Andocaeculus beatrizrosso, Porta & Pizarro-Araya & Ramírez, 2021

Porta, Andrés O., Pizarro-Araya, Jaime & Ramírez, Martín J., 2021, Revision and phylogeny of the genus Andocaeculus (Acari: Caeculidae) I: the A. weyrauchi species group, Zootaxa 4945 (1), pp. 1-78 : 42-76

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4945.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:41A5A9DC-E193-4099-81D6-0619795ED0A3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683639

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C0487DF-FF8A-FF8F-F7FF-594C015CF964

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Andocaeculus beatrizrosso
status

sp. nov.

Andocaeculus beatrizrosso sp. nov.

( Figs. 31–59 View FIGURE 31 View FIGURE 32 View FIGURE 33 View FIGURE 34 View FIGURE 35 View FIGURE 36 View FIGURE 37 View FIGURE 38 View FIGURE 39 View FIGURE 40 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 View FIGURE 43 View FIGURE 44 View FIGURE 45 View FIGURE 46 View FIGURE 47 View FIGURE 48 View FIGURE 49 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE 51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 View FIGURE 55 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 View FIGURE 58 View FIGURE 59 )

Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition in honor to Beatriz Rosso, researcher of Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, in recognition of her fundamental contributions to the knowledge of water mites.

Diagnosis. Andocaeculus species of weyrauchi species group; aspidosoma with characteristic lateral constriction at level of seta Pa ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 34A View FIGURE 34 ), anterior border straight ( Figs. 33 View FIGURE 33 , 35A View FIGURE 35 ) or with a medial incision in some exemplars ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 34A, D View FIGURE 34 ); palp tarsus with 3 eupathidia ( Figs. 36 View FIGURE 36 , 47 View FIGURE 47 ); b2 absent and d2 present ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 33 View FIGURE 33 ), most setae on dorsal plates D, L and P not regressive, ellipsoidal; setae e2 and e2’ separated by ridges ( Figs. 32–33 View FIGURE 32 View FIGURE 33 ). Setae of v’ series of leg I basifemur, telofemur and genu pedunculated, not pointed ( Figs. 39A View FIGURE 39 , 41B View FIGURE 41 ). Basifemur v’ ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 42B View FIGURE 42 ), pedicelated, inserted in a long cuticular process, shorter than in other species of group, 54–60, 70–84 + long; RBaf, 0.56–0.59, RBaf +, 0.69–0.79, RTef, 0.43–0.53, RTef +, 0.61–0.78; tibia I ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 43A–B View FIGURE 43 ) generally with 1 regressive seta in series d and tibia ( Figs. 40B View FIGURE 40 , 44D View FIGURE 44 ) II with one, solenidion φ present on tibia IV, RTi3: 3.2–4; setae l1” of tarsus II not eupathidial.

Type material. Holotype, male (MACN-Ar 41112). Argentina, Provincia de Mendoza, Departamento de Las Heras, Cerro Arcos, S32.858206°, W68.938977° (+/- 500 m), elev. 1150 masl (+/- 50 m), 24.Dec.2012, A. Porta leg., Berlese extraction of debris of xeric scrub; GoogleMaps 6 paratypes, males (MACN-Ar 41105, 41106, 41113 to 41116), same data, cleared in lactic acid and preserved in alcohol; GoogleMaps 7 paratypes, males (MACN-Ar 41107 to 41110, 41118 to 41119, 41121), same data, 29.Mar.2011, mounted on slides; GoogleMaps 2 paratypes, females (MACN-Ar 41121, 41122), same data, mounted on slides; GoogleMaps 3 paratypes, females (MACN-Ar 41137 to 41139), same data, cleared in lactic acid and preserved in alcohol; GoogleMaps 6 paratype tritonymphs (MACN-Ar 41140-41145), same data, mounted on slides; GoogleMaps 3 deutonymph paratypes (MACN-Ar 41147 to 41149), same data, 10.May.2013, mounted on slides; GoogleMaps 2 larvae paratypes (MACN-Ar 41111, 41117), same data, 10.May.2013, mounted on slides; GoogleMaps 2 paratypes, adults (MACN-Ar 41103, 41153), same data, in individual vials, preserved in alcohol; GoogleMaps 2 paratypes, adults ( CAI 4336 , 4337 ), same data, in individual vials, preserved in alcohol GoogleMaps 7 paratypes, 5 adults and 2 larvae, on individual stubs with exemplars mounted for SEM (MACN-Ar 41104), same data; GoogleMaps 1 male paratype (MACN-Ar 41120) from Provincia de Mendoza, Mendoza Capital, Reserva de Flora Nativa Bosque Xerófilo , S32.891690°, W68.864855° (+/- 200 m), elev. 850 masl (+/- 5 m), 25.Dic.2012, A. Porta leg., Berlese extraction of debris of xeric scrub; GoogleMaps 1 paratype tritonymph (MACN-Ar 41146), same data, mounted on slide; GoogleMaps 1 paratype protonymph paratype (MACN-Ar 41150), same data, 08–10.May.2013, mounted on slide; GoogleMaps 3 paratypes, adults (MACN-Ar 41150 to 41152), same data, preserved in alcohol; GoogleMaps 2 paratypes, adults (MACN-Ar 41124, 41125), same data, 25.Dec.2012, preserved in alcohol. GoogleMaps

Description

Male (n=10). Color ( Fig. 31 View FIGURE 31 ). Gnathosoma and dorsal sclerotized plates on idiosoma dark brown, membranous integument pale cream, legs also dark brown but darker than rest of body.

