Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria ( Fabricius, 1775 )

Villamizar, Germán, Fernández, Fernando & Vivallo, Felipe, 2020, Synopsis of the carpenter bee subgenus Xylocopa (Schonnherria) Lepeletier, 1841 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Colombia, with designation of lectotypes and the description of two new species, Zootaxa 4789 (2), pp. 301-347 : 321-325

Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria ( Fabricius, 1775)

( Figures 43–50 , 73, 74 , 78 )

Apis muscaria Fabricius, 1775: 386 .

Xylocopa barbata Fabricius, 1804: 140 . (Synonymized by Hurd & Moure, 1963).

Xylocopa affinis Lepeletier, 1841: 210 . (Synonymized by Hurd & Moure, 1963).

Diagnosis. Females can be recognized by the following combination of characters: small body size (body length 14.7–16 mm); black integument with bluish and greenish highlights mainly on vertex, clypeus, mesoscutellum and metasoma; dense plumose whitish hairs on paraocular area, gena and lateral sides of T4, T5, S4 and S5; mesoscutellum convex; disc of terga nearly glabrous and with coarse and sparse circular punctures, sparser on T2 and T3. The male can be recognized by the following combination of characters: compound eyes enlarged, strongly convergent dorsally; clypeus, supraclypeal area and labrum yellowish pale and smooth; bluish and violaceous highlights on mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and terga; dense whitish pubescence on gena, mesoscutum anteriorly, ventral surface of legs (except hind basitarsus), mesoscutellum, lateral sides of metasoma, discs of T5 and T6, and sterna; coarse and dense circular punctures on metasomal terga. The males of X. muscaria can be separated from Colombian males of X. ( Schonnherria ) by the strongly dorsal convergence of the compound eyes and the whitish and black pubescence on mesosoma (compound eyes slightly convergent dorsally and yellowish pubescence on mesosoma in males of X. ecuadorica and X. viridis ).

Morphology. Female ( Figs. 43–46 ). Measurements (mm): Approximate body length: 15.2 (14.7–16); head width: 5.3 (4.9–5.5); mesosoma width: 6.4 (6.0–6.7); metasoma width: 6.5 (6–7.2); forewing length: 13 (12.4–13.5). Coloration: Integument black with bluish and greenish highlights on vertex, clypeus, mesoscutellum and metasoma; slightly violet on paraocular area, dorsum of mesosoma and lateral sides of metasoma. Tegula dark brown with blue highlights. Wings dark brown with blue and violet iridescence. Pubescence: Predominantly black except ferruginous on labrum, ventral surface of fore basitarsus and apex of T6; whitish on face, gena and lateral sides of T4, T5, S4 and S5. Vertex with scattered simple and plumose hairs inter-mixed of short length (0.5–1x OD), longer and denser towards occipital area; face with abundant long hairs of similar length (1–4x OD). and gena densely covered by plumose hairs (integument not visible). Mesosoma with dense plumose hairs distributed mainly on mesepisternum, sparser on posterior half of mesoscutellum and glabrous on mesoscutal disc and mesoscutellum anteriorly. Metasoma with long, decumbent, simple hairs on lateral sides; disc of T1 with simple semi erected hairs of similar length at the distance of closest puncture (0.2–0.5x OD), mostly on anterior half and lateral sides; T2 and T3 glabrous on disc and with short simple hairs (0.1–0.3x OD) barely noticeable on lateral sides; discs of T4 and T5 with simple hairs longer than anterior terga (0.4–0.7x OD); simple hairs of superior length at the distance of the closest puncture (0.5–1x OD) on S2 and S3 distally; S4 and S5 with simple hairs of similar length than those on lateral sides (0.8–3x OD). Surface sculpture: Head with coarse and uniform circular punctures (1–2x puncture width), denser on paraocular area and lower clypeus, and sparser on upper gena; smooth on upper margin of clypeus as a “T” shape and near lateral ocellus. Mesoscutum with coarse and uniform punctures (2–3x puncture width), denser towards tegula and smooth on disc; mesonotal line slightly conspicuous with less length to half of mesoscutum, parapsidial lines poorly defined; mesoscutellum with coarse and uniform punctures on posterior half (1–2x puncture width). Uniform circular punctures on disc of T1 (1–2x puncture width), denser on lateral sides; discs of T2 and T3 with coarse and sparse circular punctures (2–4x puncture width), coarser than T1 and sparser medially; coarse and uniform punctures (1–3x puncture width) on T4–T6, denser than anterior terga; sterna with coarse and dense punctures on posterior half. Structures: Head broader than long (1.3–1.2:1); compound eyes with similar inner margins; ratio of upper and lower interocular distances 0.7–0.8; maximum interocular distance less than eye length (0.7–0.8:1); clypeus broader than long (2–1.9:1); with the length almost equal to clypeocellar distance (0.9–1:1); interalveolar distance less than alveolocular distance (0.7–0.8:1); interalveolar distance almost equal to alveolocellar distance (0.6–0.7:1); vertex broad, lateral ocellus below supraorbital line (0.9–1.1x OD;. interocellar distance similar to ocellocular distance (0.9–1:1; length of F1 longer than the summed length of F2 and F3 and shorter than length of F2–F4 (0.9–1: 0.7–1.1: 1); frontal carina at upper level of antennal sockets with less size than scape length (0.2–0.3x OD). Upper half of clypeus more elevated than level of paraocular area, with upper margins of the epistomal suture poorly defined. Labrum broader than long with three basal protuberances, middle tubercle slightly longer. Mesoscutellum convex with distinct dorsal and posterior surfaces (lateral view). Metanotum and propodeum vertical (lateral view).

