Hypopygus isbruckeri, De Santana & Crampton, 2011

De Santana, Carlos D. & Crampton, William G. R., 2011, Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4), pp. 1096-1156 : 1127-1130

HYPOPYGUS ISBRUCKERI SP. NOV.

( FIG. 21 ; TABLE 4)

Diagnosis: Hypopygus isbruckeri is diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of characters: the total number of anal-fin rays (136–156 versus 102–135 in H. hoedemani , H. lepturus , and H. minissimus ), the presence of the sixth infraorbital bone (versus absence in H. hoedemani , H. lepturus , and H. minissimus ), the presence of oblique bands (versus absence in H. minissimus ), the presence of scales at midbody (versus absence in H. minissimus ), the total number of pectoral fin rays (12–16 versus 10–12 in H. nijsseni ), the number of scales above the lateral line (seven to eight versus five to six in H. nijsseni , and three to five in H. neblinae ), the head length (13.2–22.9% of LEA versus 12.6–13.9 in H. ortegai ), and the dorsal rami of intermittent branch of anterior lateral line nerve visible as two black parallel lines (versus not visible in H. ortegai ).

Pigmentation ( Fig. 21 ): Head and body background coloration light brown. Eighteen to 20 dark stripes on dorsal region. Dorsal rami of intermittent branch of anterior lateral line nerve visible as two black parallel lines, on each side of upper back from approximately one to one-half pectoral fin length behind the occiput, running posteriorly to mid-dorsal portion of body.

Electric organ discharge: Data available only from a single specimen, UF 148537 (WC38.150304, 76 mm, immature). EOD tetraphasic ( Fig. 17 ); duration 1.26 ms; peak power frequency 2.23 kHz; day-time pulse repetition rate 46.2 Hz (1 min recording: range 44.2–56.1 Hz, SD 1.78 Hz).

Distribution: Hypopygus isbruckeri is known only from the vicinity of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas, Venezuela ( Fig. 20 ).

Ecology: Hypopygus isbruckeri is known from small rainforest and savannah streams, in marginal root mats, leaf litter, and aquatic vegetation. In the region of the type locality it is apparently uncommon. It occurs in sympatry and ecological syntopy with three congeners: H. lepturus (uncommon), H. minissimus (uncommon), and H. neblinae (common). Stomach contents include Chironomidae larvae and other small aquatic insect larvae.

Etymology: The specific epithet, isbruckeri , is a patronym in honour of I. J. H. Isbrücker for his contributions to Neotropical ichthyology, including Hypopygus ( Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1972) .

Material examined: (Nine specimens.)

Holotype. Venezuela. Amazonas. UF 175390, 90.0 mm, immature; Caño Magua, forest stream approximately 1 km from Magua, 13 km and 126° from San Fernando de Atabapo , Río Orinoco drainage, 03°58′50.2″N,

067°36′28.1″W; W. Crampton et al., 11–15.iii.2004.

Paratypes. Venezuela. Amazonas. UF 148537, 2 ,

56.6–75.2 mm (1 recorded: WC38.150304, immature,

75.2 mm); Caño Viejita, moriche palm swamp in savannah, road from San Fernando de Atabapo to

Santa Bárbara , 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo, 03°55′59.0″N, 067°36′34.2″W; W. Crampton et al., 12–15.iii.2004 UF 148539, 6 (3 CS) , 50.0–

90.0 mm; same collecting data as holotype.

HYPOPYGUS LEPTURUS HOEDEMAN

( FIGS 22 , 23A; TABLE 4)

Hypopygus lepturus Hoedeman, 1962: 99 , fig. 4 [original description; ‘ Maroni basin, no exact locality’, Suriname, holotype RMNH 19466, 74 mm]. – Nijssen &

Isbrücker, 1972: 162, [type locality by restriction:

lateral and dorsal views of body, UF 176882

(WC07.050307), male, 97.5 mm; Suriname, Kola Kreek,

c. 6 km west of Zanderij, Para Rivier drainage.

05°27′08″N, 055°14′42″W. Scale bars = 5 mm.

·

Figure 23. Live specimens of Hypopygus from the upper Amazon: A, Hypopygus lepturus, MCP 44602, immature, 78 mm; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Tefé, Lago Tefé,

Igarapé Repartimento on road from Tefé to Agrovila,

03°24′28″S, 64°44′10″W. B, Hypopygus nijsseni, MCP

44740 ( WC01.070703 ), immature, 70 mm; Brazil, Amazonas , Ilha Martelo, Rio Tefé, 03°46′53.1″S, 64°59′57.3″W . C,

Hypopygus ortegai, UF 148524 (WC01.160104), immature,

92 mm; Peru, Loreto, km 3.9 on road from Jenaro Herrera to Colonia Angamos , 04°53′01″S, 073°38′10″W .

‘ Surinam, Marowijne District, Maka Creek, at left bank of Lawa River, 10 km S. of center of Stoelman’s Island, Marowijne River system, 04°16′N, 52°25′W’ (note, the correct coordinate is 04°16′N, 54°25′W), with establishment of five topotypes, ZMA 106.082, max. 87 mm], figs 1–3; pl. 1 (photograph of holotype), pl. 2 (photograph of two topotypes). – Mago-Leccia, 1994: 50, fig. 76 [ Suriname]. – Planquette, Keith & Le Bail, 1996: 395, with photograph [French Guyana]. – Albert & Crampton, 2003: 495 [Amazon basin, Orinoco basin, Suriname]. – Crampton & Albert 2006: 672, fig. 24.8 (including EOD waveform) [Amazon basin, Orinoco basin, Guianas]. – Campos da Paz, 2007: 123 [distribution in check list; Brazil].

Diagnosis: Hypopygus lepturus is diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of characters: the absence of the sixth infraorbital bone (versus presence in all congeners except H. hoedemani and H. minissimus ), the total number of anal-fin rays (109–135 versus 136–170 in all congeners except H. hoedemani and H. minissimus ), the length of the caudal filament (48.4–80.9% of LEA versus 31.1–48.1 in H. hoedemani ), the presence of scales at midbody (versus absence in H. minissimus ), the presence of oblique bands (versus absence in H. minissimus ), and the dorsal rami of the intermittent branch of anterior lateral line nerve visible as two black parallel lines (versus not visible in H. ortegai ).

Description: Head and body shape, and pigmentation illustrated in Figures 22 and 23A. Morphometric data for examined specimens are presented in Table 4. Body size moderate, maximum examined TL 116 mm (N = 4252). Maximum examined length from snout to end of BC 19.2 mm. No sexual dimorphism in body or head shape. Snout slightly convex. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Pectoral-fin rays nine to ten (N = 20). Postpectoral EO with two columns and four to six rows of electrocytes. EO dorsal groove extending anteriorly to approximately one to two orbital diameters behind posterior border of eye. Scales present on mid-dorsal region of body. Scales above lateral line at midbody 4–5 (N = 20). Scales below lateral line 4–6 (N = 20). Total anal-fin rays 109–135 (N = 20). Caudal filament elongate. Precaudal vertebrae 15 (12–13 anterior; two to three transitional; N = 20).

Pigmentation ( Figs 22 , 23A for colour of live specimen): Pigmentation varies considerably amongst individuals in the same population across the entire distribution of the species (e.g. see Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1972: figs 2, 3). Head and body background light to dark brown. Eleven to 20 pale oblique bands from nape to end of caudal filament. Pectoral-fin ray and inter-radial membrane hyaline, sporadically speckled with dark chromatophores. Anal-fin ray and inter-radial membrane hyaline.

Dorsal rami of intermittent branch of anterior lateral line nerve visible as two black parallel lines on each side of upper back, from approximately one to one-half pectoral fin lengths behind the occiput, running posteriorly to mid-dorsal portion of body.

Lateral line nerve sometimes visible as dark line, extending from above pectoral fin to caudal filament.

Electric organ discharge: Previous studies have described some aspects of the electric signals of H. lepturus – including EOD shape, and pulse rate (see Introduction). Here we summarize, for the first time, data from populations near the region of the type locality in Suriname (UF 176882–UF 176884, N = 23). Forthcoming studies will explore interpopulation variation, and interspecific variation of EODs in the Steatogenini . Hypopygus lepturus generates a tetraphasic EOD ( Fig. 17 ); duration 0.85–1.15 ms (mean 0.97, N = 22), peak power frequency 2.502 –3.359 kHz (mean 2.815, N = 22). Mean pulse rate during the day ranges from 34.5 to 71.6 Hz [mean 56.9, coefficient of variance (CV) 3.19, N = 23], and during the night from 49.0 to 85.2 Hz (mean 77.8, CV 4.60, N = 22).

Distribution: Hypopygus lepturus exhibits a much wider geographical range than all other species of Hypopygus , occurring across most major drainages of the Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, from many drainages of the Orinoco basin in Colombia and Venezuela, from coastal drainages of the Guianas in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, and from northern tributaries of the Paraguay in Brazil ( Fig. 24 ).

Ecology: Hypopygus lepturus is a common component of the ichthyofauna of nutrient-poor (electrical conductivity typically less than 30 MScm-1) creeks and streams throughout its range. Our observations indicate that the behaviour and ecology of this species are similar throughout its geographical range. It typically occurs in groups of several to many dozens of individuals in hanging root mats along the edge of stream banks, especially where the bank is undercut. During the day H. lepturus hide in these locations, but at night they emerge to forage in adjacent leaf litter and along the root-clad margins of streams. Hypopygus lepturus typically prefers gently flowing water (0.05– 0.25 ms-1) (although currents are typically negligible within the substrate in which it shelters) and is usually absent if there is no flow at all. Stomach contents of H. lepturus contain a variety of small autochthonous aquatic invertebrates – mostly the larvae of Chironomidae and other aquatic insects, but also some small allochthonous insects – mostly ants and termites. Throughout much of its range H. lepturus occurs without congeners. However, from our examination of museum lots, and from expeditions, we noted its syntopic co-occurrence with other Hypopygus in several areas: Iquitos and Jenaro Herrera region, Loreto, Peru (with H. ortegai ); Tefé region, Amazonas, Brazil (with H. nijsseni ); lower and middle Rio Negro (with H. cryptogenes , H. hoedemani , H. neblinae ) upper Rio Negro (with H. hoedemani , Lima et al., 2005, H. minissimus , and H. neblinae ); upper Orinoco in region of San Fernando de Atabapo (with H. isbruckeri , H. minissimus , H. neblinae ).

Remarks: Hypopygus lepturus is the most widespread species in the genus, and not surprisingly we found differences in the pattern of colorations and meristic ranges between distant populations. For instance we found some non-overlapping differences in the number of anal-fin rays between populations in Suriname and the Rio Negro. A detailed examination using molecular tools may ultimately be necessary to determine whether cryptic species diversity exists amongst populations identified here as H. lepturus .

Material examined: (4317 specimens.)

