Synargis undetermined
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.1111/zoj.12030 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/311ADA6D-FFFA-4F45-9C67-FCAF1B2AFDD4 |
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treatment provided by |
Carolina |
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scientific name |
Synargis undetermined |
| status |
SP. |
( FIGS 1–4 View Figures 1–16 , 37–39 View Figures 37–45 , 58, 59 View Figures 58–69 , 70, 71 View Figures 70–82 , 83 View Figure 83 )
Emarturgina bifasciata bifasciata ; C. Mielke, 1994. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 11, p. 768; misidentification.
Synargis axenus axenus ; Dolibaina; Mielke & Casagrande, 2011. Biota Neotropica 11, p. 348; misidentification.
Synargis bifasciata ; Dolibaina; Mielke & Casagrande, 2011. Biota Neotropica 11, p. 348; misidentification.
Diagnosis
Synargis fandanga sp. nov. shares many characters, including wing pattern and male genitalia, with Synargis rasqueada sp. nov. It can be easily distinguished from S. rasqueada sp. nov. by (1) smaller size of the yellow bands ( Figs 1–4 View Figures 1–16 ); (2) bands dull yellow ( Figs 1–4 View Figures 1–16 ); (3) last two tergites of the abdomen black ( Figs 1, 3 View Figures 1–16 ); (4) lateral projections of the eighth sternite at the middle of the sternite ( Fig 39 View Figures 37–45 ); (5) tips of the lateral projections of the eighth sternite less developed ( Fig. 39 View Figures 37–45 ); (6) distal part of the sterigma pointed ( Fig. 58 View Figures 58–69 ); (7) proximal part of the sterigma less developed ( Fig. 58 View Figures 58–69 ); and (8) signa thinner ( Fig. 59 View Figures 58–69 ).
Description
Male: Head: mostly black, with white scales around the eye, centre of frontoclypeus, base of antenna, and chaetosema. First segment of the labial palpus ( Fig. 70 View Figures 70–82 ) rounded; second segment three and a half times the size of the first; third segment slender, slightly shorter than the first; colour mostly light yellow, dorsally black in the second and third segments. Antenna extending to the proximal margin of the medial band of the forewing; segments black, with some white scaling in the base of each segment; tips orange.
Thorax: uniformly black dorsally; ventrally and laterally light yellow; legs light yellow.
Forewing, upperside ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–16 ): length 15.5 mm (13.5–17.0 mm) (N = 11); black background colour, with yellowish-orange or orange spots. Marginal band formed by six spots in R 4+5 –M 1, M 1 –M 2, M 2 –M 3, M 3 –CuA 1, CuA 1 –CuA 2, and CuA 2 –2A; usually only the first, fourth, and sixth spots strongly developed (N = 6), the remaining spots reduced when present (N = 3). Postmedial band divided in two by M 3 –CuA 1; one band between R 3 –M 3 and other between CuA 1 and half the space between 2A and the inner margin; the former diagonally positioned, from the costal to the outer margin; and the latter parallel to the outer margin. Medial band continuous from the radius vein to the inner margin. Anterior part of the medial band partially divided at the end of the discal cell by the discal spot; proximal part in the middle of the discal cell, and the distal part in R 3, R 4+5, and adjacent to M 3 –CuA 1. Fringe mostly black, with two yellow spots in M 3 –CuA 1 and CuA 2 –2A.
Forewing, underside ( Fig. 2 View Figures 1–16 ): similar in colour to the upperside, but much paler. Spots are larger and often with all six spots of the marginal band developed. Basal band present, from the half of the costal margin to the inner margin, occupying half of the discal cell, seldom connected anterodistally to the medial band.
