Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887

Chen, Hua-yan, van Achterberg, Cornelis, He, Jun-hua & Xu, Zai-fu, 2014, A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea), ZooKeys 385, pp. 1-207 : 4-5

Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887

Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887: 183; Carmean and Kimsey 1998: 54 (as Trigonalidae , corrected by Krieger (1894) to Trigonalyidae ).

Trigonalydae Magretti, 1897: 311.

Trigonalydidae Schaufuss, 1905: 34.

Trigonaloidae Schulz, 1907: 1.

Bareogonaloinae Schulz, 1907: 4, 18.

Disceneinae Benoit, 1951: 143.

Lycogastrinae Schulz, 1907: 10.

Nippogonaloinae Uchida, 1929: 79.

Nomadininae Cameron, 1899: 2 (as Nomadinae , corrected by Schulz (1907) to Nomadininae ).

Orthogonalyinae Carmean & Kimsey, 1998: 52 (as Orthogonalinae , corrected by Lelej (2003) to Orthogonalyinae ).

Phytogonalinae Schulz, 1905: 102, 104.

Seminotinae Schulz, 1907: 4.

Diagnosis.

Body length between 3-15 mm; antenna of both sexes with 13-32 segments, males may have smooth more or less protruding sensillae (tyloids; Figs 51, 56, 77, 100, 266, 271, 283, 295, 315, 575) usually on 11 th– 14th antennal segments; females have sparse white scales or specialized seta on the outside of the middle antennal segments ( Carmean and Kimsey 1998); eye relatively long, extending almost to level of mandible; mandibles large and usually asymmetrical (with 3-4 large teeth on left mandible and 4-5 teeth on right mandible), and distinctly overlapping when closed; maxillary palp 6-segmented and labial palp 3-segmented, but palpi reduced in Nomadina , Bakeronymus and Pseudonomadina (maxillary palp with 2-4 segments and labial palp 2-segmented); occipital (or genal) carina ending at hypostomal carina near mandibular condylus (Fig. 2) or below mandible; propleuron short in front of mesoscutum; fore wing with wide costal cell (C1 in Fig. 1) and at least 9 closed cells; hind wing with 2 closed cells and no postero-basal lobe; all legs with trochanter and trochantellus, but dorsal triangular part of trochanter of hind leg (not trochantellus as mentioned by Carmean and Kimsey 1998) differentiated by an oblique groove (Fig. 230), except in Boreogonalos , Nomadina , Bakeronymus and Pseudonomadina where the hind trochanter is undivided (Fig. 4); plantar lobes of tarsal segments present (Fig. 5); tarsal claws cleft (bifurcate), with inner tooth larger than outer one (Fig. 5); propodeal spiracle covered by a flap (Fig. 3), but minute in Bakeronymus ; propodeal foramen rounded ( “U-shaped”) or arched ( “V-shaped”) dorsally and often with distinct dorsal carina or rim (Figs 12, 23, 34, 114, 161, 249, 491, 599); median carina of propodeum often absent or reduced but distinct in Pseudogonalos (Fig. 260); metasoma low on propodeum; ovipositor not exposed. Males can be recognised by having a pair of thin flaps (parameres) at apex of metasoma, and 6-7 sternites visible and second sternite flattened or sometimes slightly concave medio-posteriorly. Females have an undivided (usually triangular, but sometimes ( Lycogaster ) truncate or emarginate) sternite (= hypopygium) apically, with 5 additional sternites visible and second sternite often convex or protruding medio-posteriorly.

Note.

Although Trigonalidae has been more commonly used ( Carmean and Kimsey 1998), we follow Weinstein and Austin (1991) and Lelej (2003) in using the family name as corrected by Krieger (1894) to Trigonalyidae ; for the argumentation see Lelej (2003).

Key to Oriental and Palaearctic genera of Trigonalyidae