Bolivia. Beni. AMNH 39825, 11, 45–60 mm; backwater tributary of Río Itenez, 10 km SE Costa Marques ( Brazil), Rio Guaporé (Mamoré), Rio Madeira drainage, 12°33′00″S, 064°12′24″W. CBF 10285, 1, 83 mm (WC09.250607, female); CBF 10286, 1, 89 mm (WC10.250607, female); CBF 10287, 1, 83 mm (WC11.250607, male); stream near Lago de San José, near Riberalta, Río Beni, Río Madeira drainage, 10°54′46″S, 065°59′49″W. CBF 10288, 1, 104 mm (WC30.270607, male); CBF 10289, 1, 101 mm (WC31.270607, male); shallow pond near Lago de San José, near Riberalta, Río Beni, Río Madeira drainage, 10°54′46″S, 065°59′49″W. CBF 10290, 1, 93 mm (WC03.280607, immature); CBF 10291, 1, 76 mm (WC09.280607, female); CBF 10292, 1, 71 mm (WC10.280607, female); CBF 10293, 1, 56 mm (WC11.280607, immature): stream near Lago de San José, near Riberalta, Río Beni, Río Madeira drainage, 10°55′32″S, 066°00′36″W. UF 176881, 2, 48–90 mm (WC37.060707, male, 90 mm; WC38.060707, immature, 48 mm); stream on Riberalta- Guayaramerim road, near Boceron, 11°02′50″S, 065°50′06″W. UMMZ 204514, 1, 61 mm; Río Itenez and overflow pools, along middle of sandbar, 9 km SE of Costa Marques, Brazil, Río Guaporé (Rio Mamoré), Rio Madeira drainage, 12°32′24″S, 064°12′42″W. UMMZ 204633, 1, 57 mm; Rio Itenez, mouth of tributary in overflow, 0.25 km above mouth of Río Baurés, 5 km SW Costa Marques, Brazil, Río Guaporé (Rio Mamoré), Rio Madeira drainage, 12°30′30″S, 064°19′00″W. UMSS 7049, 1, 53 mm (WC12.280607, immature); UMSS 7050, 1, 60 mm (WC13.280607, immature); UMSS 7051, 1, 52 mm (WC14.280607, immature); UMSS 7052, 1, 56 mm (WC15.280607, female); UMSS 7053, 1, 90 mm (WC16.280607, immature); stream near Lago de San José, near Riberalta, Río Beni, Río Madeira drainage, 10°55.537′S, 066°00.60′W. UMSS 7054, 1, 77 mm (WC25.290607, female), Riberalta-Guayaramerim Road near km 43; 11°00′ 30.2″S, 065°39′49.4″W. UMSS 7055, 1, 62 mm (WC33.060707, immature); UMSS 7056, 1, 61 mm (WC34.060707, immature); UMSS 7057, 1, 65 mm (WC35.060707, immature); UMSS 7058, 1, 99 mm (WC36.060707, male); stream on Riberalta- Guayaramerim road, near Boceron, 11°02.844′S, 065°50.114′W. USNM 305589, 9, 36–54 mm; Ballivia Province, Lago Normandia, south-east portion, 40 km east of San Borja, 14°55′S, 066°18′W. Pando . FMNH 106698, 3, 25–35 mm; Río Manuri, c. 12 km upstream of Puerto Rico, Río Madeira drainage, 11.15°S, 067.56°W. Brazil. Acre. MCP 29033, 4, 44–80 mm; stream on BR- 364, 39 km 147° from near Sena Madureira, Rio Purus drainage, 09°22′14″S, 068°27′21″W. Amazonas. BMNH 1998.3.11.35–43. 9, 35–43 mm (WC06.260395 immature; WC07.260395 immature; WC08.260395 immature; and six unrecorded immature); Igarapé Repartimento, 7 km and 230° from Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, 03°24′55″S, 064°45′00″W. BMNH 1985.6.22.59–63, 5, 47–64 mm; BMNH 1985.6.22.64–68, 4 (of 5), 40–63 mm; Tarumazinho River (= Igarapé Tarumã Mirim), near Manaus, Rio Negro drainage, 02°53′47″S, 060°13′52″W. INPA 6620, 4, 42.4–53.1 mm; Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Igarapé Santo Antônio, near Nova Esperança above Santa Isabel, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 9955, 13, 71.5–98.3 mm; Igarapé Repartimento, 4 km south-east of Tefé, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, 03°24′55″S, 064°45′00″W. INPA 15829, 9, 73.1–89.6 mm (WC03.120398, male, 98 mm; WC04.120398, male, 95 mm; WC05.120398, female, 85 mm; WC08.120398, male, 102 mm; WC09.120398, female, 77 mm; WC10.120398, male, 83 mm; WC11.120398, female, 83 mm; WC12.120398, male, 82 mm; WC13.120398, male, 97 mm); Igarapé Repartimento, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage. INPA 16027, 4, 23.4–38.2 mm; Igarapé Santo Antoninho, Rio Tarumã-Açu, near Manaus, BR-174, km 18. INPA 16159, 127, 29.1–70.5 mm; Presidente Figueiredo, Rio Uatumã, Igarapé Catitu, Rio Uatumã drainage. INPA 17140, 2, 36.4–49.5 mm; Santa Luzia, Rio Purus, Rio Purus drainage, 04°42′18″S, 062°22′25″W. INPA 17159, 10, 42–63 mm; Igarapé Das Duas Bocas, branch of Paraná do Jaú, Rio Purus drainage. INPA 18174, 1, 64.3 mm (WC04.060197, female); INPA 18427, 1, 36 mm (WC04.030899, immature); INPA 18430, 4, 63–88 mm; WC01.070200, immature, 78 mm; WC02.070200, female, 68 mm; WC13.070200, female, 63 mm; WC05.280200, female, 83 mm); INPA 18432, 3, 84–100 mm (WC11.290200, male, 100 mm; WC12.040300, female, 89 mm; WC13.040300, female, 84 mm; Rio Tefé, Lago Tefé, Igarapé Curupira, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage. INPA 18173, 3, 78–95 mm (WC02.200197, immature, 78 mm; WC04.200197, male, 90 mm; WC07.200197, male, 95 mm); INPA 18175, 3, 66–83 mm (WC02.170297, female, 66 mm; WC04.170297, female, 81 mm; WC12.170297, male, 83 mm); INPA 18223, 1, 97.6 mm; INPA 18425, 1, 80 mm (WC06.181296, immature); INPA 18426, 1, 82 mm (WC03.201296, immature); INPA 18429, 9, 70–100 mm (WC06.010200, immature, 85 mm; WC07.010200, female, 70 mm; WC08.010200, immature, 74 mm; WC07.040200, immature, 84 mm; WC16.040200, female, 81 mm; WC24.040200, male, 100 mm; WC25.040200, female, 72 mm; WC27.040200, male, 89 mm; WC30.040200, immature, 84 mm); INPA 18431, 1, 83 mm (WC05.280200, female); INPA 18523, 1, 104 mm (WC08.250299, male); Tefé, Lago Tefé, Igarapé do Repartimento, Rio Tefé drainage. INPA 18428, 1, 58 mm (WC 01.211199, immature); Lago Amanã, mouth of Igarapé Juá Grande, municipality of Maraã, Rio Japurá drainage. INPA 21957, 1, 47.9 mm; Rio Negro, Rio Cuieiras, Fazenda Dimona (Projeto de Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais) INPA 26275, 4, 46.2–57.8 mm; Igarapé Tarumã-Mirim, near Manaus, Rio Negro drainage, 2°53′47″S, 60°13′52″W. INPA 27248, 1, 56.7 mm; Igarapé Munduca, affluent of left margin of Igarapé Ipixuna, near Coari, Igarapé Ipixuna drainage, 03°54′00″S, 063°56′03″W. INPA 28599, 6, 48.9– 57.3 mm; Igarapé, km 10, near Francisca Mendes, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°45′16″S, 059°37′29″W. INPA 29218, 1, 59.7 mm; Lago Uauaçu, Igarapé Ilhinha, near Beruri, Rio Purus drainage. INPA 29356, 43, 36.1–67.4 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 01°46′09″S, 061°38′22″W. INPA 29275, 3, 52.2– 57.9 mm; Lago Ayapuá, Igarapé Ajará, municipality of Beruri, Rio Purus drainage, 04°25′07″N, 062°15′36″W. INPA 29412, 2 (of 4), 50–60 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 01°48′09″S, 061°37′36″W. INPA 29388, 4, 54.9–61.6 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 01°45′30″S, 061°37′37″W. INPA 29447, 22, 42.1–76.5 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 01°45′30″S, 061°37′37″W. INPA 29374, 22, 44.1–82.8 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 1.8016700°S, 061.6462800°W. INPA 29475, 78, 40.9–91.0 mm; Igarapé Tiaracá, Parque Nacional do Jaú, municipality of Nova Airão, Rio Negro drainage, 01°46′11″S, 061°38′24″W. INPA 29823, 2, 71.6–97.4 mm; INPA 29824, 1, 75.8 mm; PDBFF/km 37, near Manaus, Rio Urubu drainage, 02°24′53″S, 059°46′23″W. INPA 29928, 1, 68.6 mm; PDBFF/km 37, near Manaus, Rio Urubu drainage, 02°24′46″S, 059°46′27″W. INPA 29995, 1 (no size data); PDBFF/Cabo Frio, Rio Urubu drainage, 02°24′24″S, 059°53′42″W. INPA 29958, 6, 35.6–59.7 mm; INPA 30250, 8, 13.3–85.2 mm; Igarapé Ajuricaba, municipality of Presidente Figueredo, Rio Urubu drainage, 02°07′04″S, 051°56′06″W. INPA 30030, 5 (no size data); Igarapé Toari, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°47′35″S, 059°38′21″W. INPA 30084, 3, 26.9–45.2 mm; Rio Cuieiras, PDBFF/DIMONA, Rio Negro drainage, 02°12′43″S, 060°03′19″W. INPA 30295, 1, 38.3 mm; Igarapé Ajuricaba, municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, Rio Urubu drainage, 02°07′04″S, 051°56′06″W. INPA 30384, 6, 67.7–74.0 mm; Igarapé Toari, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°47′35″S, 059°38′21″W. INPA 30487, 8, 65.8–94.2 mm; Igarapé Tucumã, Parque Estadual do Rio Negro, near Manaus, Rio Negro drainage, 02°42′46″S, 060°28′20″W. INPA 30527, 6, 67.9–75.2 mm; Rio Cuieiras, PDBFF/ DIMONA, Rio Negro drainage, 02°20′29″S, 060°06′09″W. INPA 30586, 23, 19.9–49.9 mm; Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°47′35″S, 059°38′21″W. INPA 30686, 1 (no size data); Rio Carabinani, above Cachoeira, municipality of Novo Airão, 02°01′58″S, 061°32′47″W. INPA 30736, 1, 89 mm; Manaus, Rio Branquinho, Rio Cuieiras, Rio Negro drainage, 02°32′10″S, 060°19′33″W. INPA 31995, 2, 68.0– 7.4 mm; Itacoatiara, Mil Madeira Ltda., Rio Urubu drainage, 02°48′15″S, 058°52′15″W. MCP 33344, 1, 59 mm; Boca do Igarapé Juá Grande, Lago Amanã, municipality of Maraã, Rio Japurá drainage, 02°26′53″S, 064°47′34″W. MCP 33345, 2, 82–94 mm; MCP 44745, 4, 70–92 mm (4 recorded: WC01.181296, immature, 92 mm; WC05.181296, immature, 70 mm; WC04.291296, immature, 83 mm; WC01.290197, male, 95 mm); MCP 44746, 5, 70–96 mm (5 recordings: WC03.200197, female, 73 mm; WC05.200197, male, 93 mm; WC06.200197, male, 96 mm; WC08.200197, female, 76 mm; WC08.200197, immature, 70 mm); MCP 44752, 1, 95 mm (WC09.070200, male); Igarapé Curupira, near bridge on Tefé-Agrovila highway, 9.7 km and 199° from Tefé, municipality of Tefé, Lago Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, 03°26′01″S, 064°43′47″W. MCP 33346, 1, 84 mm; MCP 33347, 1, 90 mm; MCP 44747, 5, 74–95 mm (4 recordings: WC05.170297, male, 96 mm; WC06.170297, female, 78 mm; WC10.170297, male, 91 mm; WC11.170297, male, 88 mm; WC02.260297, male, 95 mm); MCP 44749, 1, 87 mm (WC01.301298, female); MCP 44599, 1, 81 mm (1 CS) (WC05.221299, immature); MCP 44600, 7, 64–100 mm (1 CS) (7 recorded: WC02.290100, female, 73 mm; WC05.010200, female, 84 mm; WC10.040200; female, 64 mm (CS); WC17.040200, female, 79 mm; WC26.040200, male, 92 mm; WC28.040200, male, 90 mm; WC29.040200, male, 100 mm); MCP 44601, 4, 42–104 mm (3 recordings: WC01.290500, immature, 42 mm; WC07.110300, male, 98 mm; WC05.270300, male, 104 mm); MCP 44753, 1, 106 mm (WC01.100600, immature); MCP 44602, 2, 78– 78 mm; MCP 44652, 1, 98 mm (WC05.210201, male, 98 mm); Igarapé Repartimento, 1.5 km downstream Estrada Agrovila, c. 7 km and 230° from Tefé, municipality of Tefé, 03°24′30″S, 064°59′29″W. MCP 44748, 3, 68–74 mm (1CS) (3 recorded: WC18.031298, female, 74 mm (CS); WC19.031298, immature, 68 mm; WC20.031298, immature, 73 mm); MCP 44750, 1 (WC02.211299, immature, 59 mm); Boca do Igarapé Juá Grande, Lago Amanã, municipality of Maraã, Rio Japurá drainage, 03°26′53″S, 064°59′29″W. MCP 44751, 1 (WC02.060100, male, 81 mm); Ilha do Martelo, Rio Tefé, 57 km and 214° from