Moeritherium, C.W.Andrews, 1901
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publication ID |
0003-0090 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266587BE-D51A-FFCC-09AC-76DEFBDCFD4B |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Moeritherium |
| status |
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00211 B2202 00010 21000 10112 --?2? 2---- 22012 20110 0---- -1212 21110 11103 3---- -0--0 22211 -02-0 2300- 22101 22321 00101 1---- -1121 42221 02001 001- 1 10113 10101 00001 00102 0011 - 1??11 10111?0100 01100 1--???-000 001B1 10000 20010 10?1- 1?001 10100 2--01 0?010 00100 11100 11010 00011?1101 04000 00-?0 001?0 0???? ????? ??01? ????? ????? ????? ????? 0??02 ??????102- 0???0 1?0???0?12 -0????1?01 11100?1102 01120 11011 011?? ??????0011 0001? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
APPENDIX 4
CHARACTERS IN COMMON ON THE MOST PARSIMONIOUS TREES DIAGNOSING THE NODES ON THE STRICT CONSENSUS TREES IN FIGURE 29
The following is from the analysis of the matrix in appendix 3 with TNT (Goloboff et al., 2003). To recover the same results in PAUP (Swofford, 2002), multistate taxa should be set to ‘‘uncertainty’’ and zero-length branches should be set to collapse if their minimum length is zero (‘‘ambi-’’). Numbers refer to the characters in appendix 2 with the character states in parentheses. With few exceptions, this is the same as that included in Part VI of the online supplementary information of Wible et al. (2007). The exception are: the deletion of Character 73 (0) from the diagnosis of Node E; the addition of Characters 68 (2), 76 (2), 77 (2), 93 (1), 97 (2), and 98 (2) to the diagnosis of Node H 1; and the addition of Character 112 (1) to the diagnosis of Node H 2.
Node A: Vincelestes + ( Kielantherium + Theria)
68 (1) upper molar parastylar lobe less than 30% but more than 20% of tooth length
84 (1) upper molar postmetacrista noncuspate
103 (1) lingual root on upper molars supporting trigon
Node B: Kielantherium + Theria
64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75% but less than 99% of width)
65 (1) upper molar stylar shelf less than 50% but more than 25% total tooth width
66 (1) upper molar parastylar and metastylar lobes of similar labial extent
74 (2) upper molar stylar cusp E small to indistinct
75 (2) upper molar preparacingulum continuous between stylar margin and
paraconule or paraconule position
87 (1) upper molar postvallum shear with second rank that does not extend labial to metaconal base
115 (1) multicuspidate lower molar talonid
118 (1) lower molar trigonid with some anteroposterior shortening relative to talonid (trigonid 50% to 75% of tooth length)
Theria
70 (0) upper molar stylar cusp A subequal to or larger than B
88 (2) upper molar paraconule prominent, midway, or closer to paracone
89 (2) upper molar metaconule prominent, midway, or closer to protocone
91 (1) upper molar conular region moderate (0.31–0.50 total tooth length)
121 (1) hypoconulid of ultimate lower molar tall and sharply recurved
122 (1) lower molar entoconid smaller than hypoconid and/or hypoconulid
Metatheria
3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families
22 (1) staggered lower incisor
29 (2) three premolars
47 (1) first lower premolar oblique
62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly
130 (3) posteriormost mental foramen at ultimate premolar first molar junction or more posterior
139 (0) labial mandibular foramen absent
140 (0) condyloid crest absent
142 (1) angular process shelf along ventral border of dentary
143 (1) angular process medially directed
154 (1) ‘‘Meckelian’’ groove absent
156 (1) ‘‘coronoid’’ facet absent
179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face
183 (1) palatal process of premaxilla reaches nearly or to canine alveolus
252 (1) glenoid fossa troughlike
270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery
274 (2) stapedial artery absent
297 (2) foramen for ramus superior absent
299 (2) ascending canal absent
313 (1) opening for inferior petrosal sinus separate from jugular foramen
327 (1) sulcus for anterior distributary of transverse sinus posterolateral to subarcuate fossa
Node C: Mayulestes + Pucadelphys
32 (1) first upper premolar procumbent
71 (2) upper molar stylar cusp B subequal to paracone
77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone
78 (2) upper molar metacone lingual relative to paracone
79 (1) upper molar paracone and metacone bases separated
93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded
94 (1) upper molar protocone procumbent
109 (1) lower molar mesiolingual vertical crest of paraconid keeled
113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approximation to entoconid