Hindwing, upperside ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–16 ): Marginal band with two to five spots, in Rs–M 1, M 1 –M 2, M 2 –M 3, M 3 –CuA 1, and CuA 2 –2A; usually only the third and fifth spots strongly developed (N = 7); postmedial band continuous and irregular, usually in the space Sc + R 1 –Rs, but seldom from the costal margin to the inner margin; anteriorly thin and gradually widening posteriad; sometimes constricted in M 2 –M 3 (N = 6), or uniform, without the constriction (N = 3). Medial band uniform and continuous from the costal to the inner margin, narrower than the postmedial band; diagonally positioned and continuous with the medial band of the forewing. Fringe on the outer margin mostly black, yellow in M 3 –CuA 1 and CuA 2 –2A.
Hindwing, underside ( Fig. 2 View Figures 1–16 ): similar in pattern to the upperside, but much paler. Spots and bands are larger; postmedial and medial bands often connected. Basal band present, from the wing base to the costal margin.
Abdomen: mostly black dorsally, orange in tergites V–VII ( Fig. 1 View Figures 1–16 ); ventrally uniformly light yellow ( Fig. 2 View Figures 1–16 ); pleura mostly light yellow, except for tergites IV–VII, orange.
Genitalia ( Figs 37–39 View Figures 37–45 ): tegumen very similar to S. rasqueada sp. nov.; anterior projection of the saccus developed and rounded as in S. rasqueada sp. nov., but without the small ventral protuberance. Uncus quadrifid, shorter than in S. rasqueada sp. nov., with two dorsal rounded and two lateral pointed projections, these shorter than the dorsal; concave area between dorsal and lateral projection of the uncus less developed than in S. rasqueada sp. nov. Gnathos ‘C’-shaped, more widely open than S. rasqueada sp. nov.; dorsally thicker, ventrally slender, and slightly shorter than the lateral projection of the uncus. Valva similar to S. rasqueada sp. nov., but less concave dorsally; distally bifid, with the dorsal projection long, thin, and pointed dorsally; ventral projection short. Aedeagus one and a half times the size of the valva, curved and distally thin; cornutus small, scale-shaped. Eighth sternite slightly smaller than the valva; lateral projections of the sternite thin, comprising half the size; tips of the lateral projections serrated, less developed than S. rasqueada sp. nov.
Female: Head: colour and antenna as in male. Labial palpus ( Fig. 71 View Figures 70–82 ) with first and third segments one and a half times the size of the male; second segment the same size as the first and third segments of the male combined. Second and third segments dorsally black.
Thorax: as in male.
Forewing, upperside and underside ( Figs 3, 4 View Figures 1–16 ): length of 15.6 mm (14.0– 17.5 mm) (N = 7); pattern and colour similar to the male, but wing shape rounder, pattern always with six spots in the marginal band, and slightly paler in both sides.
Hindwing, upperside and underside ( Figs 3, 4 View Figures 1–16 ): pattern and colour similar to the male, but slightly paler.
Abdomen: dorsally black ( Fig. 3 View Figures 1–16 ), laterally and ventrally yellow ( Fig. 4 View Figures 1–16 ).
Genitalia ( Figs 58, 59 View Figures 58–69 ): sterigma heavily sclerotized, with two folds; distally pointed, proximally short. Ostium in a globular structure, smaller than in S. rasqueada sp. nov. Bursa copulatrix membranous, six times the length of the sterigma; first half thin, last half bulbous, with two lateral signa at the beginning of the corpus bursae, these long and thin, distally wider than the two signa in S. rasqueada sp. nov.
Distribution
Synargis fandanga sp. nov. is only known from natural grassland enclaves in the Atlantic interior forests of Paraguay and southern Brazil (Paraná and Santa Catarina), and therefore, is not sympatric with either S. rasqueada sp. nov. or S. axenus ( Fig. 83 View Figure 83 ).
Taxonomic comments
This species is most likely to be confused with S. axenus , although it has been previously misidentified as almost every species in the ‘ S. axenus complex’. Synargis fandanga sp. nov. has probably failed to be recognized as a valid species in the past because of the very variable phenotype of the many species involved, especially S. axenus . However, as noted by Hayward (1949), when long series of specimens are available, differences become easily recognizable. The closest relatives of S. fandanga sp. nov. are S. axenus and S. rasqueada sp. nov. This species does not occur sympatrically with S. rasqueada sp. nov., and it is at least macrosympatric with S. axenus , although S. fandanga sp. nov. is only known from grassland patches within the Atlantic Forest, whereas S. axenus is only found in the Cerrado.