Tefé, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, 03°46′49″S, 064°59′29″W. MCP 44754, 1, 89 mm; small unnamed stream draining directly into Rio Solimões, on road from Nogueira to Alvarães, 3.9 km and 221° from Alvarães, Municipality of Alvarães, Rio Solimões drainage, 03°14′16″S, 064°49′42″W. MCP 44755, 3, 30.0–46.5 mm (3CS), Igarapé Baré, tributary of Lago Amanã, municipality of Maraã, Rio Japurá drainage, 02°26′17″S, 064°43′30″W. MCZ 52605, 1, 58 mm; small inlet in a branch of small river flowing from west into Rio Cuieiras, Rio Negro drainage, 02°50′S, 060°35′W. MCZ 78162, 2, 58–67 mm; Reserva Ducke near Manaus, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°58′S, 059°55′W. MCZ 9455, 1, 38 mm; ‘Silva, Lago Saraca’ (= Lago Saracá at Silves), 02°53′S, 58°21′W. MCZ 9464, 1, 59 mm; ‘Cudajas’ (= Codajás, Rio Solimões), 03°55′S, 062°12′W. MPEG 965, 1, 35 mm; Vista Escura, Rio Tefé, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, c. 02°51′S, 065°01′W. MPEG 966, 2, 24–35 mm, Lago Jurupari, Rio Tefé, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, c. 02°51′S, 065°01′W. MPEG 1095, 4, 47–55 mm; Manaus-Caracaraí highway, near bridge over Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 01°44′24″N, 061°08′35″W. MPEG 1096, 1, 60 mm; MPEG 1099 (part), 5, 35–57 mm; MPEG 1109, 1, 41 mm; Anavilhanas archipelago of Rio Negro, municipality of Novo Airão, Rio Negro drainage, c. 02°44′S, 060°40′W. MPEG 1101 (part), 8, 35–67 mm; Igarapé Tarumã Grande, municipality of Manaus, c. 02°55′S, 060°06′W, Rio Negro drainage. MPEG 11756, 1, 57 mm; MPEG 11760, 6, 55–62 mm; Igarapé Lontra, municipality of Coari, Rio Urucu drainage, 04°52′5.52″S, 065°07′26.4″W; MPEG 13105, 2, 75–80 mm; Igarapé Lontra, municipality of Coari, Rio Urucu drainage, 04°49′29″S, 065°01′50.16″W. MZUSP 6639, 11, 43–66 mm; stream of Lago Manacapuru, municipality of Manacapuru, Rio Solimões, 03°13′S, 060°45′W. MZUSP 6829, 1, 37 mm; Igarapé Tarumã Mirim, Rio Negro drainage, 03°10′S, 060°00′W. MZUSP 7294, 107, 40–70 mm; Igarapé do Rio Maraú, near Maués, municipality of Maués, Rio Maués Açú drainage, 03°24′S, 057°42′W. MZUSP 7351, 67, 40–75 mm; Igarapé Limãozinho, near Maués, municipality of Maués, Rio Maués Açú drainage, 03°24′S, 057°42′W. MZUSP 7415, 3, 60–78 mm; Igarapé do Lago Saracá, municipality of Silves, Rio Amazonas, 02°52′S, 058°22′W. MZUSP 7482, 15, 40–55 mm; stream tributary of Rio Sanbabani, near Silves, municipality of Silves, Rio Amazonas, 02°45′S, 058°20′W. MZUSP 23237, 12, 50–63 mm; Lago Miuá, upstream of Codajás, municipality of Codajás, Rio Solimões, 03°51′S, 060°04′W. MZUSP 28054, 2, 27–64 mm, Pedra do Gavião, Rio Negro, municipality of Moura, Rio Negro drainage, 01°28′S, 061°38′W. MZUSP 30170, 3, 43–44 mm; confluence of Rio Urubaxi with Rio Negro, Rio Negro drainage, 00°31′S, 064°50′W. MZUSP 30065 (part), 2, 23–26 mm; MZUSP 30171, 5, 35–84 mm; Cachoeira do Aracu, Rio Daraá, Rio Negro drainage, 00°28′S, 064°46′W. MZUSP 30172, 384, 40–80 mm; Igarapé Jurupari, municipality of Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage, 03°54′50″S, 065°00′10″W. MZUSP 30173, 11, 40–70 mm; Vista Escura, Rio Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage. MZUSP 30174, 6, 40–60 mm, Lago Mucura, Rio Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage. MZUSP 30175, 7, 40–57 mm, Araná-tuba, Rio Tefé, Rio Tefé drainage. MZUSP 31001, 1, 57 mm; Rio Daraá, Cachoeira do Aracú, 00°25′23″S, 064°46′31″W. MZUSP 47989, 2, 44–59 mm; Igarapé Sirinau, right bank of Rio Cuieiras, 25 km from mouth, near Manaus. MZUSP 62054, 4, 39–44 mm; pool in beach, Tapera, Rio Negro, Rio Negro drainage, 09°11′52″S, 064°04′34″W. MZUSP 74775, 2, 35–60 mm; Igarapé Arraia, right margin of Rio Cuieiras, c. 25 km from mouth, Rio Negro drainage, 02°42′S, 060°20′W. MZUSP 81420, 1, 48 mm, Igarapé Açaí, near Comunidade de São Pedro, Rio Tiquié, Rio Uaupés, Rio Negro drainage, 00°16′N, 069°58′W. MZUSP 86944, 1, 48 mm; Igarapé Sucuriju, Rio Preto da Eva drainage. MZUSP 88821, 1, 65 mm, stream in Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°44′35″S, 059°40′08″W. MZUSP 88937, 6, 45–65 mm, stream near Balneário do Encanto da Mata, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°37′10″S, 059°44′30″W. MZUSP 88981, 9, 26–78 mm, Igarapé crossing road-branch of Deus é por Nós, 27 km from Rio Preto da Eva in direction of Manaus, Rio Preto da Eva drainage. MZUSP 88984, 1, 78 mm, Igarapé on the highway to Pousada do Paraíso, Rio Preto da Eva drainage, 02°45′34″S, 059°39′50″W. USNM 304815, 1, 53 mm; Irere, Rio Negro, Rio Negro drainage (locality not determined). Mato Grosso. INPA 6397, 32, 28.2– 50.8 mm; Igarapé in region of Castanhal, municipality of Aripuanã, Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira drainage. INPA 29104, 1, 49.7 mm; Rio Juruena, Salto Augusto. INPA 29129, 2, 38.6–45.5 mm; Castanheira, Rio Juruena, Rio Tapajós drainage, Fontalinas. MNRJ 24802, 1, 55 mm; Córrego Água Fria, tributary of Rio Ribeirão Capivara, tributary of Rio Preto, tributary of Rio Auaiá-miçú, Rio Xingú drainage, 10°50′39″S, 052°42′06″W. MZUSP 57478, 1, 68 mm; Rio Areões municipality of Xavantina, Rio Tocantins drainage (Xavantina = 14°41′27″S, 052°21′05″W. MZUSP 88497 (part) 2, 55–61 mm, tributary of Rio Suiazinho crossing BR-158 highway, c. 35 km before Alô Brazil, municipality of Bom Jesus do Araguaia, Rio Suiá-Miçu, Rio Xingú drainage, 12°27′25″S, 051°45′35″W. MZUSP 88498, 2, 58–74 mm; Rio Suiazinho, city of Ribeirão Cascalheira on highway BR-158, Rio Xingú drainage, 12°57′10″S, 051°51′08″W. MZUSP 88499, 2, 56–64 mm, Córrego Capim, tributary of Rio 7 de setembro, c. 16 km north of Canarana, on highway MT-020, 13°30′46″S, 052°23′36″W. MZUSP 88502, 1, 53 mm, Rio Cristalino, 47 km from Cocalinho on highway MT-326, Rio Araguaia drainage, 14°12′45″S, 051°18′21″W. MZUSP 88504, 1, 56 mm, tributary of Rio Suiazinho crossing highway BR- 158, 35 km from Alô, municipality of Bom Jesus do Araguaia, Rio Araguaia drainage, 12°27′25″S, 051°43′35″W. MZUSP 88594, 8, 59–65 mm, Mato Grosso, tributary of Rio Corixo da Saudade, c. 17 km north of Cocalinho, on highway MT-426, Rio Araguaia drainage, 14°19′25″S, 051°06′25″W. MZUSP 88598, 1, 48 mm; Rio Ribeirão Agua Preta, tributary of Rio Cristalino, c. 79 km north of Cocalinho on highway MT-326, Rio Araguaia drainage, 14°08′57″S, 051°32′21″W. MZUSP 88599, 10, 48–66 mm, Rio Corixo da Saudade, tributary of Rio Cristalino, c. 42 km north of Cocalinho on highway MT-326, Rio Araguaia drainage, 14°11′14″S, 051°14′58″W. MZUSP 90199, 1, 60 mm, Rio Sepotuba (lower course), municipality of Cáceres Paraguay, Rio Paraguai drainage, 15°47′33″S, 057°39′20″W. MZUSP 95938, 1, 81 mm, Rio Teles Píres, municipality Itaúba, Rio Tapajós drainage, 10°58′30″S, 055°44′03″W. MZUSP 96252 (part), 3, 94–106 mm; lakes left from gold mining operations, municipality of Paranaíta, Rio Teles Píres, Rio Tapajós drainage, 09°25′44″S, 056°32′36″W. MZUSP 96320, 134, 48–86 mm, Rio Mutum, between towns of Mimoso and Joselândia ( Pantanal de Paiaguás ), municipality of Barão de Melgaço Paraguay, Rio Paraguai drainage, 16°19′30″S, 055°49′59″W. MZUSP 98006, 1, 61 mm, stream tributary of lake on the Rio Couto de Magalhães, Fazenda Meu Ranchinho, municipality of Campinápolis Xingú, Rio Xingú drainage, 13°47′44″S, 053°03′43″W. MZUSP 100090, 15, 41–56 mm, Rio Teles Píres, upstream of Sete Quedas, municipality of Paranaíta Tapajós, Rio Tapajós drainage, 09°24′05″S, 056°33′49″W. MZUSP 100153, 3, 49–53 mm; Rio Jurena, downstream of PCH Telegráfica, municipality of Sapezal, Rio Juruena, Rio Tapajós drainage, 12°41′09″S, 058°56′31″W. USNM 220447, 2, 55–63 mm; USNM 220449, 37, 40–60 mm; USNM 330445, 4, 53–62 mm; USNM 330449, 37, 45–66 mm; Rio Batovi, Rio Xingú drainage, 11°56′S, 053°36′W. Mato Grosso do Sul. MZUSP 74615, 2, 37–39 mm; near Canarana, Rio Ribeirão do Suaizinho, tributary of the Rio Cascavel, Rio Xingú drainage, c. 13°16′27″S, 052°15′02″W. MZUSP 83572, 2, 35–55 mm, Coxim Paraguai, Ribeirão dos Veados, Rio Taquari, Rio Paraguai drainage, 18°25′21″S, 054°50′06″W. USNM 330447, 2, 57–63, Rio Batovi, Rio Xingu drainage, c. 11°56′S, 053°36′W. Pará. BMNH 1926.10.27.230–239. 10, 76–82 mm; River Amazon at Monte Alegre, c. 02°00′S, 054°04′W. CAS-SU 54497, 1, 77 mm; Urnara Brook into Tapajós, Santarém, Rio Tapajós drainage. INPA 7218, 1, 58.3 mm; INPA 7268, 4, 37–60 mm; Muçum near of mouth of Rio Cupari, municipality of Aveiro, Rio Tapajós drainage. INPA 9832, 1, 46.8 mm; Rio Tapajós, Pimental (locality not determined). INPA 26132, 5, 41.5–48.3 mm; Apuí, pool of Bararati, near Rio Bararati, Rio Tapajós drainage. INPA 26161, 12, 33.8–60.5 mm; Apuí, Rio Bararati, Igarapé do Candirú, Rio Tapajós drainage, 08°21′17″S, 058°36′54″W. INPA 26702, 1, 32.1 mm; Apuí, small pool at Bararati, Rio Bararati, Rio Tapajós drainage. INPA 26710, 10, 31.9–57.3 mm; Apuí, Rio Bararati, Igarapé da Campina, Rio Tapajós drainage. MCP 23354, 10, 50–80 mm; stream on Ihnangapi highway, near São Domingos do Capim, municipality of Ihnangapi, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°27′02″S, 047°48′26″W. MCP 23356, 3, 58–89 mm; Igarapé Ucucure, on highway from Tomé Açu to Moju, c. 49 km east of Tomé Açu, Rio Acará drainage, 02°29′13″S, 048°31′31″W. MCP 23357, 2, 71–82 mm; stream on Paragominas- Tomé Açu highway, municipality of Tomé Açu, Rio Acará drainage, 02°48′01″S, 048°20′35″W. MCZ 9410, 1, 73 mm; Rio Amazonas at Óbidos, 01°52′S, 055°30′W. MPEG 1093, 7, 49–92 mm; MPEG 1100, 4, 55–83 mm; MPEG 2423, 27, 50–75 mm; MPEG 2436, 27, 50–85 mm; MPEG 2522, 22, 45–92 mm; MPEG 2605, 7, 47–58 mm; MPEG 2714, 16, 48–70 mm; MPEG 2815, 9, 44–76 mm; Taperebá, Fazenda Santa Maria, Ilha de Marajó, municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, Rio Goiapi drainage, c. 01°00′S, 48°57′W. MPEG 1094, 2, 48–67 mm; Rio Tauá, 12–14 km SW of Nova Barcarena, municipality of Barcarena, Rio Barcarena drainage, approx. 01°35′S, 048°41′W. MPEG 1098, 8, 66–97 mm; Rio Guamá near Belém, municipality of Belém, Rio Guamá drainage, approx. 01°28′S, 048°26′W. MPEG 2406, 2, 60–63 mm; Pantanal do Rio Livramento, near steel bridge, municipality of Igarapé Açú, Rio Livramento drainage, approx. 