Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, 1842

Brunke, Adam J. & Solodovnikov, Alexey, 2014, A revision of the Neotropical species of Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, a geographically disjunct lineage of Staphylinini (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), ZooKeys 423, pp. 1-113 : 8-13

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.423.7536
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:55B4F9C8-5893-4F88-8416-60FF730E8872
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/34F31792-5EB9-8F97-7EF7-C89CAECE90C1
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, 1842
status

Treatment

Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Staphylinidae

Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, 1842 View in CoL

Bolitogyrus Chevrolat, 1842: 641. Type species: Quedius buphthalmus Erichson, 1840: 534, fixed by monotypy (see Herman 2001a).

Cyrtothorax Kraatz, 1858: 366. Type species: Cyrtothorax sallei Kraatz, 1858: 367, fixed by subsequent designation by Scheerpeltz 1974.

Cyrtothorax ; Kraatz 1858 (description of genus, species included: sallei, erythrurus), Fauvel 1878 (key to species), Sharp 1884 (notes), Cameron 1932 (key to species of 'British India’), Blackwelder 1952 (type species designation, invalid, see Herman 2001b), Scheerpeltz 1962 (key to genera of Quediini ), Scheerpeltz 1974 (type species designation, key to world species), Shibata 1986 (species list, Taiwan), Smetana 1988 (synonym of Bolitogyrus )

Bolitogyrus ; Blackwelder 1952 (type species designation, invalid, cribripennis not available), Hammond 1984 (checklist of Borneo species), Smetana 1988 (characters, discussion of availability of Bolitogyrus and its type species), Smetana 1995 (characters, key to species of Taiwan), Smetana 2000 (key to species of mainland China), Herman 2001a (discussion of availability of Bolitogyrus and its type species), Rougemont 2001 (microhabitat notes), Navarette-Heredia et al. 2002 (key to genera of Staphylininae , distribution in Mexico and Neotropics), Yuan et al. 2007 (characters, incomplete key to mainland Chinese species), Hu et al. 2011 (characters, key to mainland Chinese species).

Taxonomic history.

The first instance of the genus group name ' Bolitogyrus ' was in Dejean (1836) as ' Bolitogyrus cribripennis ', however both the genus and species names were nomina nuda and unavailable as no description was published. Chevrolat (1842) mentioned that he had sent ' Bolitogyrus cribripennis ' to Erichson, who considered it synonymous with Quedius buphthalmus Erichson, 1840 from ‘Mexico’. No subsequent authors, or Chevrolat (1842) provided characters for ' Bolitogyrus cribripennis ' and thus, the name remains unavailable. However, as argued by Herman (2001a), Chevrolat’s acceptance of Erichson’s identification made Bolitogyrus available by indication and by monotypy, Quedius buphthalmus Erichson became the type species of the former genus group name. This concept is accepted herein.

Kraatz (1858) described the genus Cyrtothorax for two new species: Cyrtothorax sallei from ‘Mexico’ and Cyrtothorax erythrurus from 'Nova Grenada’ (=Panama + Colombia). No mention was made to either Bolitogyrus or Quedius buphthalmus , and it can be assumed that Kraatz was unaware of Erichson’s species and the obscure literature records of the name Bolitogyrus . Fauvel (1878) was the first to associate Bolitogyrus , Cyrtothorax and Quedius buphthalmus together. However, he attributed Bolitogyrus to Dejean, listed it as a junior synonym of Cyrtothorax and listed Cyrtothorax sallei as a junior synonym of Quedius buphthalmus , all without explanation. In an influential catalog by Blackwelder (1952), Bolitogyrus was listed as a senior synonym of Cyrtothorax for reasons not considered under the Code as valid (summarized by Herman 2001a). Nevertheless, other, later authors ( Hammond 1984, Smetana 1988) accepted Blackwelder’s opinion and helped to establish Bolitogyrus as the correct name for this genus. Until 1988, both names appeared in the literature.