126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present
185 (1) incisive foramen intermediate in length (length of 3 to 4 incisors)
190 (1) palatal expanded posterior to ultimate molar
255 (1) glenoid process of alisphenoid present
272 (1) deep groove for internal carotid artery on anterior pole of promontorium
300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow
312 (1) jugular foramen larger than fenestra cochleae
31 (1) tall, trenchant upper premolar in penultimate position
36 (1) penultimate upper premolar protocone small lingual bulge
40 (1) ultimate upper premolar protocone smaller than paracone
55 (1) ultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive but low
118 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed (less than 50% total length)
175 (1) preorbital length more than one-third skull length
202 (1) zygomatic arch delicate
293 (1) epitympanic recess lateral wall with extensive squamosal contribution
380 (1) ossified patella present
391 (1) astragalar medial plantar tuberosity protruding
400 (1) calcaneal sustentacular facet with dorsal mesiolateral orientation
Node D: Murtoilestes + ( Prokennalestes + Eomaia )
69 (1) upper molar preparastyle present
84 (0) upper molar postmetacrista cuspate
88 (1) upper molar paraconule prominent, closer to protocone
Node D 1: Prokennalestes + Eomaia
66 (0) upper molar parastylar lobe labial relative to metastylar lobe
77 (0) upper molar metacone noticeably smaller than paracone
89 (1) upper molar metaconule prominent, closer to protocone
Node E
71 (1) upper molar stylar cusp B vestigial or absent
90 (1) upper molar internal conular cristae distinctive and winglike
94 (1) upper molar protocone procumbent
96 (1) upper molar protocone height approaching paracone and metacone
157 (2) mandibular foramen recessed dorsally from ventral margin, but below alveolar plane
Node F
60 (1) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid present 154 (1) ‘‘Meckelian’’ groove absent
Node G
57 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid as wide as anterior portion of crown
119 (2) lower molar talonid width subequal to or wider than trigonid
122 (2) lower molar entoconid larger than hypoconid and/or hypoconulid
156 (1) ‘‘coronoid’’ facet absent
Node H: Zhelestidae , defined here as the clade formed by Sheikhdzheilia , Zhelestes , and all - their descendants
65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25% total tooth width
83 (2) upper molar postmetacrista weak or absent
91 (2) upper molar conular region wide (greater than 0.51 total tooth length)
96 (2) upper molar protocone height subequal to paracone and metacone
120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approximation to entoconid
Node H 1
68 (2) upper molar parastylar lobe 20% or less of tooth length
76 (2) upper molar deep ectoflexus strongly reduced or absent
77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone
93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded
97 (2) upper molar precingulum present, reaching labially passed paraconule
98 (2) upper molar postcingulum present, reaching labially passed metaconule
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
Node H 2
112 (1) lower molar protoconid height subequal to para- and/or metaconid
126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present
Node H 3: Avitotherium + Gallolestes
97 (1) upper molar precingulum present 114 (0) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present
Node H 4: Parazhelestes + ( Zhelestes + Aspanlestes )
53 (1) penultimate lower premolar metaconid swelling
55 (0) ultimate lower premolar paraconid indistinctive
66 (2) upper molar metastylar lobe labial relative to parastylar lobe
69 (1) upper molar preparastyle present
113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse
116 (2) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching labial to notch in protocristid
121 (0) hypoconulid of ultimate lower molar short and erect
Node H 5: Zhelestes + Aspanlestes
43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present
44 (1) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum present
64 (2) upper molar much wider than long (length less than 75% of width)
Node J
42 (2) ultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe larger than metastylar
95 (1) moderate labial shift of upper molar protocone
Node K: Paranyctoides + Eozhelestes
25 (1) lower canine small
52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive 126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present
Node L
3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families
8 (1) three lower incisors
29 (1) four premolars