01°07′S, 047°37′W. MPEG 3729, 2, 88–92 mm; MPEG 3731, 2, 41–48 mm; MPEG 6210, 1, 58 mm; MPEG 9945, 1, 94 mm; MPEG 9965, 1, 92 mm; MPEG 9967, 1, 42 mm; MPEG 10008, 2, 57–92 mm; MPEG 10018, 7, 61–90 mm; MPEG 10144, 1, 35 mm; MPEG 10152, 2, 43–53 mm; MPEG 10168, 31, 35–86 mm; MPEG 10169, 9, 57–103 mm; MPEG 10171, 13, 78–99 mm; MPEG 10175, 14, 44–85 mm; MPEG 10176, 1, 96 mm; MPEG 10178, 2, 58–94 mm; MPEG 10430, 2, 47–60 mm; MPEG 10509, 3, 58–87 mm; MPEG 10511, 4, 58–76 mm; Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Estação Científica Ferreira Pena, Rio Curuazinho, municipality of Melgaço, c. 01°44′S, 051°27′W. MPEG 3734, 1, 87 mm; MPEG 3735, 2, 51–53 mm; Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Estação Científica Ferreira Pena, Rio Curuazinho, municipality of Melgaço, Rio Puraquequara, Rio Anapu drainage, c. 01°44′S, 051°27′W. MPEG 4519, 2, 37–62 mm; MPEG 6773, 2, 50–60 mm; Igarapé Poraquequara, municipality of Ourém, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°33′S, 047°06′W. MPEG 4970, 25, 40–84 mm; MPEG 4971, 50, 40–80 mm; Rio Grande, km 18, Pará-Maranhão highway, Rio Guamá drainage, c. 01°42′S, 46°57′W. MPEG 6904, 1, 60 mm; Rio Poraquequara and affluents, municipality of Paragominas, c. 03°00′S, 047°21′W. MPEG 7163, 1, 55 mm; MPEG 7165, 1, 38 mm; Igarapé Tauá, near highway PA 483, municipality of Barcarena, Rio Barcarena drainage, approx. 01°34′0′S, 048°42′0″W. MPEG 7350, 2, 83–87 mm; stream tributary of Igarapé Poraquequara, Fazenda Monte Santo, municipality of Paragominas, Rio Guamá drainage, 03°15′18″S, 047°45′13″W. MPEG 7358, 10,75–93 mm; Igarapé Poraquequara, Fazenda Monte Santo, municipality of Paragominas, Rio Guamá drainage, 03°16′05″S, 047°46′05″W. MPEG 7370, 1, 76 mm; MPEG 7521, 6, 48–92 mm; confluence of Igarapé Cachoerinha and Igarapé Poraquequara, Fazenda Rio Doce, municipality of Paragominas, Rio Guamá drainage, 03°39′25″S, 047°41′51″W. MPEG 7600, 3, 44–47; Rio Quiã-Paranã, near Fazendinha, municipality of Ponte de Pedras, Ilha de Marajó, 01°21′17″S, 48°55′54″W. MPEG 7999, 4, 34–74, Igarapé Bom Jardim, near Bom Jardim, municipality of Muaná, Rio Atuá drainage, Ilha de Marajó, 01°16′20″S, 049°23′39″W. MPEG 8016, 17, 45–75 mm; Igarapé Jacarequa, municipality of Muaná, Rio Atuá drainage, Ilha de Marajó, 01°16′27″S, 049°19′13″W. MPEG 8042, 1, 50 mm; Igarapé da Divisa, municipality of Mauaná, Ilha de Marajó, 01°17′01″S, 049°16′43″W. MPEG 8839, 3, 56–61 mm; Rio Alto Anapú, municipality of Portel, 02°11′08″S, 051°26′26″W. MPEG 9081, 1, 63 mm; Igarapé Ituá, municipality of Chaves, Ilha de Marajó, 00°10′40″S, 049°56′09″W. MPEG 9538, 1, 47 mm; Igarapé Caratateua, municipality of Aurora do Pará, Rio Alto Anapú, 02°11′08″S, 051°26′26″W. MPEG 9539, 1, 88 mm; Igarapé Candiru, municipality of Paragominas, Rio Guamá drainage, 02°51′51″S, 047°30′50″W. MPEG 9540, 2, 38–58 mm; Igarapé Aneura-Grande, municipality of Tomé-Açú, Rio Guamá drainage, 02°30′03″S, 048°16′53″W. MPEG 9541, 2, 87–97 mm; Igarapé Arrainha, municipality of Tomé-Açú, Rio Guamá drainage, 02°25′11″S, 048°12′13″W. MPEG 10078, 5, 48–76 mm; MPEG 11089, 1, 37 mm; MPEG 11097, 1, 45 mm; Igarapé Socó, Rio Arapiuns, municipality of Juruti, Rio Tapajós drainage, 02°28′14″S, 056°00′13″W. MPEG 10227, 1, 50 mm; MPEG 10246, 5, 57–95 mm; MPEG 10260, 1, 64 mm; MPEG 10264, 1, 55 mm; MPEG 11988, 1, 57 mm; MPEG 11996, 2, 49–60 mm: 12122, 1, 58 mm; MPEG 12168, 4, 32–44 mm; MPEG 12483, 1, 55 mm; MPEG 12484, 1, 69 mm; MPEG 12486, 5, 39–60 mm; MPEG 12516, 11, 45–77 mm; MPEG 11090, 1, 54 mm; Igarapé Taiassuí, municipality of Benevides, 01°24′58″S, 048°13′45″W. MPEG 12156, 1, 50 mm; Igarapé Itá, municipality of Benevides. MPEG 12786, 1, 66 mm; MPEG 12790, 4, 33–45 mm; MPEG 12793, 3, 45–57 mm; MPEG 14166, 2, 63–68 mm; MPEG 14483, 4, 50–78 mm; Igarapé São Francisco, Rio Arapiuns, municipality of Juruti, Rio Tapajós drainage, 02°34′14″S, 055°54′14″W. MPEG 11101, 1, 63 mm; MPEG 11102, 1, 27 mm; MPEG 11106, 2, 57–60 mm; Igarapé Vitória, near Juruti, municipality of Juruti, small stream drainage of Rio Amazonas, 02°10′47″S, 056°04′39″W. MPEG 11108, 1, 27 mm; MPEG 12781, 1, 31 mm; Igarapé Mutum, Rio Arapiuns, municipality of Juruti, Rio Tapajós drainage, 02°36′44″S, 056°11′36″W. MPEG 12782, 2, 77–83 mm; MPEG 12787, 14, 38–53, MPEG 12789, 2, 50–51 mm; MPEG 13643, 2, 62–74 mm; MPEG 13725, 2, 55–72 mm; MPEG 14745, 4, 50–78 mm; Igarapé da Ponte, near Juruti, municipality of Juruti, small stream drainage of Rio Amazonas, 02°10′05″S, 056°04′40″W. MPEG 12783, 1, 47 mm; MPEG 12784, 2, 45–53 mm; MPEG 12785, 2, 55–69 mm: MPEG 12791, 3, 27–63 mm; MPEG 14212, 2, 43–47 mm; Igarapé Itapiranga, municipality of Juruti, Rio Juruti drainage, 02°28′12″S, 056°06′54″W. MPEG 12792, 2, 37–78 mm; MPEG 12794, 3, 47–50 mm; MPEG 13622, 2, 47–65 mm; MPEG 13723, 14, 49–89 mm; MPEG 14460, 2, 59–67 mm; MPEG 14637, 3, 32–47 mm; confluence of Igarapés Socó and Barroso, Rio Arapiuns, municipality of Juruti, Rio Tapajós drainage 02°27′05″S, 056°00′25″W. MPEG 13615 mm; 1, 56 mm; MPEG 13726, 4, 54–73 mm; MPEG 13728, 3, 58–70 mm; MPEG 14345, 19, 40–70 mm; MPEG 14351, 27, 33–67 mm; MPEG 14366, 1, 67 mm; Rio Arapiuns, municipality of Juruti, Rio Tapajós drainage, Igarapé Mutum, 02°36′46″S, 056°11′37″W. MPEG 14250, 1, 51 mm; Igarapé Guaraná, municipality of Juruti, Rio Juruti drainage, 02°29′46″S, 056°13′50″W. MPEG 15119, 1, 67 mm; MPEG 15332, 1, 43 mm; MPEG 15392, 1, 43 mm; unnamed stream, municipality of Faro, Rio Nhamundá drainage, 01°42′23″S, 057°12′10.1″W. MPEG 17814, 21, 40–62 mm; Igarapé Taiassuí, municipality of Benevides, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°23′46″S, 048°14′59″W. MPEG 18598, 8 (8 recorded, WC08.130210, WC22.130210, WC 26.130210 – 31.130210), unnamed stream, 3.6 km and 129° from centre of Bragança, municipality of Bragança, Rio Caeté drainage, 01°41′43″S, 046°44′21″W. MPEG uncatalogued, 2, 50–60 mm (two recorded, WC 19.070810, 24.070810), Igarape Açaiteuazinho near Vila de Tauarí, municipality of Capanema, 01°11′45″S, 047°10′51″W, Rio Caeté drainage. MZUSP 7940, 3, 65–73 mm; unnamed stream, tributary of Rio Jamarí, near Terra Santa, 02°07′S, 056°29′W. MZUSP 8211, 3, 65–69 mm, Lago Jacupá, municipality of Oriximiná, Rio Trombetas drainage, 01°46′S, 055°54′W. MZUSP 8413, 49, 49–86 mm, Igarapé Jacundá, Alter do Chão, Rio Tapajós drainage, 02°30′00″S, 054°57′00″W. MZUSP 8490, 16, 50–57 mm; Igarapé Mapiri, Santarém, Rio Amazonas, 02°26′S, 054°44′W. MZUSP 15564, 1, 59 mm; MZUSP 15565, 1, 60 mm; Cabeçeira da Serrinha, Lago Jacaré, Reserva Biológica de Trombetas, Rio Trombetas drainage, 01°20′S, 056°51′W. MZUSP 22274, 1, 54 mm; MZUSP 22277, 2, 27–45 mm; Igarapé Pacuí, km 97, Belém-Brasília highway. MZUSP 23867, 116, 50–83 mm; Caranandéua, Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°23′S, 048°08′W. MZUSP 22893, 11, 74–84 mm; Igarapé Caraparu, Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°23′S, 048°08′W. MZUSP 23889, 1, 44 mm; MZUSP 71847, 2, 30–57 mm; Igarapé Candiru-Mirim, near Badajós Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage. MZUSP 23896, 2, 57–78 mm, Lago Jurunundéua, Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage. MZUSP 23917, 28, 30–65 mm; Igarapé Ribeira, near Badajós, Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage. MZUSP 23941, 2, 72–89 mm; Igarapé Canteiro, near Vila Santana, Rio Capim, Rio Guamá drainage, 02°02′S, 047°45′W. MZUSP 24028, 18, 46–52 mm; Igarapé Mapará, Paraná Sumauma, Rio Tocantins, Rio Tocantins drainage (locality not determined). MZUSP 24055, 6, 43–73 mm, Igarapé Oxipucu, municipality of Mocajuba, Rio Tocantins drainage, 02°34′S, 49°30′W. MZUSP 24249, 142, 30–70 mm; Igarapé Açu near Aveiro, municipality of Aveiro, Rio Tapajós drainage, 03°35′S, 055°20′W. MZUSP 25380, 4, 55–62 mm, stream at km 55 on highway BR-230, Rio Tapajós drainage, 04°30′00″S, 056°17′00″W. MZUSP 24664, 1, 55 mm (head missing); Aquarium specimen from near Belém, no locality. NRM 15050, 1, 75 mm; right bank of stream draining into Rio Tapajós at city of Santarém, Rio Tapajós drainage, 02°26′S, 054°43′W. UF 36601, 3, 46–74 mm; Estrada Pirelli, near Belém, Rio Guamá drainage, 01°23′51″S, 048°18′29″W. Rondônia. FMNH 97458, 8 (of 10), 42–71 mm; Maciel, Rio Guaporé, c. 12°10′S, 02°50′W. INPA 9714, 1, 72.8 mm; Costa Marques, Rio Guaporé, in front of Costa Marques, Rio Madeira drainage, 012°26′42″S, 064°13′38″W. INPA 9720, 13, 57–81.2 mm; Rio Pacaás Novas, approximately 15 km above Guajará-Mirim, Rio Madeira drainage. INPA 9725, 1, 60.4 mm; Ji-Paraná, Rio Machado, Rio Madeira drainage, 010°53′07″S, 061°57′06″W. INPA 9729 (part), 34, 55.4–69.8 mm; Guajará-Mirim, Rio Guaporé, Rio Pacaás Novas, Rio Madeira drainage. INPA 21837, 3, 56.7–67.2 mm; middle Rio Cautário, Vale do Guaporé, Rio Madeira drainage. MPEG 1097, 4, 37–48 mm; Rio Pacaãs Novas, near Guajará-Mirim, Rio Madeira drainage. UFRO-I 6504, 1, 72 mm; Rio Cautério, near confluence with Rio Guaporé; Rio Madeira drainage, 012°10′50.7″S, 064°34′0.4″W. UFRO-I 7921, 32, 44–99 mm (24 recorded WC01.200610–18.200610; 20.200610–25.200610), Igarapé Mato Grosso, small stream draining into Rio Madeira, 7.7 km and 207° from Porto Velho, municipality of Porto Velho, 08°49′41″S, 064°56′30″W. USNM 330446, 37, 48–80 mm; Rio Guaporé, near Bolivian border, confluence of Rio Pacaãs Novas and the Ouro Preto, between Guajará-Mirim and Mato Grosso, Rio Madeira drainage. Roraima. INPA 1646, 1, 62 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Uraricoera, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 4393, 9, 34.2–45.1 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Uraricoera, Ilha Maracá, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 6401, 20, 25.5–39.3 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Uraricoera, Igarapé da Ponta, Ilha Maracá, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 7398, 65 (out of 68), 35–72.5 mm; INPA 7427, 76, 53.1– 81 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Igarapé Represado, Fazenda Santa Cecília, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 7399, 3, 52.2–57.4 mm; Boa Vista, Igarapé da Fazenda do Sr. Pedro José, approximately 2.9 km from EMBRAPA in road to Mucajaí, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 7418, 3, 39.1–71.1 mm; INPA 7422, 2, 59.9– 66 mm; Boa Vista, Igarapé Juruaquim, km 26 on road Caracaranã-Surumu, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 7421, 2, 47.9–49.7 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Uraricoera, Ilha de Maracá, Igarapé da Fazenda do José, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 9830, 3, 26.8–46.5 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Uraricoera, ilha de Maracá, Igarapé da Ponte, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. INPA 16605, 1 (no size data); Rio Jauaperi, BR 174 km 157 of Cachoeira Travessão, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 0°30′52″N, 060°28′00″W. INPA 30758, 27, 50.9–81.7 mm; Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03.3507200°N, 065.7652000°W. MZUSP 23218, 17, 50–69 mm; stream c. 1 km north of Caracaraí, Rio Branco, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 01°49′N, 061°08′W. MZUSP 23581, 1, 69 mm; MZUSP 23602, 3, 44–65 mm; stream at Fazenda Canadá, Rio Uraricoera, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°28′N, 060°58′W. MZUSP 30177, 5, 38–62 mm; Igarapé do Cujobim, Ilha Maracá, Rio Uraricoera, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°20′N, 061°40′W. MZUSP 30178, 4, 50–53 mm; Igarapé do Bota Panela, Cachoeira do Bem Querer, Rio Branco, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 01°56′N, 061°00′W. Tocantins. MZUSP 43393, 2 (of 4), 46–53 mm; Lagoa da Buritirama, Parque Nacional do Araguaia, Ilha do Bananal, Rio Araguaia drainage, 10°31′S, 050°15′W. Colombia. Amazonas. IAVHP 3204, 3, 60–86 mm; Río Igará- Paraná, near La Chorrera, Río Yapurá (Rio Japurá) drainage, approx. 