Sendaphne, Nixon, 1965

Fernandez-Triana, Jose L., Whitfield, James B., Smith, M. Alex, Hallwachs, Winnie & Janzen, Daniel H., 2014, Revision of the neotropical genus Sendaphne Nixon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), Journal of Hymenoptera Research 41, pp. 1-29 : 4-6

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.41.8586
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:46F876D2-9FBD-4837-AB2C-A5FE64D8E468
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scientific name	Sendaphne
status

Treatment

Genus Sendaphne View in CoL View at ENA

Sendaphne Nixon, 1965: 203.

Diagnosis.

Glossa elongate and bilobate (Figs 2 View Figures 1–7 , 9 View Figures 8–14 , 34 View Figures 29–36 , 48 View Figures 45–53 , 58 View Figures 54–60 , 70 View Figures 68–75 ). Lateral face of scutellum with polished area (=lunules) occupying most of the lateral face (Figs 5 View Figures 1–7 , 12 View Figures 8–14 , 19 View Figures 15–22 , 28 View Figures 23–28 , 44 View Figures 37–44 , 49 View Figures 45–53 , 56 View Figures 54–60 ). Propodeum usually smooth and without carina (exceptionally having sparse punctures and few rugae on the nucha) (Figs 7 View Figures 1–7 , 13 View Figures 8–14 , 19 View Figures 15–22 , 28 View Figures 23–28 , 33 View Figures 29–36 , 44 View Figures 37–44 , 49 View Figures 45–53 , 60 View Figures 54–60 , 74 View Figures 68–75 ). Metacoxa very long, about the same length as metafemur length and metatibia length (Figs 8 View Figures 8–14 , 13 View Figures 8–14 , 15 View Figures 15–22 , 29 View Figures 29–36 , 50 View Figures 45–53 , 54 View Figures 54–60 , 61 View Figures 61–67 , 68 View Figures 68–75 , 74 View Figures 68–75 ). Mediotergite 1 strongly narrowing towards posterior margin (Figs 4 View Figures 1–7 , 14 View Figures 8–14 , 19 View Figures 15–22 , 50 View Figures 45–53 , 51 View Figures 45–53 ). Mediotergite 2 subtriangular, much longer medially than its width at its anterior margin (and usually also longer medially than its width at posterior margin). Ovipositor very long for a microgastrine wasp (two times longer than metatibia length) and strongly curved (Figs 1 View Figures 1–7 , 20 View Figures 15–22 , 35 View Figures 29–36 , 53 View Figures 45–53 , 54 View Figures 54–60 , 57 View Figures 54–60 , 64 View Figures 61–67 , 68 View Figures 68–75 ); apex of ovipositor usually not sinuate (exceptionally with very slight sinuation). Fore wing with very wide first discal cell, and with small areolet (Figs 3 View Figures 1–7 , 17 View Figures 15–22 , 17 View Figures 15–22 , 24 View Figures 23–28 , 39 View Figures 37–44 , 55 View Figures 54–60 , 62 View Figures 61–67 , 69 View Figures 68–75 ) (areolet sometimes not well-defined because veins 3RSa and r-m are spectral, as in Figs 10 View Figures 8–14 , 31 View Figures 29–36 , 47 View Figures 45–53 ). Body color often mostly yellow to orange (with a few exceptions from species collected at higher altitudes, which have head, mesosoma and parts of metasoma dark brown to black). Body length longer than the fore wing length, usually by 0.2-0.4 mm. Within Microgastrinae , Sendaphne can only be confused with Promicrogaster , but the later has a more transverse mediotergite 2, apex of ovipositor clearly sinuate, and propodeum usually with more sculpture and carination present.

Key to Sendaphne species

[This key is intended for female specimens, although two species are only known from males, and in those cases the key accommodates them. Generally, males tend to have darker coloration than the females, especially on the metasoma].