39 (1) penultimate upper premolar three roots
Node M: Cimolestidae + Asioryctitheria
77 (0) upper molar metacone noticeably smaller than paracone
79 (0) upper molar metacone and paracone bases adjoined
119 (1) lower molar talonid width narrower than trigonid
194 (1) minor palatine foramen formed by palatine and pterygoid
226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal
296 (1) fossa incudis anterior relative to fenestra vestibuli
315 (1) hypoglossal foramen housed in opening larger than jugular foramen
321 (0) petrosal roof for external acoustic meatus
Node M 1: Cimolestidae
17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent
21 (1) posterior lower incisor(s) procumbent
33 (1) first upper premolar one root
48 (1) first lower premolar one root
57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown
95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone
65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25% total tooth width
75 (1) upper molar preparacingulum interrupted between stylar margin and paraconule
113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse
120 (2) lower molar hypoconulid lingually placed with slight approximation to entoconid
129 (2) anteriormost mental foramen below second premolar
Node M 3: Asioryctitheria sensu Archibald and Averianov, 2006
26 (0) lower canine two roots
94 (0) upper molar protocone not procumbent
122 (1) lower molar entoconid smaller than hypoconid and/or hypoconulid
216 (2) postorbital process absent
258 (1) postglenoid foramen medial or anterior to postglenoid process
Node M 4: Bulaklestes + ( Daulestes + Uchkudukodon )
39 (0) penultimate upper premolar two roots
67 (1) first upper molar parastylar lobe anterior to paracone
121 (2) ultimate lower molar hypoconulid posteriorly procumbent
Node M 5: Daulestes + Uchkudukodon
70 (0) upper molar stylar cusp A subequal to or larger than B
71 (0) upper molar stylar cusp B distinctive
95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone
111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed
Node M 6: Kennalestes + ( Asioryctes + Ukhaatherium )
49 (1) diastema separating first and second lower premolars present
113 (1) lower molar protocristid transverse
135 (2) tilting of coronoid process near vertical (95 ° to 105 °)
270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery
340 (1) atlas neural arch fused
Node M 7: Asioryctes + Ukhaatherium
8 (0) four lower incisors
36 (2) penultimate upper premolar protocone with enlarged basin
41 (2) ultimate upper premolar metacone large
52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive
111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed
129 (0) anteriormost mental foramen below incisors (or anteriormost dentary)
200 (1) maxillary-jugal contact bifurcated
Node N
38 (1) penultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe well developed
56 (2) ultimate lower premolar metaconid large
96 (2) upper molar protocone height subequal to paracone and metacone
404 (1) tuber calcis ventral curvature absent
405 (1) calcaneal facet for fibula absent
Node O
65 (2) upper molar stylar shelf less than 25% total tooth width
68 (2) upper molar parastylar lobe 20% or less of tooth length
76 (2) upper molar deep ectoflexus strongly reduced or absent
83 (2) upper molar postmetacrista weak or absent
91 (2) upper molar conular region wide (greater than 0.51 total tooth length)
111 (2) lower molar trigonid anteroposteriorly compressed
385 (2) astragalus, angle between medial and lateral facets for tibia 90 °
395 (2) astragalar canal absent
Node P: Zalambdalestidae
14 (2) ultimate upper incisor in maxilla
15 (1) anteriormost lower incisor size greatly enlarged
17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent
20 (1) anteriormost lower incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly
21 (1) posterior lower incisor(s) procumbent
120 (2) lower molar hypoconulid lingually placed with slight approximation to entoconid
130 (1) posteriormost mental foramen below penultimate premolar
182 (1) translacrimal canal present
184 (1) premaxillary-maxillary suture on palate wedge-shaped, pointing anteriorly
270 (1) medial course of internal carotid artery
Node P 1: Zhangolestes + ( Alymlestes + Zalambdalestes + Barunlestes )
25 (1) lower canine small
60 (0) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid absent
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
Node P 2: Alymlestes + Zalambdalestes + Barunlestes
108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin 120 (3) lower molar hypoconulid close approxima-
tion to entoconid
Node Q
40 (2) ultimate upper premolar protocone approaches paracone in height