00°44′S, 73°01′W. Caquetá. CAS-SU 50634, 4, 44–58 mm; small forest stream, tributary of Río Orteguaza, on Tres Esquinas to Solano highway, Río Caquetá, Río Caquetá – Rio Japurá drainage, 0°45′N, 075°15′W. Cundinamarca. UF 111996, 2, 37–48 mm; Río Negro halfway between Caqueza and Puenta, Río Meta, Río Orinoco drainage (Caqueza = 04°24′19″N, 073°56′52″W). Guainía. IAVHP 1340, 1, 56 mm; Caño Guaribes, Puerto Inirida, Río Inirida, Río Orinoco drainage, 03°52′N, 067°55′W. Meta. ANSP 128104, 2, 46–66 mm, Caño Emma, Finca El Viento, c. 33.5 km NE Puerto Lopez (Plancha 268), Río Meta drainage, 04°08′N, 072°39′W. MPUJ 49, 1, 30 mm: MPUJ 570, 7, 37–65 mm; streams in municipality of Puerto Lopez, c. 04°05′N, 072°57′W. UF 33468, 2, 47–55 mm; UF 111994, 3, 32–51 mm; Río Yucao, c. 4.7 km west of Puerto Gaitan, Río Meta, Río Orinoco drainage, 04°20′22″N, 072°09′23″W. Vaupés. CAS-SU 53800, 1, 82 mm; small brook, about 5 km below refugio on Río Guayabero, Río Guaviare, Río Orinoco drainage. USNM 320021, 1, 42 mm; Río Vaupes at Mitú, Rio Negro drainage, 01°17′11″N, 070°13′41″W. Vichada. FMNH 94778, 14, 25–63 mm; 0.5 km south of Río Tomo on Hato Las Sardinas, 04.67°N, 068.00°W. Ecuador. Orellana. FMNH 103353, 1, 56 mm; Río Yasuni, Laguna Jatuncocha, Río Napo drainage. 01.00°S, 075.48°W. FMNH 103354, 3, 46–61 mm; Río Yasuni, stream to Rio Jatuncocha, c. 2 km upstream from Laguna Jatuncocha, Río Napo drainage, 00°10′S, 076° 17W. Sucumbios. FMNH 96506, 3, 64.4–77.6 mm, CS; FMNH 102274, 63, 35–102 mm; Tributary of Río Cuyabeno, about 10 km north of Marian and 1 km south of Río Cuyabeno below road, Río Aguarico, Río Napo drainage, c. 00°2′S, 076°20′W. FMNH 102288, 6, 48–73 mm; Headwater stream of Río Aguas Negras system, c. 0.5 km south of Marian Río Cuyabeno, Río Aguarico, Río Napo drainage, c. 00°2′S, 076°20′W. FMNH 103355, 4, 53–79 mm; tributary to Laguna Grande de Cuyabeno, about 1 km NW East Azanza, Río Aguarico drainage, Río Napo drainage, c. 00°2′S, 076°20′W. FMNH 103356, 1, 66 mm; tributary to Río Cuyabeno, north bank about 3 km upstream from Laguna Grande, Río Aguarico drainage, Río Napo drainage, 00°03′S, 076.22′W. FMNH 103357, 2, 50–55 mm; Laguna Aucacocha, at upper end (Río Cuyabeno – Río Aguarico drainage), Río Aguarico drainage, Río Napo drainage, 00°03′S, 076.20′W. FMNH 103358, 6, 48–76 mm; Tributary to Río Cuyabeno at road to Río San Miguel, Río Aguarico drainage, Río Napo drainage. FMNH 103359, 2, 63–74 mm; FMNH 103360, 10, 42–74 mm; headwater tributary of Río Aguas Negras, 1–2 km north of Marian, just downstream from Río Cuyabeno – Río Aguarico road, Río Aguarico drainage, Río Napo drainage. French Guiana. Saint-Laurent du Maroni. MNHN 1999–1037, 1, 85 mm; Fleuve Grand Inini, Fleuve Maroni, Maroni River drainage, c. 03°26′N, 053°59′W. MNHN 1999– 1329, 1 (no size data), Crique Balaté, near Saint Laurent du Maroni, Fleuve Maroni, Maroni River drainage, c. 05°29′N, 054°03′W. NRM 32239, 7, 73–96 mm; small stream crossing N.1 road near Saut Sabbat, Mana River drainage, c. 05°23′19″N, 053°40′21″W. Cayenne. MNHN 1999–1658, 2, 45–67 mm, Crique Patawa, Fleuve Kaw, Kaw River drainage, c. 04°29′N, 052°02′W. MNHN 2000–1336, 1, 47 mm; Sinnamary River drainage. MNHN 2001– 1973, 1, 83 mm; unnamed creek, Maroni Basin, Maroni River drainage. MNHN 2001–1974, 9, 40–60 mm, no locality data. Guyana. CAS-SU 54615, 2, 68–77 mm; CAS-SU 62934, 1, 78 mm; CAS-SU 66950, 2, 85–86 mm; no locality data. UMMZ 187798, 6, 55–85 mm; no locality data (aquarium trade material). FMNH 103595, 1, 59 mm; Chipoo Creek, no further locality data. Barima/Waini (Region 1). ROM 66517, 2, 21–44 mm; Kwabanna. 7 km from Kwabanna on Moruka logging road, Barama River, Barima-Waini River drainage, 07°33′N, 059°06′W. ROM 66518, 1, 58 mm; Kaniaballi just downstream of Santa Cruz, Barima-Waini River tributary, 07°40′N, 059°14′W. ROM 67920, 1, 47 mm; Santa Rosa Mission at landing for church, Moruka River, Moruka River drainage, 07°39′N, 058°56′W. Demerara-Mahaica (Region 4). AUM 27869, 1, 67 mm; Madewini River, 21.5 miles SSW Georgetown, bearing 207°, Linden Highway bridge, 06°30′05″N, 058°12′45″W. FMNH 85382, 1, 81 mm; downstream from Chung compound in Dakara creek and adjoining swamp forest, Demerara (locality not determined). INHS 49064, 3, 74–78 mm; Conservancy Canal, Maduni stop-off, 22.3 miles south of Georgetown, bearing 176°, Maduni River drainage. 06°30′01″N, 058°02′14″W. INHS 49108, 1, 54 mm, Atlantic Ocean Drive, 5.05 miles SSW Linden, bearing 195°, Demerara River drainage, 05°56.00′N, 058°18.22′W. UMMZ 216857, 1, 73 mm; Yarakabra, tributary of Madewini, north of Thimir Intl. Airport (based on location of Guyana international airport = c. 06°30′N, 058°15′W). East Berbice- Corentyne (Region 6). FMNH 50188, 1 (no size data); head of Itabu Creek, New River, Corentyne (Corantijn) River drainage, 03°23′N, 057°36′W. Potaro-Siparuni (Region 8). ANSP 175965, 15, 36–58 mm, Turtle Pond, small isolated lake some 2.0 km downstream from Essequibo campsite, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 175966, 7, 45–69 mm, creek tributary of Essequibo River upstream from Maipuri campsite, Essequibo River drainage, c. 04°33′N, 058°31′W. ANSP 175967, 3, 36–47 mm; blackwater creek tributary of Burro Burro River some 15 min upstream from Burro Burro campsite, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 175968, 23, 35–75 mm; ANSP 175969, 1, 33 mm; clear water creek at campsite 3.1 miles from Kurupukari field station on Kurupukari-Surama River road (Tiger Cr.), Essequibo River drainage, c. 04°42′N, 058°39′W. ANSP 175970, 3, 21–32 mm; creek tributary of Burro Burro River c. 10 min upstream from Burro Burro camp, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 175971, 31, 35–61 mm; small creeks crossing Kurupukari-Surama River road, c. 3.0 miles from Kurupukari field station, Essequibo River drainage, c. 04°42′N, 058°39′W. ANSP 175972, 4, 41–58 mm; blackwater creek 5 min downstream from Burro Burro campsite, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 175973, 4, 31–58 mm; forest stream at Burro Burro campsite, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 175974, 3, 39–44 mm; creek crossing Kurupukari- Surama River road at A-B Transect Line; 7.1 miles from Kurupukari field station, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 177480, 1, 50 mm; Essequibo, Tumble Down Creek, Siparuni River, Essequibo River drainage (locality not determined). ANSP 177481, 1, 51 mm; Manicole Creek, Siparuni River, Essequibo drainage. ANSP 177482, 22, 39–69 mm; Red Hill Creek between Levi Falls and Blackwater camp (Iwokrama side), Siparuni River, c. 04°50′N, 058°50′W. ANSP 177483, 4, 53–76 mm; Levi Falls Creek, Siparuni River, Essequibo drainage, c. 04°50′N, 058°50′W. ANSP 177484, 2, 50–51 mm: Demerara, Burro Burro River: Deer Creek upriver from Water Dog Falls, Essequibo River Drainage (locality not determined). ANSP 177485 10, 31–78 mm; small blackwater creek opposite Paddle Rock campsite, Essequibo River drainage (locality not determined). ANSP 177486, 1, 62 mm; Pakatnu Falls Creek, Siparuni River, Essequibo River drainage (locality not determined). ANSP 177487, 1, 59 mm; blackwater creek 2.0 km downstream from Paddle Rock campsite, Essequibo River drainage (locality not determined). ANSP 177488, 2, 40–42 mm; Yurrie Creek c. 2.0 km upstream from Paddle Rock campsite, Essequibo River Drainage. ANSP 179501, 3 (no size data); small blackwater creek opposite Paddle Rock campsite, Essequibo river drainage. AUM 28095, 3, 41–45 mm; north side of Potaro River, just downstream of Tumatumari cataract Potaro River, Essequibo River drainage, 05°21′48″N, 059°00′04″W. INHS 49489, 3, 41–51 mm; north side of Potaro River just downstream of Tamatumari Cataract, Potaro River drainage, Essequibo River drainage, 05°21′48.4″N, 059°00′04.4″W. ROM 62549, 1, 51 mm; unnamed creek, c. 7 km south-east of Tambikabo inlet, Essequibo River drainage, 04°46′20″N, 058°45′33″W. Upper Demerara Berbice (Region 10). AMNH 30413, 1, 79 mm; AMNH 35372, 2, 62–74 mm; Malali, Mari- Mari River, Demerara River drainage, c. 05°37′N, 058°21′W. AMNH 33995, 2, 21–35 mm, Kora-Kora Creek, Demerara River drainage (?) (locality not determined). AUM 7857, 1, 43 mm; Creek on Gluck Island, 1.24 miles NW Rockstone, bearing 304°, Essequibo River drainage. AUM 27745, 4, 33–37 mm; Himarakus Creek at Rockstone, Essequibo River drainage, 05°59′08″N, 058°33′03″W. AUM 35860, 5, 40–66 mm; Essequibo River at Kurukupari, east bank, Essequibo River drainage, 04°39′41″N, 058°40′31″W. USNM 341847, 1, 53 mm; Barbaraka Creek, drainage of the Waruni River, Dubulay Ranch, Berbice River drainage, 05°44′N, 057°53′W. Upper Tukutu-Upper Essequibo (Region 9). ANSP 179502, 2 (no size data), unnamed stream at crossing on road between Massara & Karanambo, 10.3 km NW of Karanambo Ranch, Rupununi River drainage, Essequibo River drainage, c. 03°46′N, 059°18′W. ANSP 179503, 1 (no size data), unnamed stream at crossing on road between Massara & Karanambo, 10.3 km north-west of Karanambo Ranch, Rupununi River drainage, Essequibo River drainage. ANSP 179506, 2 (no size data), Circle W Creek (tributary of Pirara River, Ireng-Takutu Dr.), 26.6 km southwest of Karanambo Ranch, Rio Maú, Rio