Gnathosoma ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 33 View FIGURE 33 , 34A, D View FIGURE 34 , 35A View FIGURE 35 ). Covered by aspidosoma in dorsal view. Chelicerae ( Fig. 36B View FIGURE 36 ) typical for family, 44 wide at base, 144–160 long, movable digit hook-like with 3 minute teeth; cheliceral seta ch slender ( Figs. 35B–C View FIGURE 35 ), 6 long. Palp ( Figs. 36B View FIGURE 36 , 48 View FIGURE 48 ) 4-segmented, trochanter glabrous; femorogenu with 2 clavate setae in dorsal series, d1 shorter than d; d1 and d 28–34 and 48–60 long, respectively; tibia with prominent calcar d on projecting tubercle, 26–34 long; 3 clavate setae d1, l’ and l”, 28–34, 26–36 and 32–34 long, respectively, plus one more calcar ld, 32–38 long. Palp tarsus subconical, 50–64 long, 10–16 wide at base, solenidion ω present on antiaxial face, 6–7 setae: 3 eupathidia, (u) and l ’, in addition to v, d, l” and, only in some exemplars, l1’ ( Figs.36A View FIGURE 36 , 48B–C View FIGURE 48 ). Subcapitulum ( Fig. 35A View FIGURE 35 ) posteriorly rounded, anteriorly subconical, 156–160 long, 198–220 wide at level of palp insertion, setae m 34 long, anterior to n, 30 long, two pairs of adoral setae or 1-2 ( Fig. 35B,C View FIGURE 35 ), 8 long.

Idiosoma ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 33 View FIGURE 33 ). In dorsal view subtriangular, 822–853 long, 616–671 wide at level of coxa IV.

Aspidosoma ( Fig. 34A View FIGURE 34 ). Subtriangular, 258–275 long, posterior margin 213–221 wide, anterior margin 60–66 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Anterior portion with characteristic lateral constriction. Anterior margin straight ( Figs. 22 View FIGURE 22 , 35A View FIGURE 35 ) or with medial incision in some exemplars ( Figs. 34A, D View FIGURE 34 ). Seta Po ( Fig. 34A, D View FIGURE 34 ) very long, its length 86–120, expanded distally, with anterior third setulate. Trichobothrial seta bo spatulate, 80–96 long, upturned in distal half and broadening at tip ( Fig. 34D View FIGURE 34 ). Aspidosomal setation regressive, Pa ( Fig. 34B View FIGURE 34 ) regressive, subcylindrical, 8 long, located on a transversal ridge; Pm regressive ( Fig. 34C View FIGURE 34 ), cylindrical, 6 long, inserted on lateral border of aspidosoma, setae Pp absent. Lateral eye plates ( Fig. 34A View FIGURE 34 ) separated from other plates; anterior pair of lateral eyes 14–22 diameter, posterior pair 22–24. Median eye 42–54 long, 44–50 wide.

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view. With 5 dorsal plates D, (L), M, P ( Figs. 32 View FIGURE 32 , 33 View FIGURE 33 ). Dorsal plate D subtrapezoidal, 260–295 long, anterior margin 197–209 long, posterior margin 274–295 long, with one longitudinal and two transversal ridges, setae a1, b1, c1, ellipsoidal, lengths: a1: 26–30, b1: 28–30, c1: 26–28; distance between setal insertions a1-a1: 98–106, b1-b1: 54–58, c1-c1: 64–74, a1-b1: 102–106, b1-c1: 108–120. Paired lateral plates L 320–336 long, 72–80 wide; a2 regressive, 9 long; b2 absent and c2 present with p=0.5; lyrifissure ia located on external side of plate, 26–30 long; lyrifissure im located on median line of plate, 12–18 long. Median plates M fused, with d1 and d2 36–38 and 29–36 long, respectively; distance between setal insertions d1-d1: 96–120, d1-d2: 130–146, d2-d2: 367–371. Posterior plates P divided by ridges, setae e1, e2 and e2’, 46–48, 38–44, and 38–44 long, respectively; in some exemplars e2 ” present, setae e2 and e2’ inserted in different sectors of plate, separated by a ridge; distance between setal insertions e1-e1: 100–126, e1-e2: 86–96. Seta hs on posterior border of idiosoma, 40–42 long.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma ( Figs. 37 View FIGURE 37 , 38 View FIGURE 38 ). Membranous integument striate. Coxal setation formula: 4:2–3:2–3:2, coxal setae clavate. Measurements of coxal setae, 1a: 20–26; 1b: 30–32; 1c: 32–36; 1d: 36–46; 2a: 18–22; 2b: 22–23; 2c: 16; 3a: 16–22; 3b: 16–22; 3c: 26; 4a: 20–22; 4b: 20–21; 4c: 16–22. Aggenital plates ( Fig. 31B View FIGURE 31 ) poorly sclerotized, triangular, 72–80 long, 66–80 wide and not differentiable from integument in exemplars cleared in lactic acid. Genital opening 150–156 long, aggenital plates 34–42 wide, with 6 pairs of genital setae, 20– 24 long. Anal opening 136–146 long, adanal plates 32–34 wide, with two pairs of adanal clavate setae, 8–12 long. Pseudanal plate 164–170 long, 64–68 wide, with three pairs of setae, ps1 clavate, 34–36 long, normally developed, ps2 and ps3 regressive, ps2 10 long, ps3 8–9 long, membranous integument with 9 pairs of setae.

Internal genitalia ( Fig. 39 View FIGURE 39 ) with sclerites as in other species of the group, relatively large for Caeculidae in relation to idiosoma width, 130–140 wide at level of anterior ventral arch, 90–116 long. Ventral side ( Fig. 39A View FIGURE 39 ) with 9 pairs of setae, 3 pairs anterior and medial, 2 pairs inserted on sclerites on each side, and 2 posterior pairs, all setae simple and unbranched, relatively long for the family in relation to the size of genital sclerite (cfr. Otto, 1993, Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 ; Fuangarworn & Butcher, 2015, Fig. 14 View FIGURE 14 ; Ott & Ott, 2018, Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Two laterodorsal apophyses clearly visible from dorsal side ( Fig. 39B View FIGURE 39 ).