44 (1) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum present
97 (2) upper molar precingulum present, reaching labially past paraconule
98 (2) upper molar postcingulum present, reaching labially past metaconule
150 (2) condyle more than molar length above tooth row
163 (1) lateral margin of paracanine fossa formed by maxilla and premaxilla
170 (1) nasofrontal suture with no medial process of frontals wedged between nasals
173 (1) frontal-maxillary contact on rostrum
183 (1) palatal process of premaxilla reaches nearly or to canine alveolus
216 (2) postorbital process absent
235 (1) vomer contacts pterygoid
236 (1) pterygoids do not contact on midline
238 (0) midline crest in basipharyngeal canal absent
244 (2) exit for maxillary nerve in front of alisphenoid
246 (2) foramen ovale in alisphenoid
248 (1) alisphenoid canal present
312 (1) jugular foramen larger than fenestra cochleae
333 (2) posttemporal canal absent
341 (1) atlas neural arch and intercentrum fused
342 (1) axis without suture between atlantal and axial parts
371 (1) epipubic bones absent
Node R: Gypsonictops + Leptictis
43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present
45 (1) ultimate upper premolar conules prominent
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
Node S
31 (2) tall, trenchant upper premolar absent
77 (2) upper molar metacone subequal or larger than paracone
93 (1) upper molar protocone anteroposteriorly expanded
268 (0) medial flange of petrosal absent
Node T: Purgatorius + ( Protungulatum + Oxyprimus )
57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower
than anterior portion of crown
95 (2) substantial labial shift of M2 protocone 111 (1) lower molar trigonid more acute
Node T 1: Protungulatum + Oxyprimus
52 (1) penultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive
62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly
87 (2) upper molar postvallum shear with second rank extending to metastylar lobe
89 (1) upper molar metaconule prominent, closer to protocone
119 (1) lower molar talonid narrower than trigonid
126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present
Placentalia
38 (0) penultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe absent or small
60 (0) ultimate lower premolar anterolingual cingulid absent
98 (3) upper molar postcingulum present, extending to labial margin
140 (0) condyloid crest absent
311 (2) inferior petrosal sinus endocranial
Node U
49 (1) diastema separating first and second lower premolars present, subequal to one toothroot diameter or more
143 (0) angular process posteriorly directed
149 (1) condyle cylindrical
204 (0) palatine reaches infraorbital canal
230 (1) nuchal crest posterior relative to foramen magnum
249 (1) posterior opening of alisphenoid canal in common depression with foramen ovale
278 (0) promontorium flat
279 (1) promontorium higher relative to basioccipital
289 (1) tensor tympani fossa circular pit
392 (2) astragalar neck present, similar in length to body width
Node U 1: Carnivora ( Vulpavus + Miacis )
31 (0) tall, trenchant upper premolar in ultimate position
32 (1) first upper premolar procumbent
40 (1) ultimate upper premolar protocone shorter than paracone
42 (3) ultimate upper premolar metastylar lobe larger than parastylar lobe
44 (0) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum absent
57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown
96 (1) upper molar protocone tall, approaching paracone and metacone
98 (1) upper molar postcingulum present
107 (1) lower molar paraconid subequal in height to metaconid
108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin
127 (1) ultimate lower molar smaller than penultimate lower molar
147 (1) angular process anterior relative to condylar process
224 (1) orbitotemporal canal absent
227 (1) frontoparietal suture with anterior process of parietal off the midline
262 (1) posttympanic crest of squamosal present
285 (2) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) prolonged anterior to promontorium
302 (0) postpromontorial tympanic sinus dorsal to cochlear fossula
305 (0) paroccipital process vertical
395 (1) astragalar canal, dorsal foramen only
Node U 2: Gujaratia + ( Hyopsodus + ( Meniscotherium + Phenacodus ))
43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present
63 (1) form of molar cusp inflated, robust
64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75% but less than 99% of width)
117 (2) lower molar trigonid height subequal to talonid height
126 (1) lower molar labial postcingulid present
364 (1) humeral articulation on radius via two fossae
367 (1) radial articulation with carpals via two fossae
Node U 3: Hyopsodus + ( Meniscotherium + Phenacodus )