Takutu, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°37′N, 059°40′W. AUM 35817, 1, 34 mm; Sauriwau River, 31.2 km NW village Sand Creek, Takutu River, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage. AUM 35886, 3, 46–65 mm; stream 10.3 km NW Karanambo, Rupununi River, Essequibo River drainage, 03°48′27″N, 059°23′06″W. AUM 35862, 1, 50 mm; Rupununi River, 3.7 km SSE Massara, Essequibo River drainage, 03°51′40″N, 059°17′04″W. AUM 35864, 2, 62–70 mm; circle West Creek, tributary of the Pirara River, tributary of the Ireng River, 26.6 km SW Karanambo, Takutu River, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°39′14″N, 059°31′43″W. AUM 35865, 2, 40–48 mm, Yuora River, tributary of the Ireng River, 6.7 km NE Karasabai,Takutu River, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 04°03′14″N, 059°29′07″W. AUM 35867, 1, 80 mm; Moco-Moco River at Moco-Moco Hydro Power Station 18.8 km SE Lethem, Takutu River, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°17′48″N, 059°38′48″W. AUM 38189, 4, 48–57 mm; Kuyuwini River, 48.4 km E Kuyuwini Landing, 182 km SE Lethem, Essequibo River Drainage, 02°03′54″N, 058°48′33″W. AUM 38212, 1, 47 mm; AUM 38353, 2, 44–47 mm; Manari River, 10.2 km NE Lethem, Takutu River, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°26′35″N, 059°44′34″W. AUM 38400, 1, 48 mm; creek 96.8 km SSE Lethem on road from Dadanawa to Aishalton, Rupununi River, Essequibo River drainage, 02°37′39″N, 059°20′55″W. AUM 38935, 2, 55–58 mm; backwater and mainstem of Kuyuwini River, 19.5 km W mouth of Kuyuwini River, Essequibo River drainage, 02°14′27″N, 058°30′03″W. BMNH 1971.10.19.3, 1, 92 mm; tributary of Rupununi River at Karakambo, Essequibo River drainage, c. 03.45°N, 059.04°W. BMNH 1971.10.19.4, 1, 35 mm; Essequibo district, Essequibo River drainage (?). BMNH 1972.7.27.532, 1, 31 mm; Rupunini River, Karanambo Creek, Essequibo River drainage, c. 03.45°N, 059.04°W. BMNH 1973.3.29.5–12, 8, 40–103 mm, Essequibo River, Moraballi, Essequibo River drainage. MCZ 48544, 1, 52 mm; creek 10 miles east of Nappi, Rupununi, Essequibo River drainage. MCZ 48545, 1, 40 mm; Moco-Moco creek, near Lethem, Rupununi, Rio Tacutú, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°19′25″N, 059°39′52″W. MCZ 48546, 3, 38–57 mm; Água Branca, Tributary of Manari River, near Lethem, Rupununi, Rio Tacutú, 03°25′57″N, 059°46′01″W. MCZ 48556, 5, 69–93 mm, small pond, 5 miles north of Manari Ranch, Manari River, Rio Tacutú, Rio Branco, Rio Negro drainage, 03°26′N, 059°46′W. MCZ 59329, 1, 65 mm; Rupununi, near village of Yupakari, Essequibo River drainage. USNM 209202, 1, 67 mm; Crusa Creek up past Limblad’s Camp, drainage not marked. Peru. Loreto. ANSP 165037, 1, 36 mm; small stream c. 70 km S Iquitos near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′N, 073°39′W. ANSP 167723, 1, 36 mm; Río Nanay, drying stream c. 0.5 miles below Santa Clara (right bank), 03°45′S, 073°17′W. INHS 37371, 1, 44 mm; Santa Clara, west of Iquitos, Río Nanay drainage. INHS 43362, 1, 54 mm; Pampa Chica, 4.5 km NW Iquitos, Río Nanay drainage, 03°45′08.8″S, 073°17′00.1″W. NRM 27521, 1, 33 mm; Lago Matamata, near Atalaia do Norte ( Brazil), Río Yavarí (Rio Javari) drainage, c. 04°22′S, 070°11′W. MUSM 38687, 22, 34–91 mm (23 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°53.577′S, 073°39.011′W. MUSM 38688, 3, 42–82 mm (3 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°52.399′S, 073°38.816′W. MUSM 38689, 1, 52 mm (1 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°51′51″S, 073°38′45″W. MUSM 38690, 4, 89–105 mm; forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°52′42″S, 073°38′51″W. MUSM 38691, 2, 78–80 mm (2 recorded for EOD); forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′26″S, 073°36′44″W. MUSM 38692, 5, 49–102 mm (5 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′40″S, 073°39′29″W. MUSM 38693, 2, 68–78 mm (2 recorded for EOD); forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°53′54″S, 073°38′23″W. MUSM 38694, 11, 47–104 mm (11 recorded for EOD); forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°55′38″S, 073°39′14″W. MUSM 38695, 12, 55–89 mm; forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′25″S, 073°36′44″W. MUSM 38696, 3, 83–100 (3 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54.427′S, 073°36.735′W. MUSM 38697, 3, 71–84 mm (3 recorded for EODs), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°53′59″S, 073°38′46″W. MUSM 38698, 1, 113 mm (1 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°55′41″S, 073°38′46″W. MUSM 38699, 3, 86–99 mm (3 recorded for EOD); forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′33″S, 073°39′26″W. MUSM 38700, 1, 59 mm (1 recorded for EOD); forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°52′33″S, 073°38′13″W. MUSM 38701, 1, 61 mm (1 recorded for EOD), forest stream near Jenaro Herrera, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°53′58″S, 073°38′51″W. MUSM 39775, 30, 50–80 mm, same locality as MUSM 38701. NRM 27759, 6, 23–34 mm; left bank stream tributary of Río Gálvez, near Colonia Angamos, Río Yavarí (Rio Javari) drainage, approx 05°10′S, 072°53′W. NRM 27760, 2, 46–58 mm; Quebrada Sapuena at km 10 on Jenaro Herrera – Colonia Angamos road, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′56″S, 073°34′49″W. NRM 27761, 13, 33–69 mm; stream tributary of Quebrada Sapuena at km 9 on Jenaro Herrera – Colonia Angamos road, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′39″S, 073°35′24″W. UF 116558, 4, 47–62 mm (4 recorded: WC03.270301, male, 103 mm; WC05.270301, female, 78 mm; WC06.270301, immature, 76 mm; WC07.270301, female, 74 mm), stream at km 23 on Iquitos-Nauta Road, opposite Cocha ′Encanto del Anaconda′, Río Nanay drainage, 03°56′37.5″S, 073°23′53.7″W. UF 148460, 4, 65–91 mm (4 recorded: WC12.090104, immature, 91 mm; WC13.090104, immature, 65 mm; WC14.090104, male, 66 mm; WC15.090104, female, 53 mm), Quebrada Corventillo in Caserio Correntillo, near Iquitos airport, Río Nanay drainage, 04°49′57″S, 073°21′43″W. UF 148461, 1, 85 mm (WC26.090104, immature); stream, 2 km north of Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP) field station (2.7 km east of Jenaro Herrera), Río Ucayali drainage, c. 04°53′S, 073°39′W. UF 148462, 10, 29–89 mm, tributary of Quebrada Parnayari, c. 1 km south of Jenaro Herrera on trail that begins at km 1, on road from Jenaro Herrera to Colonia Angamos, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′40″S, 073°39′56″W. UF 148463, 8, 60–104 mm; UF 148464, 12, 75–105 mm; Quebrada Salomé Caño, c. 9 km E Jenaro Herrera on road to Colonia Angamos, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°54′32″S, 073°35′36″W. UF 148465, 3, 96–103 mm; tributary of Quebrada Parnayari, c. 2 km from Jenaro Herrera – Colonia Angamos road, on path to Requena, Río Ucayali drainage, approx. 04°54′S, 073°37′W. UF 148466, 4, 58–90 mm; tributary to left margin of Quebrada Chica, c. 2 km SSE of Jenaro Herrera on trail to community Pumacahua, Río Ucayali drainage, c. 04°55′S, 073°40′W. UF 148467, 18, 66–107 mm; Quebrada Chica, c. 2 km SSW from Jenaro Herrera on trail to community Pumacahua, Río Ucayali drainage, c. 04°55′S, 073°40′W. UF 148468, 37, 64–97 mm; stream c. 2 km north of km 3.9 on Jenaro Herrera – Colonia Angamos road, Río Ucayali drainage, 04°53′01″S, 073°38′10″W. UF 148469, 2, 67–71 mm; Quebrada Fierro Caño, tributary of Quebrada Sapuenillo, c. 4.3 km north of Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP) field station (2.7 km E of Jenaro Herrera), Río Ucayali drainage. UF 148470, 1, 87 mm; small quebrada, trib. Quebrada Fierro Caño, c. 4 km north of Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP) field station (2.7 km east of Jenaro Herrera), Río Ucayali drainage, 04°51′60″S, 073°38′48″W. UF 176880, 5, 42–77 mm; Río Nanay, 50 km 250° from Iquitos, Río Nanay drainage, 03°53′50″S, 073°40′01″W. UMMZ 228993, 1, 59 mm; Buen Sucesso, Quebrado Carana, Río Javari, Rio Javari drainage. Madre de Dios. MUSM 22640, 2, 47–59 mm; MUSM 03533, 3, 53–66 mm; MUSM 03536, 4, 63–83 mm; Quebrada Planchon, Las Piedras, Tambopata, Río Tambobata, Río Madre de Dios, Rio Madeira drainage, 12°30′S, 69°14′W. Suriname. Marowijne UF 176883, 3, 71–92 mm (3 recorded: WC19.090307, male, 90 mm; WC20.090307, female, 71 mm; WC21.090307, female, 92 mm; small stream on Paramaribo- French Guiana highway, Cottica Rivier, Commewijne Rivier drainage, 05°34.870′N, 054°15.595′ W. UF 176884 12 (1CS) (12 recorded: WC22.090307, female, 85 mm; WC23.090307, female, 81 mm; WC24.090307, female, 88 mm; WC25.090307, 91 mm; WC26.090307, male, 93 mm; WC27.090307, male, 86 mm; WC28.090307, male, 99 mm; WC31.090307, male, 97 mm; WC45.090307, immature, 48 mm; WC46.090307, immature, 44 mm; WC48.090307, male, 97 mm; WC49.090307, female, 75 mm; small stream on Paramaribo- French Guiana highway, Cottica Rivier, Commewijne Rivier drainage, 05°35′13″N, 054°17′07″W. Nickerie. AMNH 54759, 1, 58 mm; Kapoeri creek, c. 7 km in from junction with Corantijn River, Corantijn River drainage, 05°16′51″N, 057°14′37″W. AMNH 54759, 33, 32–49 mm; Matawai creek, 2 km upstream from small pool (locality not determined). AMNH 54975, 2, 50–53 mm; small stream south of Tiger Falls, Corantijn River drainage, c. 03°56′N, 057°56′W. BMNH 1981.6.9.987–990, 4, 50–76 mm; stream, Lucie River drainage. MZUSP 38267, 1, 50 mm; stream entering Corantijn River at approximately 385 km from mouth, slightly north of Tiger Falls, Corantijn River drainage, c. 03°56′N, 057°56′W. USNM 225553, 1, 33 mm; Lana creek c. 4 km upstream from intersection with Corantijn River, Corantijn River drainage, 05°28′N, 057°15′W. USNM 225554, 9, 20–32 mm; creek opposite Guyanese logging camp 2 1/4 h south of Matapi, c. 2 km, Corantijn River drainage, 04°59′N, 057°38′W. USNM 225555, 1, 83 mm; tributary to Dalbana creek, c. 3 km upstream from where Dalbana creek is crossed by Amotopo to Camp Gelogie Road, Corantijn River drainage. USNM 225556, 1, 37 mm; stream c. 0.5 km inland from Camp Mataway, Corantijn River drainage, 04°48′N, 057°43′W. USNM 225641, 3, 36–49 mm; creek at Camp Macclemmen, Corantijn River drainage, Dalibane creek, 05°34′N, 057°11′W. USNM 225642, 1, 37 mm; Lana Creek, c. 4 km upstream from confluence with W Corantijn River, Corantijn River drainage, 05°28′N, 057°15′W. USNM 225643, 4, 44–53 mm; stream entering Corantijn River c. 385 km north of Tiger Falls, Corantijn River drainage, 04°00′N, 057°43′W. USNM 