Phonias Gozis, 1886

Fedorenko, D. N., 2023, New taxa of Pterostichus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Vietnam, Russian Entomological Journal 32 (1), pp. 16-39 : 28-30

Subgenus Phonias Gozis, 1886

Gozis, 1886: 8,

type species: Platysma interstincta Sturm, 1824 = P. ovoidea Sturm, 1824 (by original designation);

Bousquet, 1999: 100. — Biphonias Jeanne, 1988: 74 ,

type species: Pterostichus longinquus Bates 1873 . —? Biargutor Novoa, 1979: 93 , type species Pterostichus perisi Novoa, 1979 .

DIAGNOSIS. A subgenus of Pterostichus , distinctive from the other subgenera of the Argutor lineage (see below) in having characters as follows: body macropterous, with metepisterna long accordingly; prosternal process not apically beaded; ta 2 and ta 3 distinctly bisulcate dorsolaterally; elytron with long parascutellar striole, parascutellar seta and 1–3 discal setae; when present, d1 adjoining stria 3, d2 and d3 adjoining or proximate to stria 2; pronotum with two basolateral sulci on each side; these mostly straight to convex toward basal angles.

For details see ‘Comments’ and key below.

COMMENTS. The Argutor lineage was formulated as ‘the lineage C’, a monophyletic group sister to the remaining Pterostichus except Bothriopterus , based on results of a molecular study followed by an analysis of morphological evolution of three significant characters such as aedeagus type, spermathecal type, and spermatheca length [Sasakawa, Kubota, 2007]. The species assigned by the authors to their lineage C belonged to all the subgenera listed above but Pledarus .

The Argutor line age is here considered to include other four subgenera as follows:

— Argutor Dejean, 1821: 11 , type species: Carabus vernalis Panzer, 1796 , subsequently designated by Curtis [1837: 32]; Stephens, 1828: 102, et auct. (part.).

— Badistrinus Motschulsky 1866: 258 , type species: B. sagax Motschulsky, 1866 = Omaseus laticollis Motschulsky, 1844 , subsequently designated by Bousquet [2002]. — Eurythoracana Strand, 1936: 168 (= Eurythorax Tschitschérine, 1889: 192 [junior homonym], type species: E. haptoderoides Tschitschérine, 1889 , by monotypy). — Rhagadulus Tschitschérine, 1897: 345 , type species: Feronia modicella Tschitschérine, 1897 (by monotypy).

— Pledarus Motschulsky, 1866: 254 , type species: Argutor gibbicollis Motschulsky, 1844 subsequently designated by Kryzhanovskij et al., 1995.

— Omaseulus Lutshnik, 1929: 5 (= Micromaseus Casey, 1918: 324 [junior homonym], type species: Feronia patruelis Dejean, 1831 , by original designation).

This lineage is distinguished from the other Pterostichus chiefly by ti 2 and ti 3 distinctly sulcate along lateral (outer) margin, combined with distinctive spermatheca and female pregenital segments. Other features include the tarsi sulcate dorsolaterally (on each side), with posterior (inner) sulcus deep to indistinct; basal 1/3–2/5 ta 1 with a vestigial sulcus on anterior face; dorsum of head more or less distinctly finely punctate; aedeagus median lobe short and wide; right paramere short and rounded in cross-section; everted and inflated internal sac dorsal or frontal in position, without occlusive fold-sclerites round gonopore; metepisterna long. Additional polythetic features include left paramere with rudimentary dorsobasal process, elytral stria 7 weakened to obliterate toward humerus and much more shallow than deepened stria 8. Body primarily macropterous, with setation complete for Pterostichus , except for cx 3 bisetose (inner seta missing).

Other characters are as follows:

Body rather small, BL 5–10 mm. Dorsum black, mostly shiny, often iridescent, sometimes rather dull. Head rather small, with eyes convex to flat and neck constriction indistinct. Antennae filiform, moderately long, scape with preapical seta, pedicel with ventral seta, antennomeres 4–11 pubescent. Submentum quadrisetose.

Pronotum convex, cordate to subquadrate, sometimes subcircular; each side finely beaded, primarily with two basolateral sulci inside distinct basal angle. Basolateral fovea punctate between and including basolateral sulci. Apical bead obliterate in middle third; outer basolateral sulci extended inward into longer or shorter sections of basal bead.

Elytra mostly oblong oval, often nearly parallel-sided, moderately wide at bases; humeri and humeral tooth mostly distinct. Interval 3 with 1–3 setae, d1 adjoining stria 3. Stria 7 with two preapical setae, distal seta adjoining lateral groove. USS: 5-1–7 or 6-1–7.