Fauvel (1858) was the first to recognize that the genus also occurred in the Oriental region and described Cyrtothorax vulneratus from ‘Cochinchine’ (= southern Vietnam) and Cyrtothorax carnifex from Cambodia. In the Biologia Centrali Americana, Sharp (1884) described Cyrtothorax cyanescens and Cyrtothorax salvini from Guatemala, Cyrtothorax fulgidus from Nicaragua and Cyrtothorax bullatus from Panama. Bernhauer (1915) extended the range of Bolitogyrus to the island of Borneo with his description of Cyrtothorax caesareus . Wendeler described Cyrtothorax costaricensis from Costa Rica in 1927 and a year later described Cyrtothorax strigifrons from Mexico. Cameron described Cyrtothorax signatus from Ceylon (=Sri Lanka) in 1932, Cyrtothorax elegans , Cyrtothorax octomaculatus , and Cyrtothorax rufipennis from Java in 1937, and Cyrtothorax borneensis and Cyrtothorax proximus from Borneo in 1942. Scheerpeltz (1974) provided a review of the entire genus (as Cyrtothorax ), an identification key and descriptions of five new species: Cyrtothorax bechyneorum from El Salvador, Cyrtothorax doesbergi from Java, Cyrtothorax fukiensis from southeast China, Cyrtothorax nevermanni from Costa Rica and Cyrtothorax vietnamensis from Vietnam. Unfortunately, the key is difficult to use as it relies almost entirely on coloration and cannot accommodate the considerable color variation often encountered within species of this genus.

Shibata (1979) was the first to study and illustrate the aedeagus of Bolitogyrus and described Cyrtothorax rufomaculatus from Taiwan. Following Shibata (1979), all further descriptions of Bolitogyrus included the aedeagus if the male was known. Zheng (1988) described Cyrtothorax cyanipennis from China and Hayashi (1991) described Cyrtothorax taiwanensis from Taiwan. Smetana and Zheng (2000) described a further three species from China: Bolitogyrus electus , Bolitogyrus kitawakii and Bolitogyrus pictus . Smetana (2000) described Bolitogyrus nigropolitus from Sichuan, China and provided a key to the species known from Mainland China. He also introduced a lineage concept for the Chinese species based on the punctation of the anterior angles of the pronotum. Rougemont (2001) extended the range of Bolitogyrus to southern India with his description of Bolitogyrus lasti and Yuan et al. (2007) described three more species from China: Bolitogyrus elegantulus , Bolitogyrus flavus and Bolitogyrus nigerrimus . The latter authors also developed upon the lineage concept of Smetana (2000) by adding characters of the prosternum and female tergite VIII. Finally, Hu et al. (2011) described Bolitogyrus huanghoi from China and updated the key to the Mainland Chinese species.

Unfortunately, no Neotropical species of Bolitogyrus have been described or otherwise treated since Scheerpeltz (1974) and the male sexual characters of these species remain unknown.

Diagnosis.

Bolitogyrus can be easily recognized among other Staphylinini by its characteristic habitus (Figs 1-2) and the following five characters: antennomeres I–V without dense, tomentose pubescence (Fig. 5 A–E); lateral face of hind tibia without spines, only setae (Fig. 11F); eyes strongly convex and occupying nearly entire lateral head length (Fig. 6 A–G); disc of head and pronotum without microsculpture (sometimes fragments of microsculpture present around roughly sculptured areas); elytral punctures not limited to discrete rows and without appressed setae typical of Staphylinini , punctures asetose except those bearing erect (usually long and coarse) macrosetae in a sutural, discal and lateral row (best visible in Fig. 9B and 10D). Among the taxa not belonging to Staphylinini Propria (sensu Brunke and Solodovnikov 2013), the antennae pubescence, spineless lateral face of the hind tibia and the elytral punctation are potential, unique synapomorphies of Bolitogyrus .