Etymology
The species is named after a folk musical genre and dance (‘Fandango’), traditional to the state of Paraná, habitat of the holotype and most of the paratypes.
Type material
Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / Pilão de Pedra , São José dos Pinhais, Paraná [, Brazil] 850 m, 20-II-2007 O. Mielke leg. [legit = collector]/ DZ 21.475 / HOLOTYPUS Synargis fandanga Dolibaina, Dias, Mielke & Casagrande det. [determinavit = determined by] 2013/ ( DUZP) ; Allotype female with the following labels: / ALLOTYPUS / São José dos Pinhais, P[a]R[aná, Brazil], 850 m 13-II- 1981 Mielke leg./ DZ 20.435/ ALLOTYPUS Synargis fandanga Dolibaina, Dias, Mielke & Casagrande det. 2013/ ( DZUP) . PARATYPES: BRAZIL – Paraná: Balsa Nova (São Luis do Purunã), 17.ii.1985, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (OM 62.193), 1100 m, 12–13.ii.2006, A. Moser leg., 3 ♂ (MO 343), 1000 m, 25–26.ii.2007, Beltrami leg., 1 ♂ (DZUP 21.377), 1100 m, 20.ii.2008, A. Moser leg., 1 ♂ (MO 343) and 2 ♀ (MO 343); Candói ( Unidade de Conservação Recanto dos Votorões), 900 m, 18.ii.2011, L. Giacomet leg. (DD); Castro, no data, Furtado leg., 1 ♀ ( USNM); Guarapuava, 19.i.1990, H. Schneider leg., 1 ♂ ( HS), (Parque Municipal das Araucárias), 1000 m, 26.i.2007, Dolibaina leg., 3 ♀ (DZUP 21.440, DD); Guaratuba ( Pontal do Itararé ), 1200 m, 26.ii.1989, Mielke leg., 1 ♂ (OM 21.051), 1200–1350 m, 6.iii.2004, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (OM 64.057); Lapa, i.1942, B. Pohl, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ ( MZUSP); Mandirituba, 24.i.1987, Mielke leg., 2 ♂ (OM 62.179, OM 62.158); Rio Negro , 800 m, 25.ii.1968, Moure & Mielke leg., 5 ♂ (DZUP 19.623, DZUP 21.151, DZUP 21.258, DZUP 21.531, DZUP 21.573) and 1 ♀ (DZUP 21.237); São José dos Pinhais, 850 m, 13.ii.1981, Mielke leg., 2 ♂ (DZUP 21.244, DZUP 21.468), ( Pilão de Pedra ) 850 m, 25.i.1975, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (DZUP 21.174); Tijucas do Sul (Rincão), 850 m, 8.ii.1968, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (DZUP 21.265) . Santa Catarina: Campo Alegre (Morro do Quiriri), 1.iii.2012, A. Lopes leg., 1 ♀ (DZUP 19.694); Mafra ( Bituva ), 22–23.ii.1982, O-C. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (DZUP 21.622); São Bento do Sul , 10.ii.1983, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (OM 67.434), ( Rio Vermelho ), 850 m, 20.ii.1983, Mielke leg., 1 ♀ (OM 17.023), 20.ii.1988, Mielke leg., 1 ♂ (OM 17.024), 26.i.1991, Rank leg., 2 ♀ (OM 62.186, OM 62.151) . PARAGUAY – Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero (P. N. Cerro Corá), 7–10.iv.1986, Pogue & Solis leg., 1 ♀ ( USNM) . Paraguari: Sapucay , no data, Foster leg., 2 ♀ ( USNM) . No data, no collector, 1 ♀ ( USNM) .
| DZUP |
Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure |
| USNM |
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |
| MZUSP |
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo |
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