Prosternal process apically beaded ( Argutor ) or not; inclination originally wide at middle, flat or slightly concave, with sides beaded in dorsal three fifths. Slight modifications that often come from individual variations of a species include the inclination subconvex, with lateral bead vestigial to indistinct (some species of Argutor and Phonias , most species of Omaseulus ). Badistrinus and Pledarus have the inclination (sub)convex, moderately wide or narrow, mostly with no lateral bead.

Abdominal sternite VII bi- (♂) or quadrisetose (♀) at apex, even in sexes.

Legs: ti 1 anterior face with a faint longitudinal sulcus; it is traceable in, e.g., basal third ( P.ussuriensis ( Tschitschérine, 1897) , P. chameleon ( Motschulsky, 1866)) to two fifths ( P. sulcitarsis A. Morawitz, 1862 , some specimens of P. longinquus ). Protarsomeres 1–3 with ventroapical angles not toothed in female.

Aedeagus: apex of median lobe very short, wide and rounded, to shortly lamellate; left paramere typical of Pterostichus , i.e., quadrate, with very deep dorsobasal fissure and long dorsobasal process (basal apophysis), or more rounded, with dorsobasal fissure fairly shallow and the apophysis short (the other species examined); right paramere short. Everted and inflated internal sac dorsal or apical.

Female tergite VIII and sternite VIII narrow (short), basolateral apodemes of the former very narrow and strongly pigmented, same as or more strongly than the tergite proper ( Figs 80–99). Sternite VIII more or less densely setulose along apical margin, butterfly-like due to basolateral apodemes long, as long as or longer than the sternite proper, and strongly sinuate on sides.

Tergite IX ( Figs 62 , 100 ). Laterotergite rounded medioapically, with sparse setae, sinuate latero-apically, with a cluster of longer and dense setae just inside latero-apical sinuation. Gonosubcoxite along latero-apical margin with a short row of 3–5 dense setae; these varying in length from moderately long in, e.g., P. dulcis ( Bates, 1883) , through very short to missing in Badistrinus , Pledarus , and some Phonias . Gonocoxite triangular, somewhat crescent, with apex pointed, double preapical nematiform seta, 1–3 outer (ventral) setae and one inner (dorsal) ensiform seta; ensiform setae medium-sized, sometimes reduced in size ( P. stricticollis Solsky, 1874 ).

Figures

Figs 52–62. Abdominal urites VIII–IX in female: 52–53, 61 — Pterostichus austrinus sp.n.; 54–55 — P. glabellus sp.n.; 56–57 — P. unisetosus sp.n.; 58–60 — P. laevibasis sp.n.; 62 — P. batdaiensis sp.n.; 52, 54, 56, 58 — tergite VIII; 53, 55, 57, 59 — sternite VIII; 60 — urite IX and reproductive tract, dorsal (a) and ventral (b) aspects; 61–62 — tergite IX, ventral aspect; bc — bursa copulatrix; gsc — gonosubcoxite; LT — laterotergite; ov — common oviduct; sc — seminal canal. Scale bars 1 mm. Рис. 52–62. Уриты VIII–IX брюшка самки: 52–53, 61 — Pterostichus austrinus sp.n.; 54–55 — P. glabellus sp.n.; 56–57 — P. unisetosus sp.n.; 58–60 — P. laevibasis sp.n.; 62 — P. batdaiensis sp.n.; 52, 54, 56, 58 — тергит VIII; 53, 55, 57, 59 — стернит VIII; 60 — урит IX и репродуктивный тракт, дорЗально (a) и вентрально (b); 61–62 — тергит IX, вентрально; bc — копулЯтивнаЯ сумка; gsc — гоносубкоксит; LT — латеротергит; ov — непарный Яйцевод; sc — семепровод. Масштаб 1 мм.

Figs 100–104. Reproductive tract in female: 100 — Pterostichus haptoderoides; 101 — P. batdaiensis sp.n.; 102 — P. stricticollis; 103 — P. gibbicollis; 104 — P. dulcis; bc — bursa copulatrix; dv — diverticulum; ov — common oviduct; rp — receptacle; sc — seminal canal; sg — spermathecal gland; 63, 65–67 — ventral aspect; 64, 68 — dorsal aspect; sgd — spermathecal gland duct; sp — spermatheca. Scale bars 1 mm. Рис. 100–104. Репродуктивный тракт самки: 100 — Pterostichus haptoderoides; 101 — P. batdaiensis sp.n.; 102 — P. stricticollis; 103 — P. gibbicollis; 104 — P. dulcis; bc — копулЯтивнаЯ сумка; dv — дивертикул; ov — непарный Яйцевод; rp — семеприемник; sc — семепровод; sg — ЖелеЗа сперматеки; sgd — проток ЖелеЗы сперматеки; sp — сперматека. Масштаб 1 мм.