Male ( Figs. 47–50 ) As the female, except as follows: Measurements (mm): Approximate body length: 15.5. (15–15.7); head width:6 (5.7–6.1); mesosoma width: 6.3 (6–6.5); metasoma width: 7.1 (7.0–7.2); forewing length: 12 (11.5–12). Coloration: Clypeus, supraclypeal area and labrum yellowish. Pubescence: Dorsum of mesosoma, ventral surface of legs (except hind basitarsus), mesoscutellum, propodeum, T1 and T5–T7 with whitish pubescence. Surface sculpture: Coarser and denser punctures than female on mesoscutum posteriorly, disc of mesoscutellum and metasomal terga. Clypeus, supraclypeal area and labrum smooth. Structures: Eyes strongly convergent dorsally, upper interocular distance absent; maximum interocular distance shorter than eye length (0.3–0.5:1); clypeus broader than long (1.3–1.2: 1) with the length longer than clypeocellar distance (1.7–1.6: 1); interalveolar distance longer than alveolocular distance (1.7–1.6: 1); interalveolar distance almost equal to alveolocellar distance (0.9–1: 1; vertex broad, lateral ocellus below supraorbital line (3.4–3.5x OD; interocellar distance longer than ocellocular distance (1.5–1.4: 1); frontal carina at the same level of antennal sockets with less size than scape length (0.1–0.2x OD); length of F1 longer than the summed length of F2 and F3 and longer than length of F2–F4 (1–1.1: 0.7–0.8: 0.8–0.9). Legs robust, hind coxa and trochanter toothed. Hind femur protuberant ventrally. Hind basitarsus robust, shorter than the hind tibia. Male genitalia as in Figs. 73 and 74 .

Floral records. See Table 2 .

Type material. Apis muscaria: Fabricius did not state on how many specimens he used to describe this species. However, Moure (1960) mentioned a single male specimen housed in NHMUK as the holotype. According to the Art. 74.6 of the ICZN (1999) and also following recommendation 73F, Moure’s interpretation has to be considered as a valid lectotype designation. The exemplar has the following data label: Apis muscaria Fabr. sp. N ° 63. [handwritten]\63 45 [circular label, handwritten]\ Type [handwritten]\ Apis muscaria Fabr. [handwritten] Det. J. S. Moure 19 [printed] 57 [handwritten]\ Xyl. (Schonh.) muscaria (F.) [handwritten] Det. J. S. Moure 19 [printed] 57 [handwritten]\ BMNH (E) #668696 [printed] ( NHMUK). Xylocopa barbata : Lectotype female designated by Moure (1960) ( NHMD, examined). Xylocopa affinis : Syntype male ( MSNT, not examined).

Type localities. Apis muscaria : “Nova Hollandia” (type specimen mislabeled, probably from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, according to Moure, 1960). Xylocopa barbata : “America meridionalis” (probably from Guyana, Essequibo River, according to Moure, 1960). Xylocopa affinis : FRENCH GUYANA: Cayenne: Cayenne.