1	Head and mesosoma entirely dark brown to black (Figs 23 View Figures 23–28 , 24 View Figures 23–28 , 27 View Figures 23–28 , 28 View Figures 23–28 , 37 View Figures 37–44 - 44 View Figures 37–44 , 68 View Figures 68–75 - 75 View Figures 68–75 ), metasoma entirely dark brown (Figs 69 View Figures 68–75 , 74 View Figures 68–75 , 75 View Figures 68–75 ) or at most with mediotergites 1-2 orange-yellow (as in Figs 24 View Figures 23–28 , 25 View Figures 23–28 , 28 View Figures 23–28 , 39 View Figures 37–44 , 44 View Figures 37–44 ) [all specimens collected above 1,460 m, in cloud forests]	2
-	Color variable but much lighter than previous couplet, if head entirely dark brown to black, then mesosoma entirely or mostly yellow, orange or reddish-yellow, and metasoma at most with brown bands on posterior margins of mediotergites 3+ [all specimens collected below 900 m, in rainforests]	4
2(1)	Tegula, metacoxa, and mediotergites 1-2 dark brown to black (Figs 69 View Figures 68–75 , 73 View Figures 68–75 - 75 View Figures 68–75 ); body very slender, metasoma longer than combined length of head and mesosoma (Fig. 68 View Figures 68–75 ) [Costa Rica]	Sendaphne rogerblancoi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Tegula, metacoxa and mediotergites 1-2 yellow to reddish-yellow (Figs 23 View Figures 23–28 - 28 View Figures 23–28 , 37 View Figures 37–44 - 40 View Figures 37–44 , 42 View Figures 37–44 - 44 View Figures 37–44 ); body less slender, metasoma shorter than combined length of head and mesosoma (Figs 23 View Figures 23–28 , 37 View Figures 37–44 ) [Ecuador, Mexico]	3
3(2)	Mediotergite 1 length 6.0 × its width at posterior margin, mediotergite 2 length 1.5 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 24 View Figures 23–28 , 25 View Figures 23–28 , 28 View Figures 23–28 ); first discal cell 2.0 × as wide as high (Fig. 24 View Figures 23–28 ) [Ecuador]	Sendaphne broadi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Mediotergite 1 length 4.0 × its width at posterior margin, mediotergite 2 length 1.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 39 View Figures 37–44 , 42 View Figures 37–44 , 44 View Figures 37–44 ); first discal cell 1.3 × as wide as high (Fig. 39 View Figures 37–44 ) [Mexico]	Sendaphne bennetti Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
4(1)	Head yellow to reddish-yellow	5
-	Head dark brown to black	7
5(4)	Mesosoma with dark brown areas on anteromesoscutum and mesopleuron (Figs 54 View Figures 54–60 , 56 View Figures 54–60 , 58 View Figures 54–60 ); dark brown coloration on posterior margin of mediotergite 3 and most of mediotergites 4-6 (Figs 54 View Figures 54–60 , 55 View Figures 54–60 , 57 View Figures 54–60 , 59 View Figures 54–60 ) [Brazil, Paraguay]	Sendaphne paranaensis Scatolini & Penteado-Dias, 1999
-	Mesosoma uniformly orange-yellow to reddish-yellow; metasoma either entirely yellow or with brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 4-6	6
6(5)	Metasoma with brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 4-6 (Figs 50 View Figures 45–53 - 53 View Figures 45–53 ) [Brazil, French Guiana, Peru]	Sendaphne olearus Nixon, 1965
-	Metasoma entirely yellow (Figs 31 View Figures 29–36 , 32 View Figures 29–36 , 35 View Figures 29–36 , 36 View Figures 29–36 ) [Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana]	Sendaphne jatai Penteado-Dias, 1995
7(4)	Female metasoma either with extensive dark brown coloration on tergites 3+ or with some narrow brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 5-7 (Figs 63 View Figures 61–67 , 64 View Figures 61–67 )	8
-	Female metasoma entirely yellow (Figs 3 View Figures 1–7 , 4 View Figures 1–7 , 7 View Figures 1–7 , 18 View Figures 15–22 , 19 View Figures 15–22 , 22 View Figures 15–22 )	9
8(7)	Metasoma with dark brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 3-6 and mediotergite 7 entirely dark brown to black; fore wing vein 1Cu-a much shorter than vein 1Cu-b; T1 10.0 × as long as width at posterior margin; T1 2.0 × as long as T2; metacoxa 1.1 × as long as metafemur	Sendaphne brasilianus Penteado-Dias, 1995
-	Metasoma with some narrow brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 5-7 (Figs 63 View Figures 61–67 , 64 View Figures 61–67 ); fore wing veins 1Cu-a and 1Cu-b subequal; T1 6.0 × as long as width at posterior margin; T1 1.4 × as long as T2; metacoxa 0.9-1.0 × as long as metafemur	Sendaphne penteadodiasae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
9(7)	Fore wing r and 2RS not clearly distinct from each other (Fig. 3 View Figures 1–7 ); mediotergite 2 length 1.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 3 View Figures 1–7 , 4 View Figures 1–7 , 7 View Figures 1–7 ); face centrally orange (Fig. 2 View Figures 1–7 ); ovipositor 1.8-1.9 × as long as metatibia [Ecuador]	Sendaphne anitae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Fore wing with veins r and 2RS clearly distinct from each other, and meeting at a sharp angle (not clearly visible in Fig. 17 View Figures 15–22 ); mediotergite 2 length 1.8-2.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 18 View Figures 15–22 , 19 View Figures 15–22 ); face entirely dark brown to black (Fig. 16 View Figures 15–22 ); ovipositor 2.0-2.2 × as long as metatibia [Brazil, Colombia, or Mexico]	10
10(9)	Distance between anatomical line tangent to posterior margin of anterior ocellus and anterior margin of posterior ocelli 0.5 × diameter of anterior ocelli (Fig. 77 View Figures 76–78 ); ocular-ocellar line 2.5 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; interocellar distance 1.6 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; T1 relatively narrower medially, T1 width at half length of tergite clearly less than width at anterior margin, and 1.5 × as wide as width at posterior margin (Fig. 78 View Figures 76–78 ); T2 1.8 × as long as wide [Mexico]	Sendaphne sulmo Nixon, 1965
-	Distance between anatomical line tangent to posterior margin of anterior ocellus and anterior margin of posterior ocelli 0.2-0.3 × diameter of anterior ocelli (partially visible in Fig. 16 View Figures 15–22 ); ocular-ocellar line 2.1-2.4 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; interocellar distance 1.2-1.4 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; T1 relatively wider medially, T1 width at half length of tergite about same as width at anterior margin, and at least 2.0 × as wide as width at posterior margin (Figs 18 View Figures 15–22 , 19 View Figures 15–22 ); T2 2.0 × as long as wide [Brazil, Colombia]	Sendaphne dianariaspennae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.