Legs ( Figs. 40–47 View FIGURE 40 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 View FIGURE 43 View FIGURE 44 View FIGURE 45 View FIGURE 46 View FIGURE 47 ). Measurements see Table 9. Most setae inserted on big cuticular tubercles.

Leg I ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 41–43 View FIGURE 41 View FIGURE 42 View FIGURE 43 ). Trochanter ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 42A View FIGURE 42 ) with one seta in series l’ and one regressive seta in d. Basifemur ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 42B View FIGURE 42 ) with one seta in v’, pedicelated, inserted in a long cuticular process, shorter than in other species of the group, 54–60, 70–84 + long, RBaf: 0.56–0.59, RBaf +: 0.69–0.79, setae d, l”, v” and v”1 regressive, l’ petiolate. Telofemur ( Figs. 40A View FIGURE 40 , 42B View FIGURE 42 ) with seta v’ subequal to v’ in telofemur, but more curved, 46–50, 70–76 + long, RTef: 0.43–0.53, RTef +: 0.61–0.78; setae d, l’, l” and v” regressive. Genu ( Figs. 42C–D View FIGURE 42 ) with 3 regressive setae in series d, 1 and 3 petiolate setae in l’ and l” series, respectively, l’, 46–48, 56–70 + long, 3 petiolate setae in v’ series with v’1 medially displaced, v’, 42–44, 50–64 + long, v2’, 40–46, 56–64 + long; 2 petiolate setae in v” series. Tibia ( Figs. 39A View FIGURE 39 , 42D View FIGURE 42 , 43A–B, E View FIGURE 43 ) usually with only 1 regressive seta in series d, excepting 2 exemplars asymmetrically with 2 ( Fig. 40A View FIGURE 40 ); 4 pedunculated setae in each lateral series, 4 spinous setae with blunt tip in ventral series, (v2) medially displaced, v’, 60–64, 70–74 + long, v1’, 50–54, 60–66 + long v”, 50–52 long, solenidion φ and famulus κ” inserted laterodorsally and distally ( Figs. 43B, E View FIGURE 43 ). Tarsus ( Figs. 41 View FIGURE 41 , 42D View FIGURE 42 , 43C–D, F–G View FIGURE 43 ) with each of series l’, l”, v’ and v” with 3–4, 3–4, 4, 4 setae, respectively, l1” usually eupathidial with p=11/14 ( Fig. 41 View FIGURE 41 ), with some asymmetry ( Fig. 43F View FIGURE 43 ), solenidion ω inserted dorsally ( Figs. 41 View FIGURE 41 , 43G View FIGURE 43 ) at level of l1”, simple in structure ( Fig 41 View FIGURE 41 ), famulus ε inserted in antiaxial facies ( Fig. 41 View FIGURE 41 ) at level of v1”; eupathidia: er’, (st) and, putatively, l1”, trichobothria bt 16–20 long, two claws ol’ and ol”, 10 and 28–30 long, respectively. Setal count (solenidia): 2, 6, 5, 12, 18–19(1), 19–21(1).

Leg II ( Fig. 40B View FIGURE 40 , 44 View FIGURE 44 ). Trochanter ( Fig. 44A View FIGURE 44 ) with d regressive and l’ and l” petiolate. Basifemur ( Fig. 44C View FIGURE 44 ) with d and l” regressive, l’, v”, v1” spatulate. Telofemur ( Fig. 44C View FIGURE 44 ) with d, l’, v and l” regressive, l’ spatulate normally developed. Genu ( Fig. 44B View FIGURE 44 ) with 3 regressive setae in series d, 3 and 2 pedunculated setae in series l’ and l”, respectively, 2 setae in series v’, seta v” 58–60 long. Tibia ( Fig.44D, F View FIGURE 44 ) with 1 regressive seta in series d, 4 and 3 pedunculated setae in series l’ and l”, respectively, 3 spinous setae in both ventral series, solenidion φ inserted as in tibia I ( Fig. 44F View FIGURE 44 ). Tarsus ( Fig. 44E View FIGURE 44 ) with 3 setae in series l’, l” and 4 in v’ and v”, solenidion ω inserted dorsally at level of l”, only er’ eupathidial; (st) absent; trichobothria bt 14–20 long. Claws ol’ and ol” length 10–12 and 30–34, respectively. Setal count (solenidia): 3, 5, 5, 11, 14(1), 17(1).

Leg III ( Figs.45A View FIGURE 45 , 46 View FIGURE 46 ). No eupathidia present. Trochanter ( Figs. 45A View FIGURE 45 , 46A View FIGURE 46 ) with d regressive and l” petiolate. Basifemur ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ) with d regressive, l’, v’, v” and v1” petiolate. Telofemur ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ) with d, l’, v” and l” regressive and v’ petiolate. Genu ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ) with 3–4 and 1–2 regressive setae in series d and l’, respectively, and 3 pedunculated setae in series v’ and l”, 2 setae in series v”. Tibia ( Fig.46D, F View FIGURE 46 ) with 2–4 regressive seta in series d, 4 and 3 pedunculated setae in series l’ and l”, respectively, 5 pointed setae in both ventral series, solenidion φ inserted as in tibia I ( Fig. 46G View FIGURE 46 ), RTi3: 3.2–4. Tarsus ( Fig. 46E View FIGURE 46 ) with 1 and 3 setae in series l’, l”, respectively, and 3 in v’ and v”; er” present, er’ absent, trichobothria bt 100–110 long. Claws ol’ and ol”, 10 and 36–44 long, respectively. Setal count (solenidia): 2, 5, 5, 12–14, 16–18(1), 12.

