NW Of LEONORA (120.98, -28.52), 12 JAN, 1972, WHITE,M.J.D.; 4 fEmALES 4 fEmALE, 2km SSE Of YUNNDAGA SIDING, NR. MENzIES (121.03, -29.77), 27 FEb, 1981 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE, CLImIES WELL NR. LAkE RAESIDE (121.1, -28.83), 19 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 mALE 1 fEmALE, 10 km NW Of LEONORA (121.25, -28.8), 6 MAR, 1976, WEbb,G.C.; 1 fEmALE 1 fEmALE, MT. LEONORA, NR. LEONORA (121.33, -28.9), 10 FEb, 1983 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 mALE, MT. LEONORA, NR. LEONORA (121.33, -28.9), 22 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 2 fEmALES 2 mALE, 1km W Of PARADISE WELL, NR. LEONORA (121.38, -29.03), 23 FEb, 1981 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE, 2km S Of MALCOLm (121.52, -28.95), 19 FEb, 1982 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE 1 mALE, 12km NE Of KANOwANA RUINS NR . BROAD ARROw [KANOwNA] (121.68, -30.52), 18 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 mALE, 12km NE Of KANOwANA RUINS NR . BROAD ARROw [KANOwNA] (121.68, -30.52), 27 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 2 fEmALES, 12km NE Of KANOwNA RUINS NR . BROAD ARROw (121.68, -30.52), 9 FEb, 1983, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE, 13km SSW Of GINDALbIE H.S., NR. MENzIES (121.7, -30.42), 18 FEb, 1981 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE 1 mALE, 2km NE Of REIDY SwAmP, NE KANOwANA RUINS, NR . BROAD ARROw [KANOwNA] (121.7, -30.55), 9 FEb, 1983, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 mALE, MURRIN MURRIN Ck., NR. LAvERTON (121.82, -28.92), 11 FEb, 1983, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE 1 mALE, MURRIN MURRIN, NR. LAvERTON (121.82, -28.92), 22 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 2 mALES, 5km SE Of YERILLA H.S., SE Of LEONORA (121.85, - 29.5), 19 FEb, 1981 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE, YARRI BATTERY NR. EDjUDINA H.S., SE Of LEONORA (122.37, -29.78), 19 FEb, 1981, WHITE,M.J.D.; 3 fEmALES 3 mALES, NEw YAmARNA H.S., 17 mI. S Of MINNIE CREEk, NR. VIRGINIA RA. (123.67, -28.17), 31 JAN, 1967 , WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE, 3 mI. NE Of BEEGULL WATERHOLES, NR. LAkE THROSSELL (124.2, -27.68), 1 FEb, 1967, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 fEmALE 1 mALES, 10 mI. SW Of TERHAN R.H., NR. LAkE THROSSELL (124.65, - 27.15), 1 FEb, 1967, WHITE,M.J.D.; 1 mALE, TERHAN R.H., NR. LAkE THROSSELL [TERHAN ROCkHOLE] (124.78, -27.05), 1 FEb, 1967, WHITE,M.J.D.

Taxonomic discussion: FORmER ANIC CODE NUmbER P169.

Etymology: NAmED fOR THE bRIGHT YELLOw OR ORANGE mEDIAN STREAk ON THE fACE. THIS NAmE wAS SUGGESTED ORIGINALLY bY KHL KEY.

Biology: THIS SPECIES mAY OCCUR SYmPATRICALLY wITH W. picta AND W. whitei sp. nov. IN THE INLAND AND SOUTHERN LImITS Of ITS RANGE, RESPECTIvELY, AND AT SOmE SITES CAN bE fOUND ON THE SAmE fOOD PLANTS. IT HAS bEEN fOUND ON SHRUbS AND TREES Of THE GENERA Acacia (ESPECIALLY A. aneura IN THE NORTH Of ITS RANGE) AND Senna (ESPECIALLY IN THE SOUTH Of ITS RANGE).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Warramaba species, a) overall in Western Australia, b) of W. virgo in eastern Australia, and c–h) of the Western Australian taxa separately. Also indicated in a) With a black triangle is the location for P152 (here assigned to W. picta) and, With open triangles, the locations of P188 (here assigned to W. grandis sp. nov.).

FIGURE 2. Holotypes of Warramaba, all held in the Australian National Insect Collection: a) W. picta (Key 1976), b) W. whitei sp. nov., c) W. flavolineata sp. nov., d) W. grandis sp. nov., e) W. virgo (Key 1963), f) W. ngadju sp. nov. The Width of the pin in each photo is 0.6 mm.

FIGURE 6. Warramaba flavolineata sp. nov. ♂ a) lateral and b) frontal images of an individual from Mount Leonora, Western Australia, as Well as phallic complex (genitalia prep. 968) in c) dorsal, d) lateral and e) caudal vieW, and Key’s illustrations of dorsal and lateral vieWs of epiphallus of holotype, With a vieW of valve approximately normal to plane of lateral face (i.e. equivalent to a lateral vieW in resting orientation). The scale bar refers to the photographs of the phallic complex.