58 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid with two cusps
86 (2) upper molar postprotocrista absent
87 (0) upper molar postvallum shear present but only by first rank: postmetacrista
99 (2) upper molar hypocone on postcingulum present, subequal to protocone
145 (1) angular process rounded, base as wide as tip
221 (1) optic foramen broadly separated from sphenorbital fissure
226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal
234 (0) choanae as wide as posterior palate
267 (1) basicochlear fissure patent
333 (1) posttemporal canal present, small
Node U 4: Meniscotherium + Phenacodus
11 (4) anteriormost upper incisor spatulate
45 (1) ultimate upper premolar conules prominent
70 (1) upper molar stylar cusp A distinct but smaller than B
72 (1) upper molar stylar cusp Cmesostyle present
82 (1) upper molar centrocrista V-shaped
85 (2) upper molar preprotocrista absent
185 (1) incisive foramen intermediate in length (length of 3 to 4 incisors)
289 (0) tensor tympani fossa shallow
354 (1) acromion proximal to glenoid articulation
373 (1) articular surface of femoral head limited to sphere of head
395 (0) astragalar canal present
Node V: (Euarchontaglires + (‘‘Eulipotyphla’’ + (Xenarthra + ‘‘Afrotheria’’)))
3 (2) six postcanine tooth families
17 (1) anteriormost lower incisor procumbent
21 (1) posterior lower incisor(s) procumbent
23 (1) upper canine small
29 (2) three premolars
86 (0) upper molar postprotocrista extends to mid-lingual surface of metacone
99 (2) upper molar hypocone on postcingulum present, subequal to protocone
114 (2) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present with shelf continuing along buccal border
152 (1) mandibular symphysis extends posteriorly top2
157 (3) mandibular foramen recessed dorsally from ventral margin, at or above alveolar plane
209 (1) maxilla not excluded from medial orbital wall
210 (1) frontal and maxilla contact in medial orbital wall
308 (0) ‘‘tympanic process’’ absent
370 (1) pubic symphysis narrow
Node W: Euarchontaglires
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
161 (2) premaxilla, facial process contacts frontal posteriorly
196 (1) posterior edge of anterior zygomatic root aligned with anterior molars
227 (1/2) frontoparietal suture with anterior process of parietal off/on midline
286 (1) width of bony shelf lateral to promonotorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) expanded anteriorly
300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow
356 (0) greater tubercle of humerus ventral to humeral head
Node W 1: Euarchonta ( Ptilocercus + ( Plesiadapis + ( Notharctus + Adapis )))
126 (1) upper molar labial postcingulid present
179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face
218 (1) postorbital bar present
274 (1) canal for stapedial artery on promontorium
294 (1) fossa incudis separated from epitympanic recess
317 (1) ectotympanic aphaneric or hidden
318 (0) ectotympanic ringlike
374 (0) greater trochanter lower than femoral head
375 (0) lesser trochanter of femur large
389 (1) sustentacular and navicular facets of astragalus contact
401 (1) calcaneal sustentacular facet expanded onto body
402 (2) calcaneal anterior peroneal tubercle at a distance from anterior end
Node W 2: Primates ( Plesiadapis + ( Notharctus + Adapis ))
43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present
58 (1) ultimate lower premolar talonid with two cusps
62 (1) molar size increasing posteriorly
151 (1) mandibular symphysis deep
203 (0) roots of molars not exposed in orbit floor
224 (1) orbitotemporal canal absent
226 (1) frontal length on midline less than half that of parietal
244 (1) exit for maxillary nerve within alisphenoid
248 (0) alisphenoid canal absent
251 (1) glenoid fossa partly on braincase
269 (2) rostral tympanic process of petrosal tall ridge, contributing to ventral bulla
301 (1) cochlear canaliculus visible canal in middle ear space
303 (1) fenestra cochleae posterior to fenestra vestibuli
304 (1) posterior septum shields fenestra cochleae
308 (2) ‘‘tympanic process’’ present, high
319 (0) anterior crus of ectotympanic does not broadly contact facet on squamosal
320 (1) elongate ossified external acoustic canal
339 (1) atlantal foramen absent
396 (1) posterior trochlear shelf of astragalus strong
408 (1) deep groove for tendon of flexor fibularis present on calcaneum
Node W 3: Notharctus + Adapis
3 (1) seven postcanine tooth families
8 (2) two lower incisors
16 (4) anteriormost lower incisor spatulate
17 (0) anteriormost lower incisor not procumbent
29 (1) four premolars
39 (0) penultimate upper premolar with two roots
106 (1) lower molar paraconid present