Leg IV ( Figs.45B View FIGURE 45 and 47 View FIGURE 47 ). Trochanter ( Figs. 45A View FIGURE 45 , 46A View FIGURE 46 ) with d and l” petiolate and v’ regressive. Basifemur ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ) with v” regressive and l’, v’ spatulate. Telofemur ( Fig. 46B View FIGURE 46 ) with d, l’ and v” regressive and v’ and l” spatulate. Genu ( Fig. 47C View FIGURE 47 ) with 2 regressive setae in series d, 2 pedunculated setae in each series v’ and l”, 1 seta in series v”. Tibia ( Fig.47D, F–G View FIGURE 47 ) with 2–3 regressive seta on tibia series d, 3 pedunculated setae in series l” and 4 pointed setae in both ventral series, solenidion φ inserted as in tibia I ( Fig. 47F–G View FIGURE 47 ). Tarsus ( Fig. 47E View FIGURE 47 ) with 1 and 2 setae in series l’ and l”, respectively; 3 setae in series v’ and v”, er” present, er’ absent, trichobothria bt 114–140. Claws ol’ and ol” 9–10 and 50–56 long, respectively. Setal count (solenidia): 3, 3, 5, 7, 13–14(1), 11.

Female (n=3). Externally similar to male except in size.

Gnathosoma. Chelicera 128–136 long. Palp 4-segmented, with chaetotaxy as in male. Subcapitulum 176–192 wide at level of palp insertion, 150–170 long, setae m anterior to n, two pairs of adoral setae or1-2.

Idiosoma. 786–924 long, 572–687 wide at level of coxa IV.

Aspidosoma. Subtrapezoidal, 258–274 long, posterior margin 213–266 wide, anterior margin 68–80 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Seta Po 100–106 long, trichobothrial seta bo 88–120 long. Aspidosomal setation regressive, Pa and Pm minute, Pp absent; anterior pair of lateral eyes 16–20 diameter, posterior pair 18–22. Median eye 40 long, 48 wide.

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view. Dorsal plate D subtrapezoidal, 258–320 long, anterior margin 216–287 long, posterior margin 280–307 long, a1: 22–28, b1: 28–38, c1: 30–38; distance between setal insertions, a1-a1: 100–116, b1-b1: 50–72, c1-c1: 46–76, a1-b1: 102–116, b1-c1: 96–128. Paired plates L 360 long, 60–80 wide; a2 regressive 9 long; b2 and c2 absent, ia and im 30–32 and 16–20 long, respectively. Median plates M fused, with d1, d2, 36–42 and 26–30 long, respectively, distance between setal insertions, d1-d1: 90–130, d2-d2: 347–435, d1-d2: 134–158. Posterior plates P, divided by ridges, setae e1, e2, e2’ and e2 ”, 38–44, 38–46, 36–46 and 36–40 long, respectively. Setae e2’ and e2” separated by a ridge from e2, expression of e2” variable (p=0.5), distance between setal insertions, e1-e1: 110–140, e1-e2: 60–98. Seta hs on posterior border of idiosoma, 34–36 long.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma. Coxal setation formula 4:3:3:2–3. Genital opening 150–162 long, with 6 pairs of genital setae, 13–18 long. Anal opening 140–148 long, adanal plates 40–44 wide, with two pairs of adanal clavate setae, 16–18 long. Pseudanal plate 160–162 long, 56 wide, with three pairs of setae.

Legs. Measurements see table 10. Ratios, RBaf: 0.5–0.58; RBaf +: 0.77–0.83; RTef: 0.43–0.51; RTef +: 0.73–0.85.

Larva (n=3) ( Figs 49–59 View FIGURE 49 View FIGURE 50 View FIGURE 51 View FIGURE 52 View FIGURE 53 View FIGURE 54 View FIGURE 55 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 View FIGURE 58 View FIGURE 59 )

Gnathosoma. Covered by aspidosoma in dorsal view ( Fig. 53 View FIGURE 53 ). Chelicera 46 long; cheliceral seta ch present. Palp ( Fig. 54 View FIGURE 54 ) 4-segmented, trochanter glabrous, femorogenu with 1 clavate seta in dorsal series, 9–10.4 long; tibia with a calcar d, 11 long, located on a projecting tubercle, 2 clavate setae l’ and l”, and 1 calcar setae ld; 8–11 long, tarsus subconical, solenidion ω present on antiaxial face, 5 setae present, setae v, l’, and d in addition to 2 eupathidia (u). Subcapitulum ( Fig. 54 View FIGURE 54 ) 90 wide at level of palp insertion, 60 long, setae m 12–13 long, anterior to n, 10 long, two pairs of adoral setae or 1-2.

Idiosoma ( Figs. 49–50 View FIGURE 49 View FIGURE 50 ). 264–320 long, 184–224 wide at level of coxa III.

Aspidosoma ( Figs. 51–52 View FIGURE 51 View FIGURE 52 ). Subtrapezoidal, 106–108 long, posterior margin 100–106 wide, anterior margin 32–36 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Seta Po 38 long, trichobothrial seta bo 42 long ( Figs. 51B View FIGURE 51 , 52 View FIGURE 52 ), Pa and Pm minute, Pp absent. Lateral eye plates ( Figs. 49 View FIGURE 49 , 50A View FIGURE 50 , 51A View FIGURE 51 ) separated from other plates; anterior pair diameter 8, posterior pair 8–10.

