Tulostoma squamosum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. ( Goettingen ) 1: 139. 1801.

Jeppson, Mikael, Altes, Alberto, Moreno, Gabriel, Nilsson, R. Henrik, Yolanda Loarce,, Bustos, Alfredo de & Larsson, Ellen, 2017, Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales), MycoKeys 21, pp. 33-88 : 64-66

Tulostoma squamosum (J.F. Gmel.) Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. ( Goettingen) 1: 139. 1801. Figure 16c

Lycoperdon squamosum ≡ J.F. Gmel., Systema Naturae, Edn 13 2(2): 1463 (1792). Holotype. ITALY, cl. Targioni (herb. Persoon, L).

Tulostoma verrucosum ≡ Morgan, J. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 12(4): 164. 1890. Lectotype. USA, Ohio: Cincinatti, 1883, A.P. Morgan (BPI).

Tulostoma mussooriense ≡ Henn., Hedwigia 40: 337. 1901. Holotype. INDIA, Mussoorie: Arnigadh, 5500 ft alt., 9 Aug. 1900, W. Gollan (S!).

Remarks.

Tulostoma squamosum is morphologically well characterized by its brown, rather tall and squarrose stem combined with a brownish warty exoperidium that upon dehiscense leaves a distinct reticulate pattern. The exoperidium is composed of brownish sphaerocysts. The spore ornamentation under SEM (Figure 16c) shows spines fused at their tops into small pyramidal groups, sometimes coalescing to form short crests. In Scandinavia the name T. squamosum has previously been associated with the proposed new species T. calcareum , described above (cfr. ArtDatabanken 2015, Nitare 1997),

Habitat and distribution.

Usually found among herbs in semi-shaded places, including open deciduous forests and gardens. Taking into account its recently established synonyms T. mussooriense and T. verrucosum ( Moreno et al. 1992a), it has a cosmopolitan distribution. It seems to be one of the more widespread Tulostoma species in Europe, reaching north to Germany ( Kreisel 1984).

Specimens examined.

AUSTRIA, Niederösterreich: Schönfelder (bewaldete) Düne, 12 Sept. 1989, E. Mrazek 1300 (Herb. Mrazek, GB)*. FRANCE, Nord-France-Pas de Calais: Etaples, Garennes, Reserve nationale de la Canche, 11 Nov. 2006, E. Larsson 260-06 (GB)*. SLOVAKIA, Malé Karpaty: Bratislava, Devinska Kobyla, 13 Nov. 1997, Ortová 971113 (BRA, GB)*. SPAIN, Castellón: cerca de Morella, on calcareous soil under Pinus nigra and Quercus rotundifolia , 21 Oct. 1992, M. Honrubia (AH 15483, GB)*.