116 (2) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching labial to notch in protocristid
117 (2) lower molar trigonid height subequal to talonid height
129 (1) anteriormost mental foramen below p1
153 (1) mandibular symphysis fused
161 (1) premaxilla, facial process extends posteriorly beyond canine
169 (1) nasal does not overhangs external nasal aperture
181 (1) lacrimal foramen with maxillary contribution
196 (0) posterior edge of anterior zygomatic root aligned with last molar
261 (0) entoglenoid process of squamosal absent
390 (0) astragalar sustentacular facet does not reach medial edge of neck
397 (1) calcaneum narrow with sustentacular and ectal facets in line with long axis
403 (2) calcaneal plantar tubercle more proximal
407 (2) cuboid facet much wider (mediolateral) than deep (dorsoventral)
Node W 4: Glires
3 (3) five or fewer postcanine families
5 (1) lower diastema behind incisors enlarged
13 (1) anteriormost upper incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly
16 (2) anteriormost lower incisor anteroposteriorly compressed
18 (1) anteriormost lower incisor ever-growing, with large apical opening
19 (3) anteriormost lower incisor root extending posteriorly below molars
20 (1) anteriormost lower incisor enamel discontinuous posteriorly
23 (2) upper canine absent
29 (3) two premolars
82 (2) upper molar centrocrista absent
95 (2) substantial labial shift of upper molar protocone
105 (1) metastylar lobe on ultimate molar present
106 (1) paraconid absent
114 (3) anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) absent
138 (1) masseteric fossa extending anteriorly onto mandibular body
Node W 5: Duplicidentata ( Rhombomylus + Gomphos + Mimotona )
75 (0) upper molar preparacingulum absent
Node X: ‘‘Eulipotyphla’’ + (‘‘Afrotheria’’ + Xenarthra)
96 (1) upper molar protocone height tall, approaching paracone and metacone
120 (0) lower molar hypoconulid absent
135 (2) tilting of coronoid process near vertical (95 ° to 105 °)
143 (3) angular process posterodorsally directed
146 (1) angular process vertical position at or near the alveolar border
190 (1) palatal expansion posterior to ultimate molar
383 (1) tibia and fibula fused distally
403 (0) calcaneal plantar tubercle absent
Node Y: ‘‘Eulipotyphla’’
57 (0) ultimate lower premolar talonid narrower than anterior portion of crown
95 (0) no labial shift of upper molar protocone
130 (3) posteriormost mental foramen at ultimate premolar and first molar junction or more posterior
169 (1) nasal does not overhang external nasal aperture
174 (1) maxillary process of frontal elongate and thin
202 (2) zygomatic arch incomplete
260 (1) suprameatal foramen present
307 (1) crista interfenestralis and caudal tympanic process of petrosal connected by curved ridge
308 (2) ‘‘tympanic process’’ present, high
318 (1) ectotympanic fusiform
407 (1) cuboid facet depth and width subequal
8 (2) two lower incisors
9 (1) anteriormost upper incisor alveoli separat- ed by broad gap
27 (1) lower canine procumbent
64 (1) upper molar wider than long (length more than 75% but less than 99% of width)
85 (0) upper molar preprotocrista does not extend labially passed base of paracone
101 (1) upper molar with four roots
102 (1) ultimate upper molar two roots
108 (1) lower molar paraconid on lingual margin
116 (3) lower molar cristid obliqua attaching below middle posterior of protoconid
127 (1) ultimate lower molar size smaller than penultimate lower molar
179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face
319 (0) anterior crus of ectotympanic does not broadly contact facet on squamosal
Node Y 2: Solenodon + ( Eoryctes + Potamogale )
17 (0) anteriormost lower incisor not procumbent
42 (2) ultimate upper premolar parastylar lobe larger than metastylar lobe
55 (1) ultimate lower premolar paraconid distinctive but low
76 (1) deep ectoflexus on penultimate and preceding molars
86 (1) upper molar postprotocrista extends distal to metacone
114 (0) lower molar anterior and labial (mesiobuccal) cingular cuspule (f) present
117 (0) lower molar trigonid height twice or more than talonid height
119 (0) lower molar talonid very narrow, subequal to base of metaconid
235 (0) vomer does not contact pterygoid
285 (1) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) confined posterolaterally
348 (1) five or fewer lumbar vertebrae
357 (1) deltopectoral crest reaches distal half of humerus
Node Y 3: Eoryctes + Potamogale
44 (0) ultimate upper premolar postcingulum absent
176 (1) lacrimal absent
210 (0) frontal and maxilla do not contact in medial orbital wall
265 (1) alisphenoid tympanic process present
266 (1) basisphenoid tympanic process present
305 (0) paroccipital process vertical