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view ( Figs. 49 View FIGURE 49 , 50A View FIGURE 50 ). Dorsal plates poorly defined; only setae a1, b1, c1, a2, d1, e1 and hs present. Lengths of anterior hysterosomal setae, a1: 7–8; b1: 7–8; c1: 9–10; a2: 3; d1: 22–23; e2: 25–26, distance between setal insertions, a1-a1: 45–67; b1-b1: 29–30; c1-c1: 30–44, a1-b1: 38–39; b1-c1: 40–42; d1-d1: 46–53; e1-e1: 30–32.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma ( Fig. 50B View FIGURE 50 ). Coxal setation formula 2:0:1, 16–18 long, Claparede’s organs present on anterior margin of coxae II. Anal opening 58–70 long, hs 7 long, lyrifissure ih present.

Legs ( Figs. 55–59 View FIGURE 55 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 View FIGURE 58 View FIGURE 59 ). Measurements see table 14 View TABLE 14 . Femora entire in all legs, Rf: 1–1.15; Rf +: 1.07–1.38

Leg I. ( Figs. 55A View FIGURE 55 , 56–57 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 ) Tr, 0; Fe, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”, 1v’, 2v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 2l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, κ”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε (dorsal), ω, (st)ζ.

Leg II. ( Figs. 55B View FIGURE 55 , 58 View FIGURE 58 ) Tr, 0; Fe, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”, 1v’, 2v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 1l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε (antiaxial), ω

Leg III. ( Figs. 55C View FIGURE 55 , 59 View FIGURE 59 ) Tr, 0; Fe, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”, 1v’, 2v”; Ge, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 1l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 2l’, 1l”, 3v’, 2v”, tb.

Protonymph (n=1)

Gnathosoma. Chelicera 24 wide at base, 54–62 long. Palp 4-segmented, trochanter glabrous, femorogenu with 1 clavate seta in dorsal series, 24 long; tibia with 2 calcars d and ld, 17 and 15 long, respectively, and 2 clavate setae l’ and l”, 14 and 9 long, respectively; tarsus subconical, 16 long, 9 wide at base, solenidion ω present on antiaxial face, 5 setae v, l’, d in addition to 2 eupathidia (u). Subcapitulum 78 long, 102 wide at level of palp insertion, 53 long, setae m 16 long, anterior to n, two pairs of adoral setae or 1-2.

Idiosoma 416 long, 312 wide at level of coxa IV.

Aspidosoma. Subtrapezoidal 130 long, posterior margin 114 wide, anterior margin 30 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Seta Po 49 long, trichobothrial seta bo 52 long. Aspidosomal setation regressive, Pa and Pm minute, Pp absent. Lateral eye plates separated from other plates; anterior pair of lateral eyes 7–8 diameter, posterior pair 9–10.

Deutonymph (n=2)

Gnathosoma. Chelicera 76–88 long. Palp 4-segmented, trochanter glabrous, femorogenu with 2 clavate setae in dorsal series, d and d1, 32–36 and 20–22 long, respectively; tibia with 2 calcars d and ld, 20 long, and 2 clavate setae l’ and l”, 18–22; tarsus subconical, 28–30 long, 12–15 wide, solenidion ω present on antiaxial face, 5 setae v, l’, d in addition to 2 eupathidia (u). Subcapitulum 126–140 wide at level of palp insertion, 90–96 long, setae m anterior to n, and two pairs of adoral setae or 1-2.

Idiosoma. 537–640 long, 379–482 wide at level of coxa IV.

Aspidosoma. 168–184 long, posterior margin 150–160 wide, anterior margin 50–52 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Seta Po 62–64 long, trichobothrial seta bo 60–68 long. Aspidosomal setation regressive, Pa and Pm minute, Pp absent. Lateral eye plates separated from other plates; anterior pair of lateral eyes 12 diameter, posterior pair 14–18.

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view. Unpaired dorsal plate D subtrapezoidal, 172–201 long, anterior margin 143–151 long, posterior margin 176–180 long, lengths, a1: 20–24, b1: 22–27, c1: 22; distance between setal insertions, a1-a1: 60, b1-b1: 34, c1-c1: 30–42, a1-b1: 70–74, b1-c1: 68–72. Paired plates L 213–230 long, 50–58 wide; a2 regressive 9 long; b2 and c2, absent; ia and im, 20–26 and 10–16 long, respectively. Median plate M fused d1 24–28 long, d2 absent; distance between setal insertions d1-d1: 60–66. Posterior plates P with setae e1 and e2 30 –32 and 26–28 long, respectively; distance between setal insertions, e1-e1: 54–60, e1-e2: 52–58, e2-e2: 128–140. Seta hs on posterior border of idiosoma, 28 long.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma. Coxal setation formula 4:1–2:2–3:2. Genital opening 36 long, aggenital plates 13–14 wide, with one pair of genital setae, 10 long. Anal opening 100–104 long, adanal plate 30–32 wide, with two pairs of adanal clavate setae.

Legs. Measurements see table 12. Ratios: RBaf: 0.79–0.87; RBaf +: 0.96–1.04; RTef: 0.62–0.8; RTef +: 0.85– 0.96

Leg I. Tr, 1d*, 1l’; PrFe, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”*, 1v’, 2v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, κ”, φ; Ta, 3l’(l” ζ, p=1/4), 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε, ω, (st)ζ, present in only 1 individual: er’ζ and er”.

Leg II. Tr, 1l’, 1l”; PrFe, (0–1)d*, l”*, 1v’, 2v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 2l”, 2v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 2-3l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε, ω.

Leg III. Tr, 1l”, 1v’; PrFe, 1v’, 1v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, (0-1)l’*, 2l”, 2v’, 1–2v”; Ti, 2d*, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, φ; Ta, 2l’, 1l”, 3v’, 3v”, er”, tb.