Diagnoses given previously for Bolitogyrus (e.g., Smetana 1988, Hu et al. 2011) have included a V-shaped impression on the frons, markedly explanate basal and posterolateral pronotal margins and a mesotibia without spines on its lateral face. These character states were found to apply only to a limited portion of the genus, especially concerning the Neotropical species. The frontal impression is weakly formed in the Neotropical species and a few species (e.g., Bolitogyrus newtoni Brunke) either lack the impression on the frons or have it barely discernable. The markedly explanate margins of the pronotum are most strongly developed in the Oriental species, especially in the non-ridged prosternum group sensu Yuan et al. (2007) (e.g., Bolitogyrus pictus Smetana & Zheng (Fig. 7A)). The margins of those Oriental species with a ridged prosternum (e.g., Bolitogyrus electus Smetana & Zheng) are much less expanded, and those of the Neotropical region are barely expanded at all (Fig. 7 B–D). In many species of Bolitogyrus , the lateral face of the mesotibia does bear spines, though they are thinner than in most genera of Staphylinini and often hidden amongst setae of the same length (Fig. 11D). In Bolitogyrus marquezi Brunke, these spines are distinct (Fig. 7E) and as well-developed as in some species of Indoquedius Blackwelder. However, the lateral face of the metatibia in all examined Bolitogyrus lacks spines (Fig. 7F) and this character state may be a synapomorphy of the genus.

Due to the glossy body surface and large eyes, Bolitogyrus is most similar in habitus to Anaquedius Casey, Astrapaeus Gravenhorst, Hemiquedius Casey, Indoquedius , Parisanopus Brèthes, Quedius (Cyrtoquedius) Bernhauer and Quwatanabius Smetana but can be distinguished from these genera solely by the irregular, mostly asetose elytral punctation or glabrous antennomeres I–V.

Redescription.

Large to medium sized, glossy Staphylinini , often with bright metallic reflections or contrasting patterns of red or yellow and black, legs often yellow with dark bands.

Head moderately to strongly transverse; dorsally without microsculpture except as fragments near coarse sculptured areas; eyes large and strongly convex, occupying nearly entire lateral head length, temple almost non-existent; neck constriction well-developed; medial frontoclypeal puncture present (e.g., ‘f’ in Fig. 6C; with two to four, rarely five or more, oculomarginal punctures along inner margin of eye ( ‘d’ in Fig. 6B); without additional punctures between anterior frontal punctures; with only one vertical puncture at base of head; antenna subclavate, non-geniculate, antennomeres VI–XI wider and often more darkly colored than preceding, I–V without tomentose pubescence; labrum broad, with lateral areas poorly sclerotized, with medial incision; mandible large, slender, apical half distinctly more slender and curved mediad, with dorsolateral groove, with two teeth, basal tooth with blunt apex, apical tooth much smaller and acute, left mandible with teeth on same plane, right mandible with apical tooth below dorsal plane of mandible, some species with an additional, minute tooth just basad of the basal tooth; ventral surface of head with fine microsculpture of transverse waves; maxillary palpi with apical palpomere fusiform, glabrous to sparsely covered with minute, pale setae in some species, and longer and narrower than previous segment; labial palpi with apical palpomere elongate to broad fusiform, as wide to narrower than previous segment, glabrous to distinctly setose; mentum transverse, alpha seta present, beta seta present (fig 7B in Brunke and Solodovnikov 2013); ligula with only minute notch apically; gular sutures strongly convergent posteriad, nearly touching and running parallel from midlength to near base; postgenal and ventral basal ridges present; nuchal ridge present dorsally and laterally; in most species, infraorbital ridge appearing as absent, some species with infraorbital ridge present as short, fine fragment posteriad of ventral extension of nuchal ridge; ridge of unknown homology extending from base of mandible and fusing with nuchal ridge/infraorbital ridge, forming a sharp angle at the point of fusion; dorsal basal ridge absent.

Pronotum slightly to strongly transverse, widest anteriorly, convex, surface without microsculpture except as fragments near areas of coarse sculpture, basal and posterolateral margins at least slightly expanded and explanate (Fig. 7B), markedly sharply explanate and expanded in some Oriental species (Fig. 7A); with pair of impressions medially (Fig. 7B), developing medially into an, often sexually dimorphic, pronotal protuberance in some species (Neotropical species) (Fig. 8 A–B) or without impressions or a protuberance (nearly all Oriental species) (Fig. 7A); dorsal rows of pronotum with one to three punctures; hypomeron partially visible in lateral view; inferior line of hypomeron present, ending near anterior coxa, not connected to superior line; postcoxal process well-developed but membranous; pronotum and prosternum not fused inside procoxal cavity; prosternum acute apically and produced ventrad (Fig. 11C), with only scattered, short setae medially, pair of medial macrosetae absent, sharp median carina not present (Fig. 11C), basisternum without (most species) or with rounded longitudinal ridge (several Oriental species).