Node Z: ‘‘Afrotheria’’ + Xenarthra
129 (0) anteriormost mental foramen below incisors (or anteriormost dentary)
134 (1) coronoid process narrow, subequal to or less than one molar length
138 (1) masseteric fossa extending anteriorly onto mandibular body
152 (2) mandibular symphysis extends posteriorly to p3 or more posterior
203 (0) roots of molars not exposed in orbit floor
293 (2) epitympanic recess lateral wall with no squamosal contribution
322 (1) entotympanic present
367 (1) radial articulation with carpals two fossae
Node Z 1: Xenarthra ( Chaetophractus + ( Bradypus + Tamandua ))
2 (1) simple peglike teeth without enamel
130 (0) posteriormost mental foramen in canine and anterior premolar region
132 (0) space between ultimate molar and coronoid process absent
140 (1) condyloid crest present
179 (0) lacrimal foramen exposed on face
188 (3) multiple small major palatine foramina
191 (0) postpalatine torus absent
228 (1) temporal lines do not meet on midline to form sagittal crest
239 (2) entopterygoid process approaches ear region
273 (1) perbullar carotid canal present
281 (2) tympanic aperture of hiatus Fallopii absent
285 (1) bony shelf lateral to promontorium (lateral trough or tegmen tympani) confined posterolaterally
291 (1) hypotympanic sinus formed by squamosal, petrosal, and alisphenoid
294 (1) fossa incudis separated from epitympanic recess
331 (0) anterior semicircular canal does not form lateral wall of subarcuate fossa aperture
348 (1) six or more lumbar vertebrae
349 (1) xenarthrous articulations on lumbar vertebrae present
351 (1) sacral vertebrae fused to pelvis
143 (0) angular process posteriorly directed
202 (2) zygomatic arch incomplete
233 (2) foramina for temporal rami absent
234 (0) choanae as wide as posterior palate
251 (1) glenoid fossa partly on braincase
335 (1) posttemporal canal position dorsal to external acoustic meatus
353 (0) suprascapular incisure absent
356 (0) greater tubercle of humerus ventral to humeral head
372 (1) articular surface of femoral head limited to sphere of head
374 (0) greater trochanter lower than femoral head
376 (0) third trochanter of femur absent
383 (0) tibia and fibula distally fused
393 (0) astragalar head convexity absent
405 (1) calcaneal facet for fibula absent
Node Z 3: ‘‘Afrotheria’’ (( Orycteropus + Rhynchocyon ) + ( Moeritherium + Procavia ))
4 (1) upper diastema narrow between canine and premolars
14 (1) ultimate upper incisor between maxilla and premaxilla
252 (4) glenoid fossa convex, open anteriorly
300 (1) stapedius fossa small and shallow
370 (0) pubic symphysis extensive
388 (1) cotylar fossa on astragalus present
391 (1) astragalar medial planar tuberosity protruding
Node Z 4: Orycteropus + Rhynchocyon
177 (0) facial process of lacrimal large, triangular, and pointed anteriorly
202 (1) zygomatic arch delicate
204 (0) palatine reaches infraorbital canal
205 (0) lacrimal contributes to maxillary foramen
208 (1) sphenopalatine foramen proximal to maxillary foramen
210 (0) frontal and maxilla do not contact in medial orbital wall
313 (1) jugular foramen separated from opening for inferior petrosal sinus
318 (1) ectotympanic fusiform
336 (2) one mastoid foramen in mastoid
347 (0) 13 or fewer thoracic vertebrae
381 (1) articulation between femur and fibula present
384 (1) trochlear groove moderately deep (Ushaped)
Node Z 5: Moeritherium + Procavia
5 (1) lower diastema behind incisors enlarged
8 (2) two lower incisors
43 (1) ultimate upper premolar precingulum present
86 (2) upper molar postprotocrista absent
87 (3) upper molar postvallum shear absent
125 (1) lower molar hypolophid present
130 (1) posteriormost mental foramen below penultimate premolar
131 (1) mandibular body deep and short
145 (1) angular process rounded, base as wide as tip
153 (1) mandibular symphysis fused
175 (0) preorbital length less than one-third skull length
247 (1) foramen ovale on ventral surface of skull
254 (0) glenoid process of jugal present, with articular facet
337 (1) amastoidy or lack of occipital exposure of mastoid present
354 (2) acromion absent
360 (1) entepicondylar foramen absent
APPENDIX 5
ANATOMICAL ABBREVIATIONS
aa anterior ampulla
adm arteria diploëtica magna
an angular process
ap acromion process
art articular surface
as alisphenoid
asc anterior semicircular canal
bo basioccipital
bpc basipharyngeal canal
bs basisphenoid
C last last cervical vertebra
c lower canine
caf caudal articular fovea
Calv upper canine alveolus
cap capitulum
cc condyloid crest
ccp coracoid process
cec centrocrista
cf carotid foramen
ch choanae
ci crista interfenestralis
cl clavicle
cm caudal margin
co cristid obliqua
coc coronoid crest
con condylar process
cor coronoid process