Leg IV. Tr, 0; PrFe, 0–1v’; TeFe, 0-1d*, 1l’*, 1l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”, 2v’, 1v”; Ti, 2d*, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 1l’, 1l”, 3v’, 2v”, er”, tb.

Tritonymph (n=8)

Gnathosoma. Chelicerae 90–110 long. Palp 4-segmented, trochanter glabrous, femorogenu with 2 clavate setae in dorsal series, d and d1, 36–42 and 26–30 long, respectively; tibia with 2 calcars d and ld, 24–28 and 26–30 long, respectively, and 3 clavate setae d1, l’ and l”, 18–28 long; tarsus subconical, 38–42 long, 14–18 wide at base, solenidion ω present on antiaxial face, 6 setae v, l” and d in addition to 3 eupathidia, (u) and l’. Subcapitulum 116–120 long, 148–180 wide at level of palp insertion, long, setae m anterior to n, long, two pairs of adoral setae or 1-2.

Idiosoma. 734–790 long, 490–592 wide at level of coxa IV.

Aspidosoma. Subtrapezoidal, 206–221 long, posterior margin 186–206 wide, anterior margin 50–60 wide, projecting horizontally over gnathosoma. Seta Po 76–88 long, trichobothrial seta bo, 72–84 long. Aspidosomal setation regressive, Pa and Pm minute, Pp absent. Lateral eye plates separated from other plates; anterior pair of lateral eyes 13–14 diameter, posterior pair 16–22.

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view. Dorsal plate D subtrapezoidal, 230–279 long, anterior margin 160–176 long, posterior margin 200–234 long, a1: 22–30, b1: 22–26, c1: 24–26; distance between setal insertions, a1-a1: 84, b1-b1: 40–50, c1-c1: 50–55, a1-b1: 90–94, b1-c1: 90–96. Paired plates L 279–320 long, 60–66 wide; a2 regressive 9 long; b2 and c2 absent; ia and im 22–30 and 17–20 long, respectively. Median plates M fused, with d1 and d2, 28–34 and 22–26 long, respectively, distance between setal insertions, d1-d1: 86–90, d2-d2: 316, d1-d2: 120–124. Posterior plates P, divided by ridges, setae e1 and e2, 34 –40 and 32–34 long, respectively. Setae e2’ separated by ridge from e2, distance between setal insertions, e1-e1: 90–96, e1-e2: 84–86. Seta hs on posterior border of idiosoma, 26 long.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma. Coxal setation formula 3–4:2:3:2. Genital opening 62–70 long, aggenital plates 18–20 wide, with 3 pairs of genital setae, 11–14 long. Anal opening 118–134 long, adanal plate 34–42 wide, with two pairs of adanal clavate setae, 10–12 long. Pseudanal plate 128–143 long, 50–52 wide, with three pairs of setae.

Legs. measurement see table 11 View TABLE 11 . Ratios, RBaf: 0.58–0.67; RBaf +: 0.86–0.97; RTef: 0.5–0.57; RTef +: 0.75– 0.89.

Leg I. Tr, 1d*, 1l’; PrFe, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”*, v’, 2v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2-3d*, 1l’, 2l”, 3v’, 2-3v”; Ti, 1d*, 3l’, 2-3l”, 3v’, 3v”, κ”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 3l”, 3v’, 3-4v”, tb, ε, ω, (st)ζ, er’ζ, er”.

Leg II. Tr, 1d*, 1l’, 1l”; PrFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1v’,2v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 2l”, 3v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 3l’, 3l”, 3v’, 2-3v”, φ; Ta, 2-3l’, 2-3l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε, ω,, er’ζ, er”.

Leg III. Tr, 1d*, 1l”, 1v’; PrFe, 1d*, 1l”, 1v’, 2v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 3d*,0-1l’*, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”; Ti, 2-3d*, 3l”, 4v’, 3-4v”, φ; Ta, 2-3l’, 1l”, 3v’, 3v”, er”, tb.

Leg IV. Tr, 1d*, 1l”, 0-1v’; PrFe, 0-1d*, 1l”, 1v’; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 1-2d*, 0-1l’*, 2l”, 2v’, 1-2v”; Ti, 2d*, 1-2l”, 3v’, 3v”, φ; Ta, 1-2l’, 1l”, 2-3v’, 2-3v”, er”, tb.

Phylogenetic analysis

The Bayesian analysis was fully compatible with the maximum likelihood tree used to select the best fitting model. The best fit models for each codon were SYM+G4 for COI1, GTR+F+G4 for COI2, and HKY+F+G4 for COI3. In the resulting tree ( Fig. 60 View FIGURE 60 ) the family, the genus Andocaeculus and the A. weyrauchi species group (only A. weyrauchi and A. burmeisteri sp. nov.) were recovered as monophyletic with high posterior probabilities (p=1, 0.99 and 1, respectively). In contrast to our previously published morphological phylogeny for the family ( Porta et al., 2019), Neocaeculus did not occupy a derived position with respect to the clade [ Caeculus + Andocaeculus ]. These results are, however, preliminary and will be tested using more terminals in the following part of the revision of the genus. The five exemplars assigned, on the basis of their morphology, to the species A. weyrauchi were recovered as a monophyletic group, which allows us to study the variation of morphological characters at the intraspecific level.