Elytra with dorsal surface varying from slightly but evenly convex to highly uneven with protuberances, entire surface irregularly, sparsely punctate, most punctures asetose but those in sutural, discal and lateral rows with coarse, erect macrosetae (Fig. 9 B–F); scutellum coarsely punctate (punctures transversely rugose in Strigifrons Group), posterior scutellar ridge present (Fig. 10 E–F); subbasal ridge present, sinuate and directed anteriad (Fig. 10E) (horizontal and connected to humerus in Strigifrons Group and Bolitogyrus marquezi (Fig. 10E)); hind wings fully developed, MP4 and CuA veins separate, vein MP3 present (Fig. 9A); row of humeral spines present (e.g., Fig. 10B); intercoxal area of mesocoxal acetabulum distinctly recessed compared to metaventrite and intercoxal process, mesocoxae therefore contiguous.

Procoxa with anterior portion of external ridge fading out and not extending beyond half the length of coxa in most species (fig. 9E in Brunke and Solodovnikov 2013) (external ridge extended beyond half the length of coxa in some Neotropical species); procoxa with internal ridge present and extended dorsad nearly the entire length of coxa (fig. 9F in Brunke and Solodovnikov 2013); metacoxa without transverse carina; mesotibia not heavily spinose, spines thin and usually inconspicuous among setae of similar length, in some species, mesotibia entirely without spines; metatibia without spines on lateral face, medial face sometimes with one or two small, thin spines; protarsomeres with dorsal surface setose, setae not restricted to margins; metatarsomeres II–V setose on dorsal surface; metatarsomeres IV with ventral spine-like setae distinctly interrupted medially and removed from apical margin (fig. 9A in Brunke and Solodovnikov 2013); one pair of empodial setae present on all tarsi, pairs of length subequal to each other, shorter than tarsal claws; both sexes without brush of adhesive setae on basal mesotarsomere; both sexes with tenant setae on ventral face of protarsus, in many species protarsus slightly more expanded in males than in females.

Abdomen with prototergal glands present and with well-developed acetabulum; abdominal tergites III–V deeply impressed at base, impression with coarse punctures; disc of abdominal tergites III–V or III–VI impunctate at middle (e.g., Fig. 12A, B, E); abdominal tergite II with basal longitudinal carina entire, connecting anterior margin of tergite with transverse basal carina; abdominal tergites with only anterior transverse basal line, without pair of accessory ridges or curved ridge (e.g., Fig. 12A); abdominal sternite III with basal transverse carina sharply produced at middle and forming an acute angle (Fig. 14E); sternite VII without porose structure; male sternite VIII with vaguely emarginate to deeply incised apical margin, triangular area near emargination more sparsely punctate than surround area to entirely glabrous, varying in size, male sternite VI and VII sometimes with similar modifications; in some species, female tergite VIII with small, semicircular to elongate notch; aedeagus with parameres fused into one solid sclerite ('the paramere’), paramere often divided into two lobes in apical half or with median seam; paramere with peg setae (except Bolitogyrus cornutus ); median lobe of aedeagus variable, apical half divided into two lobes in several Neotropical species; internal sac of aedeagus with only small sclerites, in some species ( Bolitogyrus marquezi and the Strigifrons Group) with one or a pair of more strongly sclerotized sclerites; female gonocoxite with apical stylus; female tergite X in many species with raised disc (e.g., Fig. 25 A–F), in some species (Bullatus Lineage) basal portion sometimes strongly reduced and covered at middle by expanded medial portions of the laterotergal sclerites and basal by an accessory sclerite (e.g., Fig. 27E). Females with spermatheca unsclerotized.

Checklist of Neotropical Bolitogyrus

Buphthalmus Group

Bolitogyrus buphthalmus (Erichson, 1840)

Bolitogyrus costaricensis (Wendeler, 1927)

Bolitogyrus erythrurus (Kraatz, 1858)

Bolitogyrus fulgidus (Sharp, 1884)

Bolitogyrus pulchrus Brunke, sp. n.

Bolitogyrus sallei (Kraatz, 1858) stat. r.

Bolitogyrus salvini (Sharp, 1884)

Bullatus Lineage

Unplaced

Bolitogyrus bullatus (Sharp, 1884)