Distribution in Colombia ( Fig. 78 ). Antioquia: Medellín, Necoclí, Porce, Sabaneta, Yolombó. Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina: Isla Providencia. Cundinamarca: Guayabal de Síquima, Paratebueno, Paime, El Peñón. Guainía: Puerto Inírida. Huila: Desierto de la Tatacoa. Meta: La Angostura, La Macarena, Puerto Rico, Villavicencio. Tolima: Armero, Melgar. Vichada: Parque Nacional Natural Tuparro.

Material examined (n= 43♀, 6♂): COLOMBIA: Antioquia: 1 female: Medellín, N6°15’, W75°33′, 1500 m, Sep-1975, J. Cano, 29009 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Medellín, N6°15’, W75°33′, 1500 m, 14-Nov-1984, O. Calle, 29011 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Necoclí, N8°25’34”, W76°47′21”, 1 m, Jan-1982, A. Toro, 31234 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Fosforito P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 945 m, 11-Jul-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31231 ( MEFLG); 7 females: Porce, Fosforito P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 945 m, 26-Aug-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 29013, 29014, 29015, 29018, 29019, 31238, 31241 ( ME- FLG); 1 female: Porce, Santa Lucía, N7°26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 25-Apr-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 29017 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Fosforito P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 945 m, 29-10-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 29016 ( MEFLG); 1 male: Porce, Fosforito P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 945 m, 29-Oct-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31242 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Cancana R.B, N 7° 26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 23-Aug-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 29020 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Santa Lucía P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 16-Sep-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31232 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, La Picardia P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 975 m, 02-Oct-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31233, 31236 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, La Calandria, N7°26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 31-Oct-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31235 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Santa Lucía, N7°26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 30-Sep-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31237 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, La Picardia P., N7°26’, W74°54′, 975 m, 21-Aug-1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31239 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Porce, Santa Lucía, N7°26’, W74°54′, 940 m, 06-Nov- 1997, A. Smith-Pardo, 31240 ( MEFLG); 1 female: Sabaneta, N6°9’5”, W75°36′59”, 1702 m, Dic-1964, J. Tinico, 29008 ( MEFLG); 1 male: Yolombó, Vda El Bosque, Fca La Mariela, N6°40’0”, W75°0′0”, 1451 m, 01-May-2009, J.D. Cano ( MEFLG). Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina: 1 male: Isla Providencia, N12°31’, W81°43′, 3 m, 01-Jun-2014, S. Posada, 27637 ( LABUN); 2 males: Isla Providencia, N12°31’, W81°43′, 3 m, 01-Jan-1994, G. Nates, LABUN 006225, LABUN 007364, 9688, 8894 ( LABUN); 1 female: Isla Providencia, N12°31’, W81°43′, 3 m, 01-Jan-1994, G. Nates, LABUN 007363, 8856 ( LABUN). Cundinamarca: 1 female: Guayabal, N5°1’, W74°53′, 262 m, 03-Jun-1996, A Chicangana, 4312 UNAB ( UNAB); 1 female: Paratebueno, Me- dina, N4°25’, W73°11′, 576 m, 22-Sep-1977, G. Nates, LABUN 006245, LABUN 006211, 2780, 2788 ( LABUN); 1 female: Paime, N5°25’, W74°10′, 960 m, 02-Apr-1977, G. Nates, LABUN 006363, 2790 ( LABUN); 1 female: El Peñón, Vda El Órgano, N5°15’, W74°20′, 1213 m, 15-Jun-2012, J. Triana, 4312 UNAB ( UNAB). Guainía: 2 females: Puerto Inírida, N3°51’, W67°55′, 80 m, Dic-1986, G. Galvis, LABUN 006244, LABUN 006227, 2964, 2965 ( LABUN). Huila: 1 female: Desierto de la Tatacoa, VillaVieja, N3°14’, W75°6′, 337 m, 18-Mar-2014, D. Riaño, UMNG-ins000918 ( UMNG-INS). Meta: 1 female: Angostura, Rio Guayabero, N6°52’0”, W75°20′0”, 1813 m, 19- Jan-1977, C. Kingier, 29010 ( MEFLG); 1 female: La Macarena, Las Dantas, N3°25’, W73°57′, 580 m, Dic-1986, A. Bonilla, LABUN 006229, 3006 ( LABUN); 1 female: La Macarena, N2°0’, W74°4′, 309 m, 01-Sep-1987, G. Na- tes, LABUN 006241, 2942 ( LABUN); 1 female: La Macarena, Caño Curía, N3°25’, W73°57′, 651 m, En flor azul nazareno, Jacaranda caucana , Bignonaceae , 13-Jan-1987, F. Romero, LABUN 006226, 2988 ( LABUN); 1 female: Puerto Rico, Vereda Caño Alfa, N2°54’39”, W73°15′36”, 300 m, 30-Jan-1985, A. Mutis, LABUN 006242, 2929 ( LABUN); 1 female: Puerto Rico, Vereda Caño Alfa, N2°54’39”, W73°15′36”, 300 m, 10-Jan-1985, G. Zuluaga, LABUN 006228, 2921 ( LABUN); 2 females: Puerto Rico, Vereda Caño Alfa, N2°54’39”, W73°15′36”, 300 m, 01-May-1985, R. Pardo, LABUN 006213, LABUN 006214, 2930, 2922 ( LABUN); 1 female: Puerto Rico, Vereda Caño Alfa, N2°54’39”, W73°15′36”, 300 m, 05-Jan-1985, R. Pardo, LABUN 006215, 2920 ( LABUN); 1 female: Villavicencio, San Nicolás vía Cumaral, N4°4’, W73°29′, 501 m, 16-Nov-2003, M. Gomez, 16643 ( LABUN). Tolima: 1 female: Armero, Cerros de Santo Tomás, N4°59’, W74°52′, 250 m, 12-Nov-2000, R. Clavijo, MPUJ _ENT 0046823 ( MPUJ); 1 female: Melgar, Centro Cafam, N4°12’, W74°38′, 450 m, 04-Mar-1991, Y. Rocio, MPUJ _ENT 0046824 ( MPUJ). Vichada: 1 female: Cumarida, PNN Tuparro, N5°17’0”, W68°4′0”, 76 m, Captura manual, 30- Dic-1998, W. Villalba, IAVH–E–23311 (IAvH); 1 female: PNN El Tuparro, Cerro Tomas, N5°21’, W67°51′, 140 m, Captura malaise, 29-Jul-2000, W. Villalba, IAVH–E–28031, M.506 (IAvH); Without information: 1 male: 31243 ( MEFLG).