Remarks

On the d series setae of the legs and other characters of the A. weyrauchi species group

Under the optical microscope, leg setae of the series d in the A. weyrauchi species group resemble eupathidia by their shape and size. However, under inspection with SEM, the tarsal eupathidia present the typical ‘baguette de tambour’ shape (see for example Figs. 9I View FIGURE 9 , 15 View FIGURE 15 , 43G View FIGURE 43 ), which clearly differ both in shape and size to the setae of the d series on other leg segments. In contrast, some setae on the larval stages (see Figs. 55–58 View FIGURE 55 View FIGURE 56 View FIGURE 57 View FIGURE 58 ) are similar, both in shape and size, to the d series setae on legs of the adults. Moreover, in the ontogeny of A. beatrizrosso sp. nov. and A. weyrauchi , some of these leg setae with typical regressive morphology become, in later stages, normal shaped setae (e.g. l’ on basifemur I), precluding any possibility that these setae were originally eupathidial. These facts reveal that these setae are regressive in the adult stage as consequence of a neotenic processes present in the group. A similar regressive process has been described for some setae of the same series for Microcaeculus hispanicus ( Coineau, 1974a) .

Other neotenic processes present in this group are the morphology of aspidosomal setae, the presence of only one seta on the palpal femur and the presence of only 3 eupathidia on the palp tarsus of A. beatrizrosso sp. nov. In contrast, the low count of eupathidia on the legs could be the result of other process that have a wider occurrence within the genus ( Ott & Ott, 2014, AOP pers. obs.).

On the absence of (st) pair on tarsus II

About the (st) pair of setae on tarsus II, Coineau (1974a: 204) stated: “ Celles-ci [p’ p” setae] existent aux tarses I et II des Caeculidae (nous les notons st’ st”) et aux trois premiers tarses chez Anystis Granjean (1947 c, p. 88) alors qu’elles ne subsistente généralement qu’aux tarses I de la plupart des Acariens actinochitineux ”. [“These [p’ p” setae] exist on tarsi I and II of the Caeculidae (we denote them st’ st”) and on the first three tarsi in Anystis Grandjean (1947 c, p. 88) whereas they generally only subsist on the tarsi I of most actinochitinous mites”]. In contraposition to the Coineau statement, our examination of species of the genus Andocaeculus (all the described and several undescribed species) revealed that they all lack the (st) pair on tarsi II in all life stages. As this characteristic is not shared by other genera of caeculids, our preliminary phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is a synapomorphy of the genus Andocaeculus .

On the presence of solenidion φ on leg IV on A. weyrauchi .

The presence of a solenidion on tibia IV of species of the genus Neocaeculus from Oceania and South Africa has was used by Coineau (1967, 1974b) and Coineau & Enns (1969) to support the genus Neocaeculus , which occurs in Oceania and South Africa. Outside Neocaeculus , it has only been registered in Microcaeculus (?) pica Otto, 1997 and, as a variation, on left tibia IV of the holotype of Microcaeculus sabulicola Franz, 1952 (Coineau, 1969) . As consequence of our phylogenetic analysis the presence of a solenidion on tibia IV of A. weyrauchi ( Fig. 60 View FIGURE 60 , filled circles) is a primitive condition for the family Caeculidae , that was lost in the clade Caeculus + Andocaeculus (empty circles), and re-gained in A. weyrauchi . It is possible that the presence of the same derived condition in A. beatrizrosso sp. nov. could be conditioned by the psammophylous habits of both species, and, in consequence, further studies could bring some light on the function of these solenidia.

On the high variability of some characters on A. weyrauchi

Although our sampling of A. weyrauchi is restricted to type locality, we found remarkable variability in morphological characters in adults that are conserved in other species of the group: in dorsal chaetotaxy, the idiosomal setae b2 and c2 may be present or absent with almost equal probability; and some exemplars exhibit presence of neotrichy on the d2 sector. Likewise, some morphometric characters, such as the idiosomal and segment dimensions ( Table 2 View TABLE 2 ), exhibit relatively high variability in their ranges. This variability can be illustrated using the quotient of the length of interval of the range over the midpoint of that interval. For example, in females of A. weyrauchi , for idiosomal length, where the range is 840–1110, this quotient is of 27.69%; and, for length of tibia III, where the range is 142–230, the quotient is 47.31%. In contraposition for females of A. burmeisteri these quotients values are of the order of 5 and 7%, for the lengths of the idiosoma and the tibia III, respectively. Variabilities of these characters, both idiosomal chaetotaxy and linear measures, have been used to distinguish species in another genus of the family (see keys for Caeculus on McDaniel & Boe (1990), Bernard et al. (2020) and discussion on Porta & Vazquez (2020)). In A. weyrauchi these characters are correlated in such a way that bigger females have, in general, more idiosomal setae that smaller ones. With the objective to study at least the variability of dorsal chaetotaxy we sequenced five exemplars showing different combinations of absence/presence of b2 and c2 setae and of neotrichy on the d2 sector, and incorporated their sequences in the phylogenetic analyses. The resulting tree ( Fig. 60 View FIGURE 60 ) as well as the intraindividual variation of gene sequences (intraspecific distance in A. weyrauchi max 5.18%, mean 2.17%; interspecific distance in Andocaeculu s min 12.1%; mean 22.09%) are consistent with the hypothesis that morphological variability could be assigned to intraspecific variability.

TABLE 9. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., male, leg dimensions.