225644, 1, 39 mm; small creek entering Lucie River about 3 km upstream from junction of Lucie and Corantijn Rivers, 03°35′N, 057°41′W. USNM 225645, 54, 34–63; stream entering Lucie River c. 3 km upstream from confluence of Lucie and Corantijn Rivers, Corantijn River drainage, 03°35′N, 057°39′W. USNM 225646, 2, 33–42 mm; creek on east side of Corantijn River, c. 2 km upstream of mouth of Moskita Creek, Corantijn River drainage, 03°27′N, 057°37′W. USNM 225647, 2, 36–53, small creek entering Corantijn River on east side, c. 300 m north of Amotopo boat landing, 03°33′N, 057°40′W. USNM 225648, 6, 49–56, small creek entering Corantijn River on east side, c. 300 m north of Amotopo boat landing, 03°33′N, 057°40′W. Para. UF 176882, 8, 63–99 mm (1CS) (8 recorded: WC03.050307, male, 94 mm; WC04.050307, female, 87 mm; WC05.050307, male, 94 mm; WC06.050307, female, 91 mm; WC07.050307, male, 99 mm; WC08.050307, female, 81 mm, WC09.050307, 92 mm (CS), WC10.050307, male, 63 mm; Kola Kreek, c. 6 km west of village of Zanderij and Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport, Zanderij municipality, Para Rivier, Suriname Rivier drainage, 05°27′09″N, 054°14′42″W. USNM 330448, 4, 53–72 mm; Carolina of Malasie Kreek, 10 km south-east of Vliegveld Zanderij, Strommend suur Water. Venezuela. Amazonas. ANSP 162615, 1, 45 mm; Cano of Rio Casiquiare across from beach, 1.5 h from confluence of Río Casiquiare and Río Orinoco, Río Casiquiare drainage. ANSP 162616, 1, 46 mm; Laguna Tonina (cut off), c. 1.0 km from bank of Río Orinoco, 1 km above La Esmeralda, Río Orinoco drainage, 03°10′31″N, 065°33′07″W. ANSP 162617, 1, 49 mm; Cano of Rio Casiquiare, c. 22 km downstream from mouth of Río Pamoni (east side), Río Casiquiare drainage. ANSP 162652, 2, 46–54 mm; Río Autana, c. 8.0 km above confluence with Río Sipapo, Río Orinoco drainage, 04°44′N, 067°37′W. ANSP 165679, 9, 44–48 mm, Caño Horeda, at border of Bolivar- Amazonas, c. 68 km north-east of Puerto Ayacucho, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°08′N, 067°22′W. FMNH 92567, 2, 34–40 mm; 32 km from Puerto Ayacucho, towards San Mariapo. INHS 27645, 7, 33–48 mm; Caño Topocho, bridge on Puerto Paez-Puerto Ayacucho highway, Río Orinoco drainage, 05°56′41″N, 067°22′08″W. MCNG 12427, 9, 27–48 mm; Margin of Río Pasimoni, c. 5 km upstream of Piedra Arapacoa, Department of Casiquiare, Río Casiquiare drainage, 01.8333°N, 066.5833°W. MCNG 13267, 15, 47–57 mm; Caño Chimoni, c. 200 m upstream of mouth of Río Siapa/Matapire, Department of Casiquiare, Río Casiquiare drainage. 02°04′60″N, 066°25′00″W. MCNG 13268, 2, 50–55 mm; Río Pasimoni, c. 20 km upstream of its confluence with Río Casiquiare, Department of Río Negro, 01°49′48″N, 066°34′48″W. MCNG 22091, 1, 20 mm; Río Yureba at San José de Yureba, 30 km from confluence with Río Ventuari, Department of Atabapo, 04°07′00″N, 066°16′60″W. MCNG 24290, 1, 51 mm; Río Putaco near raudal Chicrita-Pora, Department of Atabapo, Río Ocamo, Río Orinoco drainage, 02.9333°N, 064.5500°W. MCNG 26099, 3, 37–50 mm; small stream flowing into Río Siapa, Department of Río Negro. MCNG 26648 (part), 6, 35–38 mm; Caño Topocho on Caicara-Puerto Ayacucho highway, Río Orinoco drainage. MCNG 27027, 1, 36 mm; Río Paria Pequeño, at a bridge c. 33 km south of Puerto Ayacucho, via Samariapo, Río Casiquiare drainage, 05°26′58″N, 067°36′32″W. MCNG 28457, 1, 34 mm; Laguna José, c. 4 km upstream of site ′93–4′, Department of Río Negro, Río Casiquiare drainage, 01°45′50″N, 066°50′20″W. MCNG 30384, 1, 27 mm; Caño El Loro, south of Macuruco, Río Orinoco drainage, 03°56′N, 067°00′W. MCNG 35323, 3, 52–65 mm; Río Casiquiare, en Laguna Curamoni, Río Casiquiare drainage, 02°37′05″N, 066°09′43″W. MCNG 35945, 2, 40–45 mm; Laguna El Sombrero, Río Sipapo, Department of Autana, 04°43′25″N, 067°44′04″W. MCNG 37945 (part), 54, 43–62 mm; Caño Iguarapo, c. 100 m from confluence with Río Casiquiare, after Piedra Culimacare, Department of Río Negro, Río Casiquiare drainage, 01°58′60″N, 066°45′00″W. MCNG 38290, 1, 45 mm; Río Emoni, c. 1–2 km of its confluence with Río Siapa, Department of Río Negro, Río Casiquiare drainage, 02.1167°N, 066.3333°W. MCNG 42137, 2 (part), 31–37 mm; Laguna de Candela, bank of Río Pasimoni, headwaters of Río Yatua, Department of Río Negro, Río Casiquiare drainage, 01°35′18″N, 066°33′52″W. MCNG 42295, 1, 57 mm; Río Pasimoni at Piedra Guamuribiti, Department of Río Negro, Río Casiquiare drainage, 01°41′02″N, 066°32′48″W. MCNG 45640, 2, 53–63 mm; Caño Tigre, Río Ventuari, Río Orinoco drainage, 04°01′27″N, 066°45′12″W. MCNG 46388, 2, 72–78 mm; Comunidad de ′Maraya′, lower Río Ventauri, Río Orinoco drainage, 03.9900°N, 066.9522°W. MCNG 46940, 1, 35 mm; margin of Caño Yagua, Río Orinoco, 03.5533°N, 066.7533°W. MCNG 48042, 1, 50 mm; Río Yatua at Piedra Catipan, Río Casiaquare, 03°59′24″N, 066°57′08″W. UF 148534, 61, 36–58 mm; Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo town centre, Department of San Fernando de Atabapo, Río Orinoco drainage, 05°55′54″N, 067°36′34″W. UF 148535, 4, 43–58 mm; Caño Samaria, affluent of Río Cataniapo, on road from Puerto Ayacucho to Gavilan, 18.4 km and 131° from Puerto Ayacucho town centre, Department of Puerto Ayacucho, Río Orinoco drainage, 05°33′53″N, 067°28′14″W. UF 148536, 3, 34–55, Caño Culebra, aff. Río Cataniapo, on road from Puerto Ayacucho to Gavilan, 21.5 km and 130° from Puerto Ayacucho town centre, Río Orinoco drainage, 05°32′48″N, 067°28′55″W. UMMZ 228990, 8, 28–63 mm; small creek feeding into Laguna Viejita, near San Fernando de Atabapo, Río Orinoco drainage, 03°45′N, 067°40′W. UMMZ 230806, 3, 23–38 mm, Rio Atabapo, in flooded blackwater of Isla Sapo, Río Orinoco drainage (locality not determined). Apure. ANSP 165741, 3, 47–68 mm; Caño Potrerito, 24 km south of Río Cinaruco, on San Fernando de Apure – Puerto Paez highway, tributary of Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°25′N, 067°32′W. AUM 22449, 1, 50 mm; Caño La Pica, c. 75 km. N Puerto Paez on highway to San Fernando, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°53′28″N, 067°30′46″W. AUM 22502, 4, 38–47 mm; Rio Claro, 102 road km N Puerto Paez on highway to San Fernando de Apure, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°09′08″N, 067°07′59″W. CU 72149, 2, 36–38 mm; Caño La Pica, c. 12 km south of Santa Juana in Parque Nacional los Santos Luzarno, Río Capanaparo, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°54′00″N, 067°28′59″W. INHS 27742, 2, 43–47 mm; Caño Maporal, Río Apure, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°14′56″N, 069°19′47″W. INHS 56192, 4, 44–49 mm; Río Claro, Puerto Paez-San Fernando highway, 102 km from Puerto Paez, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°09′08″N, 067°38′06″W. MCNG 11033, 4, 48–55 mm; MCNG 25913, 6, 46–70 mm; Caño Maporal at bridge next to Módulo Fernando Corrales, Department of Muñoz, Río Apure, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°28′40″N, 069°31′10″W. MCNG 26729, 1, 45 mm; Caño La Guardia, near new bridge on San Fernando de Apure-Puerto Páez highway, Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°43′35″N, 067°30′39″W. MCNG 28717, 6, 53–60 mm; Módulos de Apure, préstamo no. 36, Department of Muñoz, Río Apure, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°26′50″N, 069°25′05″W. MCNG 36235, 1, 89 mm; Caño la Palmeras, UNELLEZ, Río Apure drainage, Río Orinoco drainage. MCNG 40359, 1, 51 mm; Laguna Guayaba, Department of Pedro Camejo, Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°35′23″N, 067°14′24″W. MCNG 41788, 2, 42–50 mm; Río Matiyure at crossing on highway between Mantecal and La Trinidad /Rincón Hondo, Río Apure, Rio Orinoco drainage, 07°26′54″N, 069°06′47″W. MCNG 42487, 2, 57–58 mm; Caño Caicara just west of bridge on Mantecal- Bruzual highway, Department of Muñoz, Río Apure, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°33′51″N, 069°15′50″W. MCNG 42943, 2, 35–42 mm; Río Claro, c. 102 km north of Puerto Paez on highway to San Fernando, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°09′08″N, 067°07′59″W. MCNG 48705, 2, 47–53 mm; Caño La Pica, Río Capanaparo, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°54′00″N, 067°28′59″W. MCNG 51425, 1, 55 mm; Caño Potrerito, 24 km south of Río Cinaruco between San Fernando de Apure and Puerto Paez, Río Cinaruco drainage, Río Orinoco drainage. Bolivar. AMNH 58658, 2 (no size data); Morichal Merecure, 3.5 km east of Río Caura, Río Caura, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°25′30″N, 065°10′00″W. ANSP 135697, 1, 72 mm; Caño Barranca, downstream from Jabillal (opposite bank) on Río Caura, Río Orinoco drainage. ANSP 141577, 4, 50–65 mm; ANSP 169659, 1, 59 mm; isolated lagoon, 200 yards north of Jabillal, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°57′N, 064°50′W. ANSP 160219, 1, 45 mm; Caño 15.1 km east of Río Parguaza ferry crossing on Caicara- Puerto Ayacucho highway, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°26′28″N, 067°09′24″W. ANSP 162657, 1, 50 mm, Marichal Los Pavones, affluent of Río Sipao, behind Hacienda Fundo Malama (Señor Biales), Río Orinoco drainage, 07°35′N, 065°25′W. ANSP 172163, 6, 57–65 mm; small cano tributary of Río Mato (left bank), Río Orinoco drainage. CAS-SU 54611, 1, 57 mm; CAS-SU 58667, 1, 34 mm; Caño de Quiribana, near Caicara. AUM 22305, 3, 47–63 mm; INHS 55538, 3, 43–68 mm; Río Chaviripa, Caicara- Puerto Ayacucho highway, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°07′57″N, 066°29′56″W. UF 80455, 2, 52–61 mm; Río Chaviripa, near bridge on Caicara- Puerto Ayacucho highway, Río Orinoco drainage, 07°13′39″N, 066°29′38″W. MCNG 5698, 3, 42–72 mm; Caño Oche at Finca Mereyal, 43 km north of Pijiguaos, Department of Cedeño, Río Orinoco drainage, 06.7503°N, 066.6417°W. Guarico. MCNG 1908, 1, 33 mm; MCNG 3326, 2, 31–43; Río Aguaro at Hato San Jose del Aguaro, Department of Infante, Río Apure, Río Orinoco drainage 07°57′30″N, 066°28′60″W. MCNG 11164, 4, 42–69 mm; Caño Garrapata at bridge between Río Parguaza and Villacoa, Río Parguaza, Río Orinoco drainage, 06°19′19″N, 067°07′00″W. MCNG 31526 (part), 2, 60–62 mm; Parque Nacional Aguaro- Guariquito, Morichal Charcote, Río San Bartolo, Department of Infante, 08.4044°N, 066.5731°W. MCNG 31899, 10, 26–45 mm; Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito, Río Aguaro as it crosses Hato Aguaro, east of Santa Rita (Garcerito), Department of Infante, 08°03′06″N, 066°25′34″W.