cp crista parotica
craf cranial articular fovea
crp crista petrosa
crt open root of canine
ctpp caudal tympanic process of petrosal cuf cuspule f
da dorsal arch
dc deltopectoral crest
eam external acoustic meatus roof
ec ectotympanic
ecp ectopterygoid process
eef entepicondylar foramen
ef ethmoidal foramen
efl ectoflexus
egp entoglenoid process
encd entocristid
end entoconid
enp entopterygoid process
eo exoccipital
er epitympanic recess
ew epitympanic wing of petrosal
fad facies articularis dorsalis
fai foramen acousticum inferius
fas foramen acousticum superius
fc fenestra cochleae
fdv frontal diploic vein foramen
fh fossa hypophyseos
fi fossa incudis
fm foramen magnum fo foramen ovale fr frontal frt foramen for ramus temporalis fv fenestra vestibuli gf glenoid fossa gica transpromontorial groove for internal carotid
artery gmpn groove for major palatine nerve gpn groove for greater petrosal nerve gr groove connecting maxillary and sphenopalatine
foramina gsa groove for stapedial artery gt greater tubercle h humerus ham pterygoid hamulus hf hypoglossal foramen hh humeral head hyd hypoconid hyld hypoconulid hyp hypocone i1 lower first incisor i1rt root of lower first incisor i2 lower second incisor i3 lower third incisor ica internal carotid artery icn intercondyloid notch ijv internal jugular vein ioc matrix within infraorbital canal iof infraorbital foramen ips inferior petrosal sinus isf infraspinous fossa jf jugular foramen ju jugal juf facet for jugal on maxilla lac lacrimal lacf lacrimal foramen lec lateral epicondyle lhv lateral head vein lmf labial mandibular foramen lsc lateral semicircular canal lt lesser tubercle m1 lower first molar M1 upper first molar m2 lower second molar M2 upper second molar M2rt lingual root of upper second molar m3 lower third molar M3 upper third molar M3rt lingual root of upper third molar maf masseteric fossa mas masseteric spine mc midline crest me mastoid exposure mec medial epicondyle med metaconid mee matrix within middle ear space mes metastyle (stylar cusp E) met metacone metl metaconule mf mental foramina mfl medial flange mipf minor palatine foramen mn mandibular notch mre midline rod-shaped eminence mx maxilla mxf maxillary foramen
na nasal
nc nuchal crest
nsc scapular neck
oc occipital condyle
of olecranon fossa of humerus
op olecranon process of ulna
os orbitosphenoid
p1 lower first premolar
p2 lower second premolar
P2 upper second premolar
p3 lower third premolar
P3 upper third premolar
p3rt root of lower third premolar
p4 lower fourth premolar
p5 lower fifth premolar
P5 upper fifth premolar
pa parietal
pad paraconid
paf facet for parietal on frontal
pal palatine
par paracone
parl paraconule
pas parastyle (stylar cusp A)
pc prootic canal
pcp paracondylar process of exoccipital
ped pedicle
pet eam external auditory meatus on petrosal (base of tympanohyale in Kielan-Jaworowska, 1981)
pet petrosal
pf piriform fenestra
pfc prefacial commissure
pff primary facial foramen
pgf postglenoid foramen
pgp postglenoid process
pgv postglenoid vein
pmc postmetacrista
pmx premaxilla
poc postcingulum
pocd postcristid
pomtlc postmetaconularcrista
pop postorbital process (broken base)
popc postprotocrista
poz postzygopophysis
ppc preparacrista
ppci preparacingulum
ppr paroccipital process of petrosal
pps post-promontorial tympanic sinus
pr promontorium of petrosal
prc precingulum
prcd protocristid
prd protoconid
pro protocone
prpc preprotocrista
prplc preparaconularcrista
prz prezygopophysis
ps groove for prootic sinus
psc posterior semicircular canal
pt pterygoid
ptc posterior opening, posttemporal canal
pv palatal vacuity
r rib
raf radial fossa
ri ramus inferior
rmt retromolar triangle
rs ramus superior
rt ramus temporalis
saf subarcuate fossa
safe endocast of subarcuate fossa
sc scapula
sf stapedius fossa
smf suprameatal foramen
so supraoccipital
sof? sphenorbital fissure?
sp spinous process
spf sphenopalatine foramen
spT1 spinous process for first thoracic vertebra sq eam external auditory meatus on squamosal sq squamosal
ss spine of scapula
sscf subscapular fossa
ssf supraspinous fossa
stf supratrochlear foramen
suc supinator crest
sva sulcus for vertebral artery
sym mandibular symphysis
T thoracic vertebra
tal talonid
tb trigon basin
th tympanohyal
tor postpalatine torus
tp transverse process
typ tympanic process
typ* tympanic process (broken base) tr trochlea
trd trigonid
trn trochlear notch of ulna
tt tegmen tympani
ul fac ulnar facet
vdm vena diploëtica magna
ver vermis endocast
vg vascular groove
vm vertebral margin
vt vena temporalis
zlac zygomatic process of lacrimal zmx zygomatic process of maxilla
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