  Trochanter Basifemur Telofemur
  length width Length width length width
Leg I 138–150 110–114 126–140 94–102 62–70 92–108
Leg II 132–140 94–106 108–120 76–90 46–54 80–84
Leg III 112–126 90–114 70–80 64–80 50–58 76–88
Leg IV 124–138 86–90 76–86 60–70 50–52 80–88
Continued.
  Genu Tibia     Tarsus
  length width length width length width
Leg I 124–150 78–86 148–158 42–60 114–126 30–32
Leg II 110–122 68–80 120–130 48–56 106–114 28–32
Leg III 110–114 66–72 160–174 40–48 120–126 28–30
Leg IV 110–112 76–80 148–152 50–60 130–142 32–40

TABLE 10. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., female, leg dimensions

  Trochanter Basifemur Telofemur
  length width length width length width
Leg I 130–160 108–118 130–140 100–108 58–74 96–112
Leg II 130–150 98–114 102–120 82–90 50–56 84–90
Leg III 110–134 90–104 80–86 70–78 46–60 76–88
Leg IV 120–146 86–100 70–90 70–80 50–58 80–94
Continued.
  Genu Tibia   Tarsus
  length width length width length width
Leg I 136–160 82–112 146–166 58–70 112–130 32–38
Leg II 110–132 66–80 120–138 52–62 108–122 28–36
Leg III 110–128 70–82 160–184 48–54 120–146 28–38
Leg IV 104–130 74–86 146–170 54–66 134–146 30–40

TABLE 14. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., larva, leg dimensions.

  Trochanter Femur Genu Tibia Tarsus
  length Width length width length width length width length width
Leg I 46–48 36 58–62 26–30 46 26–28 50–51 26 50–56 14
Leg II 42–48 34–38 46–50 26–32 40–44 24 42–46 22–24 54 12
Leg III 40–46 30–36 40–42 26–28 44–46 22–24 50–51 22 54–58 12–14

TABLE 13. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., protonymph, leg dimensions.

  Trochanter Basifemur Telofemur
  length   width length   width length width
Leg I Leg II 56–58 44–50   46–48 38–40 52 38   36 30 22–26 20 40 34
Leg III 44–50   38–40 34–36 26–30 24 32–34
        Femur      
Leg IV 50   30 38   32    
Continued.                
    Genu     Tibia     Tarsus
  length   width length   width length width
Leg I Leg II 62 50–52   33–34 28–30 62 54   28–30 24 58 52–56 16 16
Leg III 52–54   28 64–66 20–22 61–64 16
Leg IV 46   28 56   24 62 18

TABLE 12. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., deutonymph, leg dimensions.

  Trochanter Basifemur Telofemur
  length   width Length   width length width
Leg I 72–82   58–66 74–80   46–52 34–36 50–54
Leg II 70–78   50–60 50–58   38–50 28–30 38–48
Leg III 68–76   50–60 38–48   30–40 34–36 38–46
Leg IV 76–80   44 36–40   32–36 27–28 38
Continued.
    Genu     Tibia     Tarsus
  length   width length   width length width
Leg I 80–88   40–48 82–90   30–36 70–74 18–22
Leg II 68–72   36–42 72–76   28–30 68–72 18–20
Leg III 60–76   32–36 86–96   25–34 76–84 18–24
Leg IV 58–68   32–36 76–78   26–30 78–80 20

Hysterosoma. Dorsal view. Unpaired dorsal plate D subtrapezoidal,142 long, anterior margin 100 long, posterior margin 120 long, setae a1, b1, c1, present, lengths, a1: 16–18, b1: 16, c1: 16; distance between setal insertions, a1-a1: 50, b1-b1: 32, c1-c1: 27, a1-b1: 46–50, b1-c1: 50–54. Paired plates L 144–154 long, 36–38 wide; setae a2 regressive; b2 and c2, absent; ia and im, 16 and 10 long, respectively. Median plate M fused, seta d1: 24 long, d2 absent; distance between setal insertions d1-d1: 48. Posterior plates P with setae e1, 29 long, e2 absent, distance between setal insertions e1-e1: 44. Seta hs on posterior border of idiosoma, 17 long.

Ventral view, podosoma and opisthosoma. Coxal setation formula 3:1:1:1, coxal setae clavate. Genital opening 20 long, adanal plates 40–44 wide, with 1 pair of setae, 7 long. Anal opening 68 long, with two pairs of clavate setae. Pseudanal plate 62–64 long, 18–20 wide, with three pairs of setae, ps1, ps2 and ps3, 8–10 long.

Legs. Measurements see table 13 View TABLE 13 . Femora entire in leg IV; RTfe: 0.75, RTfe +: 0.85–0.9.

Leg I. Tr, 1l’; PrFe, v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 1l”, 2v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, κ”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε (antiaxial), ω, (st)ζ.

Leg II. Tr, 1l’, 1l”; PrFe, v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 2d*, 1l’, 2l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 2l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 3l’, 2l”, 3v’, 3v”, tb, ε (antiaxial), ω.

Leg III. Tr, 0; PrFe, v”; TeFe, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ge, 1d*, l’*, 1l”, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 1l’*, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 2l’, 1l”, 3v’, 2v”, tb.

Leg IV. Tr, 0; Fe, 1d*, 1v’, v”; Ge, 1d*, 1l’*, 1l”*, 1v’, 1v”; Ti, 1d*, 1l’, 2l”, 2v’, 2v”, φ; Ta, 1l’, 1l”, 2v’, 2v”, tb.

TABLE 11. A. beatrizrosso sp. nov., tritonymph, leg dimensions.

  Trochanter Basifemur Telofemur
  length width length width length   width
Leg I 100–102 84–90 100–110 72–76 46–52   70–80
Leg II 96–100 76–80 72–80 56–60 40–44   60–65
Leg III 86–94 74–80 56–64 50–60 40–48   54–65
Leg IV 106–110 62–72 56–60 52–56 42   56–60
Continued.
  Genu   Tibia     Tarsus  
  length width length width length   width
Leg I 112–116 64–66 114–118 42–50 90–94   24–26
Leg II 90–100 56–60 90–96 40–42 80–84   22–24
Leg III 90–96 50–60 130 34–40 100–102   22–24
Leg IV 90–92 54–56 116–120 40 102   26

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Acari

Family

Caeculidae

Genus

Andocaeculus

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