Figures

Figure 17. Electric organ discharges (EODs) of Hypopygus as time-voltage waveforms recorded in the far-field. The EODs were in all cases taken from immature specimens or females with adult morphology, and are representative of most individuals of each species (small juveniles and sexually mature males present EODs that in some cases differ from those of larger juveniles, immature adults, and females). A, Hypopygus cryptogenes, INPA uncatalogued, 80 mm (poor signal recording quality). B, Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148537 (WC38.150304), immature, 76 mm. C, Hypopygus lepturus, UF 176883 (WC21.090307), female, 92 mm. D, Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 42 mm. E, Hypopygus neblinae, UF 148540 (WC36.150304), female, 77 mm. F, Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44740 (WC01.070703), immature, 70 mm. G, Hypopygus ortegai, MUSM 35305, holotype (WC02.160104), female, 107 mm. Scale bars = 1 ms. Dashed horizontal line = 0 volts. Note that all species generate EODs with a similar four- or five-phase structure, with minimal interspecific variation in duration (except in H. neblinae where the EOD is clearly longer).

Figure 20. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus hoedemani (circles), and Hypopygus isbruckeri (squares). Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

Figure 21. Hypopygus isbruckeri, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, UF 148539, 90 mm, immature; Venezuela, Amazonas, stream at Caño Magua, approximately 1 km from Magua, 13 km from San Fernando de Atabapo, 3°58′50.22″N, 67°36′28.08″W. Scale bars = 5 mm. Note. Scales are missing along mid section of flank because of specimen damage.

Figure 22. Hypopygus lepturus, nontype, head, and

Figure 24. Map of central and northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus lepturus. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.