Comments. In Xylocopa muscaria , as well as in other species described by Fabricius (1775), the number of specimens used in the original descriptions was not indicated nor was a holotype specified. Moure (1960) cited a male specimen from Banks’ collection contained in NHMUK as the holotype. Nonetheless, that interpretation is here considered as a valid lectotype designation by inference of holotype, according to the article 74.6 of the ICZN (1999). For Xylocopa barbata, Moure (op. cit.) designated a female that belonged to the Sehestedt’s collection housed at NHMD as the lectotype, reevaluating the information of the locality indicated on the original Fabricius’ labels. That lectotype designation is valid under art. 74.5 of the ICZN (1999).

The strongly dorsal convergence of the compound eyes in males of X. muscaria (characteristic probably related with its name) can be useful for distinguishing this sex of X. ( Schonnherria ) found in Colombia. However, this feature is also present in other males (not found in the material examined) as in X. macrops and X. caviventris Maidl, 1912 (only the former species recorded in Colombia (see Table 1)). Variations in the coloration and disposition of the pubescence were evidenced in males. Some specimens (including the male lectotype) have mostly long, simple, whitish hairs on T1, posterior half of T5 and disc of T6, while other Colombian specimens have black hairs predominantly on T1 and whitish plumose hairs only on the apical margin of T5 and the disc of T6. The remaining features are consistent and the variations aforementioned must be clarified through the study of more exemplars.

Xylocopa muscaria is one of the most commonly found species of X. ( Schonnherria ) in collections and it has a wide distribution in the Neotropics.

Figures

FIGURE 78. Distribution records for Xylocopa lucida, X. metallica, X. muscaria and X. ornata in Colombia.

FIGURES 43–46. Female of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria (Fabricius, 1775). Fig. 43. Frontal view. Fig. 44. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 45. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 46. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 47–50. Male of Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria (Fabricius, 1775). Fig. 47. Frontal view. Fig. 48. Detail of metasomal terga. Fig. 49. Dorsal habitus. Fig. 50. Lateral habitus. Scale bar 2 mm.

FIGURES 71–76. Male genitalia (capsules). Xylocopa (Schonnherria) ecuadorica. Fig. 71. Dorsal view, Fig. 72. Ventral view. Xylocopa (Schonnherria) muscaria. Fig. 73. Dorsal view, Fig. 74. Ventral view. Xylocopa (Schonnherria) viridis. Fig. 75. Dorsal view, Fig. 76. Ventral view.